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Not to be confused with Baharna, the Shia majority indigenous people of Bahrain.

The Ajam of Bahrain (Arabic: عجم البحرین), or Bahraini Iranians (Persian: ایرانیان بحرین), are a collection of ethnic groups in Bahrain composed of Bahraini citizens of Iranic ancestries and Iranian background.[3][2][4][5][6][7]

Quick Facts Languages, Religion ...
Ajam of Bahrain
عجم البحرين (in Arabic)
ایرانیان بحرین (in Persian)
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Ajams/Iranian school in Bahrain 1939
Languages
Persian (Bahraini, Bushehri, Shirazi), Achomi/Khodmooni, Baluchi, Luri, Azeri, Ajami Arabic,[1] Bahraini Arabic
Religion
Islam (Sunni,[2]: 36  Twelver Shias,: 38  Bahais, Jewish, Christians, Non-religious (Atheists)[2]: 42 
Related ethnic groups
Iranian diaspora (Iranians of UAE • Ajam of Bahrain • Ajam of Qatar • Ajam of Iraq • 'Ajam of Kuwait • Iranians of Canada • Iranians of America • Iranians of UK • Iranians of Germany • Iranians of Israel • Iranians in Turkey)

Iranic people • Ethnicities in Iran
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Most families are from a Shia background, although there is a number of Sunni families of Achomi and Baluchi ancestry as well.[3][2]: 36, 39 [4][5][6] They are mostly bilingual.

The Ajam are found in significant numbers in Manama, Muharraq, and Shia majority areas such as Saar, Diraz and Samaheej. Both Samaheej and Diraz have their names derived from Persian.[8][9]

Terms explained

Summarize

The terms “Ajam”, “Persian” and “Iranian” are still debatable:

  • Persian: The term "Persian" refers to those whose mother tongue is Persian (Farsi) and who identify as Persian.[10] However, Iran is a mosaic of ethnic and linguistic groups.[10] Persians make up roughly half the population (with some estimates reaching 60%), while the rest comprises Azeris, Arabs, Balochis, Kurds, Gilanis, Mazanderanis, Loris, Qashqais, Bakhtiaris, Armenians, and others.[10] Although many of these groups speak Persian and identify as Iranian, their ethnic identity is distinct from being Persian. Additionally, Iran is home to various religious minorities—Sunni Muslims, Christians, Jews, Bahá’ís, Zoroastrians, and others—some of whom identify as Persian while others do not.[10] The denial of this diversity stems not only from ignorance but also from Persian-centric nationalism rooted in mid-20th century Iranian state policies. This approach, particularly under the Pahlavi regime, sought to erase ethnic and linguistic diversity in favor of an exclusivist Persian identity.[10] Inspired by European and Turkish nationalist ideologies, Reza Shah Pahlavi's regime crafted an artificial narrative of Iranian history centered on Persian ethnic unity over 2,500 years.[10] This contradicted the historical reality, as previous Iranian dynasties, such as the Qajars and Safavids, were of Azeri Turkish origin, and the Persian Empire itself historically united diverse peoples through imperial administration and Persian as a lingua franca rather than ethnicity.[10] Reza Shah's policies were influenced by Aryanism, a colonial-era ideology linking language with ethnicity.[10] This framework, which tied the Indo-European language family to an imagined migration of an Aryan nation, shaped nationalist projects in Europe and Iran.[10] Aryanism conveniently justified European colonial views of Indian and Persian civilizations while influencing Iranian nationalism to adopt an exclusionary identity framework.[10] This label is more often used in English partly due to the fact that "Iran" was known in the western world as "Persia". In 1959, the government of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Reza Shah's son, announced that both "Persia" and "Iran" could officially be used interchangeably.[11] Some Bahrainis of an Iranic ancestry use this term to refer to themselves.[7]: 53  Musa Al-Ansari states that some people see this terms as just a term for Ajams from a Shia background.[7]: 27  Author Mehran Kokherdi states that the term Persians (Arabic: فُرس, romanized: Furs, Persian: فارس, romanized: Fars) is used to refer to all groups with original Parsi roots, including the inhabitants of villages scattered across Persia who still speak their ancient Parsi language. However, the term has also come to describe the populations of major cities (e.g. Tehran, Shiraz, Isfahan) more broadly, who consist of a blend of various ethnic groups, all unified by their use of Modern Persian—a language that incorporates elements from Arabic, Turkish, French, Russian, Mongolian, and Parsi. Based on their shared language, the people of Iran generally identify them as Persians (Arabic: فُرس, romanized: Furs, Persian: فارس, romanized: Fars).[5]: 3–4  This leads many scholars to believe that the term "Iranian" is more encompassing and inclusive of these various ethnic groups (Iranic people, and ethnic groups in Iran).[12] Many groups such as the Kurds, do not refer to themselves as such (Persian), despite their Iranic/Iranian roots.
  • Ajam (Singular: Ajami): The same general meaning of the term applies here, initially used to refer to those from a Persian speaking background locally,[7]: 26  similarly to its historical use,[13] however nowadays any non-Arab is referred to as an Ajam.[7]: 27  Musa Al-Ansari states that this term originally referred to non-Arabs of a Persian-speaking (or derivative; i.e. Achomi) background as they were the only non-Arabic speakers in Bahrain, but due to the increase of other non-Arab/non-Arabic speaking ethnicities and people (such as Asians) he claims to have "reservations" to it due to its wide meaning.[7]: 27  While some find this term to be derogatory due to its negative historical use context,[14] some Sunni "Khodmoonii" Iranians claim it is only for those of a Shia background,[15] whilst they have been referred to as "Ajam" in the past,[16] similarly to the situation in Kuwait, others do not reject or deny it.[7]: 30 
  • Iranian: since many of the people in Bahrain of Iranian roots or background are long time Bahraini citizens, they do not like the term “Iranian” as it implies that they are more “Iranian citizens” than “Bahraini citizens”[citation needed]
  • Race/Ancestry: The concept of race is surpassed with Ancestry, while in Arab culture the ancestry is often attributed to the father, scientifically speaking, the child inherits their maternal features more than their father's; physical features such as hair color, hair texture, hairline, skin, and varicose veins are inherited from the mother.[17] Daughters usually seen having equal inheritance from both parents while sons show high correlation with their mothers.[18] It is likely that few Achomis of Sunni background in Bahrain mixed with Arabs, while some of those of Shia background mixed with Lurs and Bahranis as a result of sectarian politics.[citation needed]

Demographics

Summarize
See also: Demographics of Bahrain, Demographics of Iran, and Iranian peoples

The Ajams or Iranians of Bahrain are the descendants of immigrants who immigrated to Bahrain in the 19th and 20th centuries (1800~2000 AD) from the southern provinces of Iran, including Fars province,[2][19] Bushehr province,[20][2][7] Hormozgan province, Bandar Abbas,[20][21][2]: 60  Bander Langeh,[20][21] Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province, Khoramshahr,[20] Sistan and Baluchistan,[7][2][5][6] and Lorestan.[19]

Ethnic groups

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The Sultanies Band illustrates some of the ethnic diversity of the migrants who migrated from Iran to Bahrain

Although the migrants classified themselves as "Ajam" (Persian), Turkic, Non-Persian (Arab, African, etc...),[citation needed] these are the likely associated different ethnic groups,[7]: 26–27 [2]: 42  including, Iranic/Iranian peoples:

Other ethnic groups from Iran that may be/have been classified as part of the broader “Ajam Community":

Other groups with Iranian migration history:

Genetics

See also: Demographics of Bahrain § Genetics
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88.8% in Ingush people
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24%-48% in Azeris
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28.4% in Kurds
J2 Haplogroup Levels per ethnic group

According to paternal haplogroup predictions of 2020:

The majority of Bahrainis are on the J2 Haplogroup, which corresponds to Caucasian, Anatolian, or Western Iranian (32000 ybp) origins, encompassing 27.6% of the sample,[45] followed by:

The Northern and Capital Governorates where the Baharna and Ajam are most located show higher frequencies of haplogroup J2 (34% and 31%) than in Muharraq and the Southern Governorate (both 17%),[45] J1 is most frequent in the Southern Governorate (27%) where the highest proportion of Arabs live, and in the Muharraq Governorate (27%) where many migrant Huwala Arabs resettled, and it declines to its lowest frequency in the Northern and Capital Governorates (21% and 19%).[45]

A single sample of a Bahraini "Ajam" of "Southern Bushehri origins" shows that they have their roots in Fars Province + 7 other regions of Iran mostly (83.4%), a small amount of Arab DNA (9.8%) due to a single Arab grandmother down the line.[citation needed]

History

Summarize
See also: Bahrain, History of Bahrain, and History of Iran

Iranian migration into Bahrain goes back to the days of the Sassanid and Achaemenid Persian empire, though in modern times there has been a constant migration for hundreds of years.[46] There has always been a migration of Persian-speaking Shia into Bahrain.[47]

Pre-Islamic period

See also: Baharna

Researchers claim that Bahrain was inhabited by partially-Christianized Arabs,[48][49][50] Aramaic-speaking agriculturalists,[48][51][52] Persian Zoroastrians, and a small amount of Jews.[53]

Robert Bertram Serjeant, believes that the Baharna (Arabic: بحارنه) may be the last of the "descendants of converts from the original population of Christians (Aramaeans), Jews and ancient Zoroastrian Persians (Referred to as "Majus" by Arabs) inhabiting the island and cultivated coastal provinces of Eastern Arabia at the time of the Arab conquest".[48][54]

Islamic narrations claim that Bahrain was majorly a Zoroastrian population, before the Arab conquest, and that Mohammed took the Jizya from them.[55][56][57]

The Bahraini population is said to have spoken Syriac and Persian (likely Middle "Pahlavi" Persian) at the time.[48] Bahrain's old population is said to have also had a Persian clergy (Zoroastrians) who used Syriac as a language of liturgy and writing more generally.[48]

These sentiments are supported by Archaeology as Archaeologists uncovered Parthian (247 BC – 224 AD) related artefacts in Shahkhoura,[58] and remains of Christian church in Samaheej belonging to the mid-4th and mid-8th centuries.[59]

Modern Migrations

It is claimed that Persians were settling in Hormuz and Bahrain at the time when there was a conflict between the Portuguese and the Persian Empire on ruling Bahrain (1507 to 1625).[7]: 22–26 

In my estimation, the Ajam (Persians) were present before the period specified by Bushehri. At the end of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century, the Gulf was calm and stable socially, politically, and economically, even in terms of trade. Movement between the Persian shores occurred peacefully and without any problems. Naturally and quietly, Arab tribes migrated eastward to the Arabian Gulf, and Persian groups came to the western Arab shores without any issues.
When did problems begin? When colonial powers arrived—specifically the Portuguese. During this period, there was a state called "Hormuz," about 12 miles from the Gulf's shores. There was a struggle over who would rule it: the Persians or the Portuguese. It was economically active but weak in governance. When it felt threatened by the Portuguese, it sought refuge with Abbas the Safavid, meaning the Safavids, and when the opposite happened, it sought refuge with the Portuguese. Hormuz controlled the entire Omani coast. It occupied Bahrain and several other regions in the Arabian Gulf. The Portuguese competed to assert their control over Hormuz, Bahrain, and all the territories under its authority.
I believe the Persians were present in Bahrain for these reasons as well, even if in small numbers. Subsequent political events increased their presence. Not all migrations were political. The Safavid state was an ambitious state. No one denies that it had colonial ambitions in Bahrain. Consequently, some migrations were motivated by colonial objectives. The Portuguese and Ottomans were the same in this regard, meaning that while there were migrations driven by livelihood, fleeing oppression, and seeking safety, there were also organized migrations for colonial political purposes.

— Mahmoud Al-Qassab, in Al-Waqt, History of the Persian race in Bahrain, Page 20-23

It claimed that after the decline of the Safavid Empire (1501–1736), which was nearly destroyed by Pashtun armies, Persian Sunnis played a significant role in setting up Sunni governance in Bahrain.[9] Persian Sunni (Achomi/Ajam) communities in Bahrain, alongside the Howala Arab tribes, took control of the island, establishing a Sunni-dominated rule.[9][unreliable source?]

The Qajar dynasty begins ruling Iran in 1789, founded by Mohammad Khan (r. 1789–1797) of the Qoyunlu clan of the Turkoman[60] Qajar tribe.

Migrations occurred at different historical periods. The number began to increase significantly in the year 1850, and due to the natural problems that the Iranian arena faced, such as lack of rain and famine, this led to migration to Bahrain. In my opinion, no one leaves his homeland, land and tribe unless he is forced to.

— Dr. Ali Akbar Bushehri, in Al-Waqt, History of the Persian race in Bahrain, Page 8

The number began to increase significantly in the year 1850, and due to the natural problems that the Iranian arena faced, such as lack of rain and due to waves of famine, cholera and smallpox outbreaks and increased crime rates, this led to immigration to a large-scale migration to Bahrain.[7]: 8 [2]

It was around this time that Sheikh Muhammad bin Khalifah Al Khalifa had in 1851 asked for Iranian protection against Wahabbis and declared his preparedness to be a Qajar Iran protectorate. However, the British forced him to become their protectorate.[61]

First generation (1860-1910)

The period 1860-1910 is classified as the "first generation" migration by some.[2]: 59  It includes places like Bushehr, Bandar Abbas, Bandar Langeh Mohammerah (Khorramshahr),[2]: 60 [20][21] and Lorestan.[19]

In 1860, the Bushehri family migrates to Bahrain.[7]: 13 [2]: 60 

During the early 20th century, the Iranian central government imposed new import and export taxes,[19] The introduction of taxes was an effort to reinforce the authority of the Iranian state and draw revenue from affluent peripheral areas like Bandar Lingeh and Bushehr, which were key economic hubs in the Gulf during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[21] Migrants, familiar with the region, circumvented these restrictions by choosing alternative routes.[21] To escape the heavy taxation, many merchants simply relocated to the other side, a practice that had been common for centuries due to the familiarity of the region,[19] prompting the migration of tens of thousands of people from southern Iran to the opposite shores.[19] Bahrain became a primary destination for these migrants,[21] leading to a significant increase in its Iranian population.[21] This period also saw heightened British involvement in the region.[19][21]

In 1904, anti-Persian rioting broke out in the markets of Manama, marking the first recorded instance of local resistance against migrants in Bahrain.[21] The British labeled the incident as "anti-Persian" and subsequently took control over the affairs of Iranian migrants in Bahrain.[21] In response, the Iranian central government requested British assistance to ensure justice for its citizens in Bahrain.[21] According to Lindsey Stephenson; speaker for the Ajam Media Collective, this request was a temporary measure rather than an attempt to permanently cede jurisdiction, reflecting the historically fluid and overlapping borders in the Gulf region.[21]

According to Dr. Ali Akbar Bushehri, in the year 1905, the Ajam of Bahrain were estimated to be around 1650.[7]

By 1909, the British who were treating Iranians as foreigners in need of British protection,[19] had convinced the Sheikh of Bahrain (Isa bin Ali Al Khalifa) to oversee the Iranian migrants after spending five years of trying to convince him that they were foreigners,[21] even though the Iranians (of Bahrain) themselves had not sought such protection.[19] This shift marked the introduction of new territorialized identities in the Gulf,[19][21] replacing earlier conceptions of belonging that were based on familial ties rather than geographic origin.[19][21] The British court system reinforced this "spatial awareness", bringing a legal and official understanding of belonging that was increasingly tied to territorial boundaries.[19][21] Despite the British designation of Iranians as foreigners,[19][21] the Sheikh of Bahrain viewed them as part of his subjects,[19][21] prioritizing their economic contributions over any concern about their origins.[19]

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Shaikh Isa bin Ali Al Khalifa (1848 – 1932)

In 1910, the local Iranian community funded and opened a private school, Al-Ittihad school (Persian: دبستان اتحاد ملی, romanized: Dabistan Ittihad Melli, lit. 'National Union Primary School'),[62][63] that taught Persian, besides other subjects.[63] It is considered one of the earliest, if not first, school to be opened in Bahrain.[64][65] Between 1910 and 1919, in the absence of state-run schools on the islands, some Bahrainis attended Al-Ittihad, contributing to the development of modern education in the region.[64]: 293–294  It had a secular approach influenced by the Pahlavi dynasty up until the 1979 Revolution.[64]: 293–294 

During the World War I (1914–1918) events, some Kurds are said to have migrated from southeastern Turkey to Bahrain to avoid the violence and conflict.[35]

Second generation (1920s-1930)

Between 1919 and 1923, Members of the Iranian community asked the government to require teaching Persian (Farsi) as part of the curriculum in all schools but this was rejected.[64]: 292 

The second wave of pre-revolutionary Iranian emigration to the Arab littoral built upon the first and was largely driven by Reza Shah’s efforts to consolidate control over autonomous and restive provinces during the 1920s and 1930s. Following the overthrow of the Qajar dynasty, Reza Shah extended his authority over southern ports and nearby islands. In 1924, he subdued the Arab rulers of Khuzestan, an oil-rich region, and by 1928, his forces had taken control of Hengam Island, establishing a customs post that challenged the Dubai-aligned local leadership.[2]: 61–62 

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Map of Manama in 1926; note some areas named after Ajam clans

Reza Shah also sought to modernize and secularize the region, continuing measures initiated by the Qajars in the 1880s. These efforts included increased taxation, enforcing Western-style clothing, and banning traditional beards—changes that were met with resistance from many Iranians aiming to preserve their Muslim identity. Additionally, the Shah mandated the use of standardized Persian (Farsi) in schools, replacing Arabic, and sought to diminish the influence of what one source described as a distinctly Arab culture in areas like written deeds.[2]: 61–62 

Economic difficulties and unpopular policies prompted many Iranians, including Baluch families, to emigrate, seeking better opportunities abroad. Communities from Khorramshahr to Lengeh left Iran during this period, unable to maintain their traditional way of life and language. This migration laid the foundation for the growing Iranian diaspora in the Persian Gulf.[2]: 62–63 

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Reza Shah, Shah of Iran from 1925 to 1941

Between 1920 and 1940, before World War II, more families migrated from Bushehr to Bahrain to avoid the on-going conflict between Reza Shah and the English.[7]: 20 

In the 1920s, a wave of nationalism began to sweep through the ‘Ajam community in Bahrain, inspired by Reza Shah's rise to power in 1925 and his modernizing efforts, which promised to bring Iran closer to contemporary standards of living.[64]: 34  By the late 1920s, the Iranian schools in Bahrain had intensified their nationalist activities to a controversial level.[64]: 34  It was around this time that there was fear of the Ajams in Bahrain.[7]: 44  Anything that happens in Iran that is annoying to Bahrain or another side of the Gulf, the pressure is immediately put on Iranians living in Bahrain or the rest of the Gulf in general.[7]: 44 

After Reza Shah came to power, and the nationalist policy he had, there was a fear of the Ajams (Persians) in Bahrain. Anything that happened in Iran that was disturbing to Bahrain or the Gulf, the pressure would come directly on us Iranians in Bahrain. This is a characteristic we have become accustomed to and almost always prepared for in the face of any crisis between any party in Iran and any party in the Gulf. This has always been a constant in our history.

— Dr. Ali Akbar Bushehri, in Al-Waqt, History of the Persian race in Bahrain, Page 44-45

According to the Persian newspaper Shafagh-i Sorkh ("The Red Sunset"), on December 5, 1928, the principals of these schools were summoned by the consul, who conveyed that playing drums and fifes was prohibited by the Bahraini government, and the Persian flag was not to be displayed on certain occasions.[64]: 34 

Most modern migration of Iranians to Bahrain started around the year 1928, according to the oldest document they had in 2009, but this doesn't mean they didn't exist before this period, recounts Dr. Ali Akbar Bushehri.[7]

During the 1930s, some conservative Sunni families have migrated from Iran to Bahrain due to the fear of Reza Shah imposed "Kashf-e hijab" law and what these families perceived as an "extreme secularism against religion" comparable to "Atatürk".[7]: 18, 33 

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Iranian School in Bahrain 1939

In 1931, the two Iranian schools in Bahrain merged into a single institution named Madrase-ye Ittiḥād-e Mellī (also known as Ittiḥādi-ye Iranian or Ittiḥādiyeh), and continued to operate under this name until 1970. While the school's ownership was not officially transferred to the Iranian embassy until 1970, it had already adopted a strong Iranian nationalist identity by the late 1920s. By 1932, British sources described the Iranian school as a center of Iranian nationalism, with frequent parades where the Iranian flag was prominently flown and students were required to wear traditional Iranian hats.[64]: 35 

In 1941, Mohammed Reza Shah becomes the Shah of Iran.

Third generation (1950s-1970s)

Between the 1950s and 1970s, Gulf Iranians sought citizenship in Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) due to economic and cultural factors. During this period, the economies of Bahrain and the UAE were experiencing rapid growth, driven by the oil boom and expanding trade networks. These developments offered better employment opportunities, access to education, and improved healthcare compared to Iran, where economic challenges and limited industrialization in some regions prompted migration. Citizenship in Bahrain and the UAE provided Gulf Iranians with access to emerging state benefits and business opportunities, fostering their integration into these wealthier Gulf states.[66]

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The Ajam/Iranian School, third from right Habib Hussain Bushehri, first from left Kareem Agha Bushehri, sitting; Mohammed Hatel and Ali Dashti

The period 1950 to 1970 is classified as "third generation" migration.[2]: 63–64 

During Bahrain's political strife in the 1950s, many Gulf Iranians began accepting Bahraini citizenship, as well as citizenship in the United Arab Emirates. Some segments of the community reportedly severed ties with their country of origin.[2]: 55 

Between 1950s-1960s, Arab Nationalism was advocated by Gamal Abdel Naser,[2]: 64  as means of fighting colonialism.

The increasing sense of Arab identity led to inter-sectarian Arab gatherings, driven by Hawala merchants whose education and experiences abroad had introduced them to the ideas of pan-Arabism and nationalism.[16]: 4 

The mid-1950s uprising and the labour protests of the mid-1960s linked Bahrain's destiny to the rise of Arab nationalism, led by Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser. A significant achievement of the nationalist movement was the removal of Charles Belgrave, who had come to symbolize unwelcome Western colonial interference in the affairs of an Arab nation.[16]: 12 

On 12 November 1957, Iran declared Bahrain a province,[67] with two parliamentary seats dedicated to it[68] (in the early 1900s, one parliamentary seat was reserved for Bahrain).[69] A year later in 1958 Sheikh Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa (ruler of Bahrain) pledged allegiance to Iran.[70]

In the 1960s, the Shah turned his focus to southern Iran. He initiated road and port construction projects in the region to generate employment and established Persian language schools and hospitals both within Iran and in the Persian Gulf Arab States to strengthen ties between Iranian expatriates and their homeland. Additionally, the Shah significantly expanded Iran's military and weapons arsenal, emphasizing military service as a means of contributing to the state and demonstrating good citizenship.[2]: 64–65 

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Mohammed Reza Shah, the last Shah of Iran

Despite the significant Gulf Iranian population in Dubai, pro-Iran demonstrations did not materialize during the dispute between Iran and the UAE over Abu Musa and the Tunb islands. When Emirati Arabs protested and destroyed Iranian property following Iran's repossession of the islands, UAE President Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan compensated the affected Gulf Iranians, who remained largely apolitical.[2]: 55–56 

The Persian population of Bahrain was being gradually Arabized under British Control, which made the Shah more or less dismiss it, due to its Arab identity.[71]

I went to vote as a Bahraini, but I do not want to lose my identity as a Persian.

— Musa Al-Ansari, in Al-Waqt, History of the Persian race in Bahrain, Page 51, 53

At 12:50 p.m. on March 26, 1970, London Radio announced that both Britain and Iran had submitted a request to the Secretary-General of the United Nations to send a representative from the international organization to survey the opinion of the people of Bahrain as to whether they wish to remain under British Protectorate or to have Independence or be part of Iran.[7]: 48, 52  Musa Al-Ansari recounts that he voted on the promise for the country to be an independent democratic country that respects minorities.[7]: 51, 53 

The shah felt he won Bahrain over. He understood there were two other options, either to keep things as they were and just cope, or to occupy Bahrain. Both options were beneath imperial Iran's dignity, and the world would not have accepted it either way.

— An Iranian Deplomat, in Saudi Arabia and Iran: Friends or Foes?, Page 97

By 1971, after Bahrain's independence, Gulf Iranians in Bahrain had become less overt in their nationalism. Across the Gulf, Iranian communities generally aligned their political and national activities with the interests of the indigenous Arab populations.[2]: 56 

Post Revolution

See also: Islamic Revolution of 1979, Wahhabism, Pan-Arabism, Arab nationalism, Sectarianism, and Islamic extremism

After the Iranian Revolution, Gulf Iranians, including both Iranian-descended Bahrainis and expatriates, remained politically inactive, particularly during the Iran-Iraq War. This inaction, aimed at avoiding conflicts with Gulf governments, earned some enmity from Bahrain's Arab Shi’a community for perceived indifference to local grievances.[2]: 56 

Dr. Bushehri recounts that the "Khomeini Revolution" created a rift between the Ajams of Bahrain.[7]: 96  Majority of Bahraini Iranians were opposed to the Revolution, but they started supporting it over time.[7]: 96  And then they realized it is not any better, but rather with revolutionary and religious slogans.[7]: 97–98 

We were proud of the revolution because it overthrew the Shah. It removed from us the worry of ambitions and expansion. But we got in new labyrinths and greed of a different kind wrapped in revolutionary and religious slogans.

— Mohammed Al-Qassab, in Al-Waqt, History of the Persian race in Bahrain, Page 97-98

Throughout the Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988), Gulf Iranians, especially in Dubai, played crucial roles in the region's economic life, regardless of their Shi’a background. Their focus on economic success rather than political activism became a recurring theme in observations of the community.[2]: 56 

In 1993 the Persian "Isfahani Restaurant" was opened in Bahrain by two Persian brothers.[72]

Between 1994 and 1999, the 1990s uprising in Bahrain took place in which leftists, liberals and Islamists joined forces to demand democratic reforms. Gulf Iranians refrained from addressing problems with the Bahraini government or engaging in inter-sectarian conflicts. Many were noted for their support of Gulf governments, countering claims that their loyalties might align strictly along sectarian lines.[2]: 56–57 

After the Revolution in Iran, the Iranian School was renamed to "Islamic Republic School."[citation needed] At that time, the school was being funded and operated by the Iranian Ministry of Education.[64]: 293–294  The 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran led to a shift in the school's ideological framework and curriculum.[64]: 293–294  Prior to the Revolution, the school followed a secular approach influenced by the Pahlavi dynasty for nearly 70 years.[64]: 293–294  For over seventy-five years, the school has provided education to multiple generations in Bahrain.[64]: 293–294  In 1996, the "Iranian school" was shutdown by the Bahraini government.[64][73]

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King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa (1999-Present)

In 2002, Bahraini's King, Hamad Bin Isa, announced many of the Ajams of Bahrain as Bahraini citizens and granted them citizenships.[citation needed] He was gererally very welcoming of the Ajams, regardless of their background or ethnic group.[citation needed]

In 2003, Khatami visited Bahrain which marked the first visit of an Iranian president to Bahrain since 25 years,[74] Khatami gave a lecture in the Arabic language at the Gulf Hotel in Manameh.[7]: 97  Bushehri recounts "The place was buzzing with Ajams, support, and prayers. Me and two of my friends were there. Everyone raises their voices in prayer except for us. For the first time, I felt that I had become a minority among a minority. Three people, a minority among 1,500.[7]: 97 

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Mohammad Khatami President of Iran from 1997 to 2005

The Bahraini people became considerably very religious after the 1979 events,[7]: 99–100  and the Wahhabi movement in Saudi which was strengthened by oil exports,[75]: 61–62  Musa Al-Ansari recounts: "I do not know why the revolution took this character in Bahrain. The fanaticism that exists in Bahrain does not exist in Iran. In Iran you will see people listening to music and songs, women in half-veils laughing in the street. Here you are an infidel if you listen to a cassette or hear singing. Bahrain is a completely different situation."[7]: 99–100  Al-Qassab wonders, "where did we get all this fanaticism from?" to which Al-Ansari responds "From Islamic Extremism."[7]: 100–101 

In the year 2009, the Iranians of Bahrain were estimated to be around 20% of the local population.[7]: 7 [note 1]

After the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran were ransacked by Iranian protesters following the execution of Nimr al-Nimr, Bahrain followed Saudi Arabia's decision by severing diplomatic relations with the Islamic Republic of Iran.[76]

In 2024, Bahrain restored diplomatic relations with the Islamic Republic of Iran.[77]

Some of the new generation of Ajams of Bahrain do not identify much religiously and do not give attention to issues such as sectarianism or over religiosity, and rather view all their peers of different religious backgrounds as one.[citation needed] There is a notable secular (or non-religious) population among them.[2]: 42 

Issues

Summarize
See also: Human rights in Bahrain, Pan-Arabism, Arab nationalism, Sectarianism, and Islamic extremism

They accuse us of not having loyalty. What do they mean, that we have no loyalty? The aggressor will not differentiate between an Arab and a non-Arab. We must all defend this land. That brings us together.

— Nasser Hussein, [7]: 83 

Ajams/Persians/Iranians of Bahrain could quite often face discrimination and racism,[25][26][9][20] and their loyalty is always questioned.[7]: 88–95  Sectarian conflicts following the Islamic revolution of Iran,[7]: 96  2011 events, along with Islamic extremism,[7]: 99–100  attributed to divisions among the Ajams of Bahrain.

While students in Iran study Formal Arabic,[78] Bahrainis of Iranian origin or ancestry (whatever their background) cannot study Persian (Farsi), or any Iranian language, the suggestion was made between 1919-1923 and ignored.[64]: 292  Citizenship laws in the Gulf Arab states currently mandate prolonged residency and a satisfactory proficiency in Arabic as prerequisites for applying for citizenship. This can indefinitely extend the stateless status of many Gulf Iranians, particularly those facing linguistic or other challenges.[2]: 49  Furthermore, online content about the country's Persian minority is virtually absent, and media outlets are forbidden from using the Persian language or addressing Persian culture.[79] This may explain why a lot of families of Iranian descent chose not to teach their children their ethnic language as a first tongue.

One of the key reasons behind the Bahraini government's promotion of an "Arab identity" framework among its population is to mitigate its deep-rooted historical ties with Iran and its Persian community (Ajam), as well as the indigenous Arab Shi’a (Baharna).[2]: 72  The intertwined history of Bahrain and Iran, along with their respective peoples, dates back to at least the 5th century BCE during the Achaemenid Empire.[2]: 72  Over the centuries, both regions have vied for control of the Gulf, with influence shifting back and forth since pre-Islamic times.[2]: 72  Notably, during the Sassanian Empire, parts of the Arabian Peninsula and Iraq, now predominantly Arab-controlled, were once under Iranian rule.[2]: 72  The Gulf Arab states have focused on cultural autonomy and preserving a distinctly Arabian and Islamic national identity, as evidenced by their national constitutions.[80] Furthermore, the ruling families (in the Gulf) have set a precedent by removing all traces of their transnational connections from their national narratives.[80] In the Gulf today, public discourse regarding the Persian, Indian, and African mothers of former shaykhs and shaykhas is heavily discouraged.[80] Gulf nationals who cannot trace their ancestry to Arabian origins and tribal affiliations are typically excluded from high-ranking government positions, while those with no Arab lineage are often limited to the most junior roles.[80] The notable exceptions to this trend seem to be Oman and, since 2000, Bahrain.[80] Additionally, Shi‘i Arabs face varying degrees of discrimination depending on the state.[80] Consequently, a historian relying on the accounts of a Gulf Arab family is likely to encounter a curated history that serves contemporary interests.[80]

Shias in Bahrain or people of a Shia background in general (including Bahranis, and Shia Ajams) face discrimination,[80] and are often called "Majoos",[81] a term invented by Arabs for Zoroastrians; who are a minority today, often accused of "worshipping fire" as well,[82] which is untrue as Zoroastrians worship "Ahuramazda" and the fire to them is as holy as the Kaabah is to Muslims). It is worth noting that the majority of Bahrain's Shia population are Bahrani people who are mostly (around 50%) eastern Arabs and (around 30%~) North West Asian (Iranian, Caucasian, and Mespotamian) according to their genes,[citation needed] and the two (Baharna and Ajams) can be often conflated by many.[81] Many individuals, particularly those who view all Shias as 'Iranian Majoos,' also accuse them of being subservient to the Islamic Republic of Iran.[81] It is important to note that this perception has been prevalent among some Sunni (Khodmooni) Iranians,[83] ultimately leading to unintended consequences for them.[84] While it is noted that they were also known as "Ajam" in the past,[16] The Sunni Ajams do not face such discrimination,[85] and many of them identify as "Hawala"[7]: 9 [24][25][26] or Arab,[86] and/or reject the term "Ajam."[15] It is also noted that this group (the "Ajam" who later adopted the title "Huwala") introduced Nationalism during the heyday of Gamal Abdel Naser as means of fighting colonialism.[16][2]: 64 

Since 1980s till mid 2000s, a lot of "Bidoon" Iranians have been deported back to Iran,[2] many of which were working for BAPCO, the island's oil company, claimed to have been an attempt to open up more jobs for the native Bahraini population.[2]: 74–75 

Based on a study in 2013, the researcher noted: the linguistic and religious situation of Sunni Persians in Bahrain is thorny and sometimes it is intentionally confused between "Hole\Hawala Arabs" and "Sunni Persians".[27] The same study also claims that Sunni Achomis did not face any systematic racism.[27] Some Sunni Achomis actively reject efforts to attribute Arab origins to their heritage.[85]

In 2015, Al-Wasat columnist and journalist “Hani Al-Fardan” wrote an article in which he explained (indirectly) that a lot of people are getting in the fashion of changing their family names either for political or financial reasons, he explained “if one knew the original names and the names they changed to, they wouldn’t be surprised.”[87]

In 2019, Dr. Abdullah Madani, writer of Al-Ayam newspaper and specialist in Asian affairs, describes in an article how a Bahraini of Persian origin once protested to him that he used his family name among the Ajams. Bahrain has brought. Madani had dedicated one of his articles to Bahrainis of Ajam of Iranian race and especially Shiites. In his article entitled "Kabir al-Ajam fe Al-Bahrain", he mentioned the name of "Akbari" family as one of the most famous Ajam families in Bahrain, along with the names of many other families. Ismail Akbari (husband of writer Sosan Al-Shaer and father of Bahrain Consultative Council member Bassam Ismail Al-Bon Mohammad "Akbari") strongly protested. In his opinion, the name "Ajam" refers only to Shias of Iranian origin, not to Sunnis, and his family, who are "Bastaki", not "Ajami".[15]

In October 2024, the Arab Gulf States held their first joint meeting with the European Union in a considerable period. The meeting concluded with the EU affirming the position of the Gulf countries that the islands of Abu Musa, Greater Tunb, and Lesser Tunb are sovereign territories of the United Arab Emirates.[88] This development provoked a response from the Islamic Republic of Iran, in which Kamal Kharazi, head of Iran's Strategic Council on Foreign Relations claimed Bahrain's Iranian/Persian identity.[89] In response, members of Bahrain's parliament rejected the claim, stating that Bahrain is historically Arab.[89] and that Iran is merely trying to "export its internal crisis."[89][90] This included statements from MP Members of Iranian ancestry, such as Mohammed Hassan Janahi, who reiterated that "all Bahrainis firmly stand with their country’s Arab identity," and Mohamed Yousif Al-Maarafi who stated "Bahrain has been Arab since its founding."[89] These statements reignited anti-Persian, anti-Iranian, and anti-Shia sentiments, with many resorting to the term “Majus” (مجوس) as a derogatory slur on social media.[91] The specific target of this insult remains unclear, as the term has historically been used against Shias (including the indigenous Arab Baharna), Shia Arab Iraqis, Iranians, and even Bahrain's Ajam community.

Languages

Summarize

The Ajam speak southern Iranian languages and Farsi dialects distinctive to the cities they have originated from:

Related languages:

Below is a comparison chart of English, Modern Standard Arabic, Bahraini Arabic, Achomi, Standard New Persian, Bahraini/Bushehri New Persian, and Iranian/Tehrani New Persian:

Sentences

More information English, Modern Standard Arabic ...
English Modern Standard Arabic Bahraini Arabic Achomi New Persian
What for? Arabic: لماذا؟, romanized: lematha Arabic: حگ شنو؟, romanized: hag sheno? برا چه؟, brá cheh Standard Farsi: برای چه؟, romanized: baráye che

Bahraini Farsi: سی چه؟, romanized: Si cheh

Tehrani Farsi: واسه چی؟, romanized: vaseh che

Do you want water? Arabic: هل تريد ماء؟, romanized: hal turidu ma'a? Arabic: تَبي ماي؟, romanized: taby mai? او اخَی؟, ow akhi?[spelling?] Standard Farsi: آیا شما آب می خواهید؟, romanized: Aaya shoma ab mekhaheed?

Bahraini Farsi: اُو مي خای؟, romanized: ow mikhay Tehrani Farsi: آب میخوای؟, romanized: áb mikhái

He did not know what to do, suddenly he thought that he could go to the camel's home. Arabic: لم يكن يعرف ماذا يفعل، فجأة فكر أنه يستطيع الذهاب إلى بيت الجمل., romanized: lam yakun yaerif madha yafeila, faj'atan fakar 'anah yastatie aldhahab 'iilaa bayt aljumli. Arabic: ما كان ايعرف شيسوي، مرة وحده فكر انه يگدر يروح بيت الجمل., romanized: Ma kan ya‘ref shesawi, marra waḥda fakkar ennah yigdar yirūḥ bait il-jamal Persian: اُشنا فَمی چُنگ بُکُن، اِرانِ اَفِک کَت کِه اُ چی اَ خونَه ی دامونِ اُشتُری, romanized: oshna fami chong bokon, erani a fek kat ke oi chi akhonaye damone oshtori Standard Farsi: او نمی دانست چه کند، ناگهان فکر کرد که می تواند به خانه شتر برود, romanized: u namidanast che konad, nagahan fekr kard keh metavanad beh khaney shetar beravad

Tehrani Farsi: او نمی‌دونست چیکار کنه، یهو فکر کرد که می‌تونه بره خونه شتر., romanized: ou namidanast che kar koneh, yaho fekr kard keh metoneh bereh khoney shetar

I told you Arabic: أنا قلت لك, romanized: ana qulto laka Arabic: آنه گلت لك, romanized: aaneh gelt lek Standard Farsi: مَن بِه شُما گُفتَم, romanized: man be shoma goftam

Bahraini Farsi: مُو سیت (سی تو) گفتُم, romanized: mo seet (si to) goftum Tehrani Farsi: مَن بِهِت (به تو) گُفتَم, romanized: man behet goftam

Today the weather is good Arabic: اليوم الطقس جميل, romanized: alyaoum altaqs jameel Arabic: اليوم الهوا/الجو حلو/زين, romanized: elyoum elhawa helo/zain اِروز هوا خَش/خَشِن, eroz hawa khash/khashen Bahraini Farsi: اُمروز هوا خوبِن

Tehrani Farsi: اِمروز هوا خوبِه Dari: اَمرُوز هوا خوب اَست

Tonight, my love is sad, my lovely heart is sad Arabic: الليلة زهرتي حزينة، روحي حزينة, romanized: allaylat zahrati hazinat, ruhiun hazina Arabic: الليلة وردتي زعلانه، روحي زعلانه, romanized: el-lela wardety za'alanah, rohi zalana اِشو گُلُم شبَرِن‌ جان‌‌ِ دِلُم شَبَرِن, esho golom shabrin, jan delum shabarin Bahraini Farsi: اِمشو گُلم غَمگینِن، جان دِلٌم غَمگینِن

Tehrani Farsi: امشب گُلم غَمگینه، جانم غَمگینه Dari: امشب گُلم غمگین است، جان دِلَم غمگین است

I told them I am not feeling well; I'm not in a good state. Arabic: أخبرتُهٌم أنني لستٌ على ما يرام؛ أنا لستٌ في حالةٍ جيدة., romanized: akhbartuhum 'anani last ealaa ma yuram; 'ana lastu fi halatin jayida Arabic: گلت لهم اني مب زين؛ أنا مب في حاله زينه, romanized: gilt lihom eni mob zain, ana mub fe haleh zainah Bahraini Farsi: مو گفتُم سیشون مو نه خوبُم، حالُم نه خوبِن

Tehrani Farsi: من بهشان گفتَم مَن خوب نیستَم، حالَم خوب نیست Dari: من برای‌شان گفتم که حالم خوب نیست، وضعیت‌ام خوب نیست

Close

Words/Nouns

More information English, Modern Standard Arabic ...
English Modern Standard Arabic Bahraini Arabic Achomi Standard New Persian Bahraini/Bushehri New Persian Iranian/Tehrani New Persian
Money Arabic: مال, romanized: mal Arabic: فلوس/بيزات, romanized: feloos/bizat Persian: پول, romanized: Púl Persian: پِیسه, romanized: peyse Persian: پول, romanized: Púl
Food Arabic: طعام, romanized: taam Arabic: اكل, romanized: akel Persian: خوراک, romanized: khorak Persian: غذا, romanized: ghaza (from Arabic) Persian: خوراک, romanized: khorak Persian: غذا, romanized: ghaza (from Arabic)
Breakfast Arabic: إفطار, romanized: iftar Arabic: فطور/ریوگ, romanized: fotoor/reyoog Persian: ناشتا, romanized: Nashta Persian: صبحانه, romanized: Sobhaneh Persian: ناشتا, romanized: Nashta Persian: صبحانه, romanized: Sobhaneh
Lunch Arabic: غداء, romanized: ghada'a Arabic: غده, romanized: ghadeh Persian: چاشت, romanized: Chasht Persian: ناهار, romanized: Nahar (from Arabic) Persian: چاش, romanized: Chash Persian: ناهار, romanized: Nahar (from Arabic)
Socks Arabic: جوراب, romanized: jurab Arabic: دولاغ, romanized: Dolagh

(from Achomi)

 Persian: دولاغ, romanized: Dolagh ? Persian: جوراب, romanized: Jurab (from Arabic) Persian: دولاغ, romanized: Dolagh Persian: جوراب, romanized: Jurab
Aunt Arabic: عمة/خالة, romanized: ameh/khaleh Arabic: عمة/خالة, romanized: ameh/khaleh Persian: ببه/دامون, romanized: babeh/damon Persian: عمه/خاله, romanized: ameh/khaleh Persian: عمه/خاله, romanized: ameh/khaleh
Nose Arabic: انف, romanized: anf Arabic: خشم, romanized: khashem Persian: پوز, romanized: puz Persian: دماغ, romanized: demagh Persian: پوز, romanized: puz Persian: دماغ, romanized: demagh
Mouth Arabic: فم, romanized: fam Arabic: بوز, romanized: booz Persian: کَپ, romanized: kap Persian: دهن, romanized: dahan Persian: کَپ, romanized: kap Persian: دهن, romanized: dahan
Brain Arabic: مخ/دماغ, romanized: mokh/demagh Arabic: مخ/دماغ, romanized: mokh/demagh Persian: مغز, romanized: maghz Persian: مغز, romanized: maghz
Water Arabic: ماء, romanized: ma'a Arabic: ماي, romanized: mai Persian: او, romanized: ow Persian: آب, romanized: ab Persian: او, romanized: ow Persian: آب, romanized: ab
Stomach Arabic: معدة, romanized: ma'adah Arabic: معدة, romanized: ma'adah Persian: شِكَم, romanized: shekam Persian: كُم, romanized: kum Persian: شِكَم, romanized: shekam
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Cultural Heritage

Summarize

Music

See also: Sultaneez and Music of Bahrain

Sultaneez was a local Bahraini band that operated between 1989 and 2003, they are known for laying the foundation for "Bandari music," they have produced songs in Achomi (Bastaki dialect), Farsi, and Arabic. Their Bastaki song "Naz Akon Naz Akon" inspired by Yusuf Hadi Bastaki's folkloric song of the same name, is one of the most popular songs of this group.[105] Kouros Shahmiri's song "Naz Nakon", which was released later (1998 AD),[106][note 2][107] was inspired by Sultaneez's song "Naz Akon", which was released on June 25, 1990.[108][note 3] Additionally, the song "Chai Chayi" by Koros was also inspired by the song of Soltaniz "Chayi Chayeem Kalam Dard Akon", which was released in 1989.[109][110] Their legacy still lives on to this day, and many Bahraini Iranians listen to them to remember their roots.

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Sultanies as they appear in their last Album "Aroosi" released in 2000

Other Bahraini Persian bands include:

  • Al-Kawakib (فرقة الکواکب البحرینیة)
  • Sharks (فرقة شارکس البحرینیة)
  • Al-Ghuraba'a (فرقة الغرباء البحرینیة)
  • Al-Danah (فرقة الدانة البحرینیة) - This group was composed of "Janahi" family members.
  • Al-Salam (فرقة السلام البحرینیة)
  • Al-Anwar Band (فرقه انوار بحرینی).[111]

Food

Achomi

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Mahyaweh
  • One of the notable local delicacies of the Achomi Persians in Bahrain is Mahyawa, consumed in Southern Iran (and specifically in Irahistan) as well, is a watery earth brick coloured sauce made from sardines and consumed with bread or other food.
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Khanfaroosh

Other

Other food items consumed are similar to other Iranian cuisine. For example, Kaleh Pacheh (Arabic: باجه, romanized: bajeh, Persian: پاچه, romanized: Pacheh) is very popular in Bahrain,[116] in addition to Iranian Grills, Chello Kabab, and other National Iranian dishes.

Dance

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Achomi men dancing in Bidshahr
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Mamasani Lur dance
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Basseri dance
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Kurdish dance

The Iranian dances are common among many Iranian people (including Khodmoonis, Lurs, Kurds, etc.)... with variations in the style, the most common being the “Dastmal Bazi” variations,[117][118][119] with the Kurdish dance and Baluchi dance being the most different.[120]

Restaurants

Famous Iranian restaurants in Bahrain include "Isfahani" (named after Isfahan) and "Takht Jamshid" (named after a famous historical site in Persopolis).[72][121]

Families/Clans

Arabic: الانصاري)[7]: 53 [2]: 102  (Achum?)

Many of the previously mentioned families are of Persian origin based on historical records and the locations of their ancestral homelands.[2][9] However, many choose to identify as Arabs to avoid discrimination or controversy.[9] Ultimately, this often depends on the strength of their Persian cultural ties and the surrounding environment, which can lead to differing views within the same family about whether their heritage is Persian or Arab.[9]

It is also common for these families to add "Al" (Arabic: ال), meaning "The," to their surnames to make them sound more Arabic.[9][80] Some view this as abandoning or distancing themselves from their Persian roots, while others see it as a way to avoid racial issues. This shift is evident today, as many have adopted Arabic attire and now only speak fluent Arabic.[9]

Contributions

Summarize
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A wind tower in Bahrain
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Muharraq, Bahrain

Buildings

  • The Khodmoonis introduced the wind towers (Badgir) to Bahrain and UAE.[20][21][28]: 14–17 
  • The Achums of Bastak, led by Sheikh Abdul Noor Al Bastaki, are credited with opening the first hotel in Bahrain.[125][126] The Bahrain Hotel, still referred to by locals as ‘Abdul Noor’s Hotel,’ officially opened in 1950, although construction began as early as the 1920s. The Bahrain Hotel is set to undergo a revamp and makeover.[125][126]

Linguistic influences

The Iranian languages have had the biggest foreign linguistic influence on Bahrani and Bahraini Arabic.[9][102][92][103][104][127] The indigenous Bahrani dialect of Bahrain has also borrowed many words from Persian, for example:

  • Chandal - woods used in constructing the roof of old buildings.
  • Bādgir - towers with single or two, three or four sided openings above dwellings in order to let wind air into the building to create a current and hence cool the air inside the lower floor rooms. Now they refer to them as "Mulgaf" (ملقف) instead.
  • Hast - Existing, for example Bahrainis sometimes say "Sh-hast?" (Meaning: What's up?).[127]: 43 
  • Bannad - He closed.[127]: 83 
  • Khosh - Good.[127]: 120 
  • Buuz - Mouth (noted to be from an older Iranian dialect).[127]: 134 

Imported goods

  • The migration of the Bushehri community to Bahrain led to a significant rise in the importation of certain goods, including books, rosewater, tea, and spirits, which distinguished them from the local Arab population.[2]: 60 
  • Persians in Bahrain are known and are famous in Bahrain for bread-making.[128]

Husayniyya

See also: Muharram in Bahrain
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Matam Al-Ajam Al-Kabeer in Manama
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Matam Al Ajam interior, Fareej el-Makharqa

Matam Al-Ajam Al-Kabeer (Arabic:مأتم العجم الكبير) is the first Persian Matam and the largest such matam in Bahrain. It was founded in Fareej el-Makharqa by Abdul-Nabi Al-Kazerooni, a rich Persian merchant who was a representative of the Persian community in the council of the hakim Isa ibn Ali Al Khalifa.[129] Himself an immigrant from the Dashti region of Iran, he single-handedly organised processions, collected donations and hired orators (Arabic: خطيب) to speak at the matam.[129] Construction started in 1882 as a specialized building where Ashura, a holy day in Shia Islam, would be marked with processions, ceremonial flagellation and passion plays commemorating the death of Imam Hussain.[130] The matam is still used for this purpose.

It was originally built with simple construction material such as palm tree trunks and leaf stalks. The matam was formally established in 1904 where it was decided that the matam would be renovated with rocks, clay and cement.[131] Initially in the 1890s, the matam was primarily supported by Persian merchants, with two-thirds of the donation coming from the Bushehri and Safar family, respectively. For much of the 20th century, the matam had relied on yearly donations of money and land from rich and poor members of the Persian community and from waqf revenue.[130] The matam also had an emergency relief fund that was to be distributed to the poor and to needy individuals; the matam provided financial aid and shelter to people following the collapse of the pearling market in the 1930s.[130]

Upon the death of Abdul-Nabi Al-Kazerooni in 1927, Abdul Nabi Bushehri, himself a Persian immigrant from Bushehr and a well-respected figure in the Persian community, took control of the matam.[129] Unlike his close friend, Bushehri ran the matam with other notables of the Persian community, forming a de facto board. Upon Bushehri's death in 1945, the board took over. In order to prevent confusion, the board appointed a specific member, Hasan Baljik, to act as key carrier to the matam and responsible for programs and budgetary issues.[129] In 1971, an administrative board consisting of a president, vice president, secretary, treasurer and others was set up, all of whom were rich merchants.[129]

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Shia Ajams in Manama during Muharram parades (November 2014).

Names of Locations

Summarize

In addition to this, many names of villages in Bahrain are derived from Persian,[127][9] Bahrain's historical ties to Persian culture, particularly under the Achaemenid,[2]: 72  Parthian,[58] and Sassanian Empire,[2]: 72  as well as influences during the Safavid rule (1501–1722),[9] have left a significant impact on place names and cultural elements in the region.[127][9] City and village names such as Manama, Karbabad, Salmabad, Karzakan, Samaheej, Tashan, Duraz, Barbar, Demistan, Karrana, Shakhura, Shahrekan, and Jurdab were originally derived from Persian, suggesting Persian influence on the island's history.[127][9]

More information Current Name, Former Name ...
Current Name Former Name Persian rootTranslation
Al-Manama (Arabic: المنامه) Manamah Man-Nameh

(Persian: من نامه)

 The name "Manāmah" was first recorded around the year 730 AH (approximately 1330 AD) during the visit of Turān Shah of Hurmuz to the island. At that time, it had already been annexed by his predecessor, Tahamtam II of Hurmuz.[127]: 23 

Derived from two words, meaning I and Speech. Originally it was called simply "Manamah" before being renamed to Al-Manamah. In Persian, "man" (من) means "me," and "nameh" (نامه) means "letter," similar to the structure of words like "Shah Nameh" (Book of Kings).

Some claim that Al-Manama is actually derived from Arabic Al-Muna'amah (المنعمة) and its people were referred to as Almuna'ami; in the Shia book by Sayyed Mohsen Alameen "A'yan Alshia" (أعيان الشيعة) a Shi'a scholar from Manama or Muna'ama was mentioned Shaykh Ali bin Umran bin Fayad Almuna'ami Albahrani (شيخ علي بن عمران بن فياض المنعمي البحراني)

Al-Adliya Zulmabad[7]: 106 [132] Zulm Abad

(Persian: ظلم‌آباد)

 Like the name of a village in Gotvand County, Khuzestan, Iran – contrary to the original name, this place is not oppression, and it has become the city of lovers.[132]
Al-Diraz (Arabic: دراز) Diraz Diraz

(Persian: دراز)

 Long.[133] A village stretched along the coastline.
Busaiteen Beseytin Beseytin

(Persian: بسیطین)

 Similar to a name of a village in Khouzestan, Iran.
Al-Malkiya Malchiyeh Mal Chiyeh

(Persian: مال چیه)

 What is it (for)? - The locals still refer to it as "Malchiyeh."[134] Furthermore, it is named similarly to village in Khouzestan.
Shahrakan (Arabic: شهركان) N/A Shahr-akanOld Town
Karzakan N/A Karz-akan
Shakhura (Arabic: شاخورة) Shahkhura Shah-khora

(Persian: شاه خورا)

 آخور شاه (اصطبل پادشاه)

Stable of Kings

Jurdab (Arabic: جرداب) Gerdāb Gerd-āb

(Persian: گردآب)

 Whirlpool
Salmabad (Arabic: سلماباد) Selmābād Selm-ābād

(Persian: سلم‌آباد)

 Would translate as "the peaceful settlement" or "the place of peace," with "سلم" (Salm) meaning "peace" and "آباد" implying a settled or prosperous area.
Karbabad (Arabic: كرباباد) N/A Karb-ābād

(Persian: کرب‌آباد)

 Would translate as "the settlement of sadness" or "the place of sorrow," as "کرب" (Karb) refers to "sadness" or "distress" and "آباد" again indicates a settled or inhabited place.
Dumistan (Arabic: دمستان) Dabistan[127]: 134  Dabistan

(Persian: دب اِستان)

 The term "Dabistan" (دبستان) is a Persian word that typically means "school" or "place of learning."[127]: 134 
  • Dab (دب) refers to "learning" or "education."
  • -stan (اِستان) is a suffix meaning "place" or "land of."

So, Dabistan can be understood as "the place of learning" or simply "a school."

While the last known location of Al-Ittihad school (Persian: دبستان اتحاد ملی, romanized: Dabistan Ittihad Melli, lit. 'National Union Primary School') is known to have been in Manama,[62][73] it is possible that the school at some point may have been located here.

Al-Daih (Arabic: ديه) Daih (Arabic: ديه) Deh

(Persian: دِه)

 Village[127]: 134 
Karrana (Arabic: كرانه) Kerrāneh Kerrā-neh

(Persian: کرانه)

 The Coast.[135]
Barbar Barbar Bar+Bar

(Persian: بار بار)

 Bar Bar - Dobār (two times) - The word 'bar' may have been repeated to confirm the arrival of shipments or foreign cargo to the shore.
Samaheej (Arabic: سماهيج) Samahīj Se-māhi

(Persian: سِه ماهی)

 Three fish.[127] On the origins of the name Samahīj, al-Bakri quoting others says: "Samāhīj is from Persian se (three) and māhi (fish) and hence, 'the three fish'." The sound change in the final "i < y" of the Persian form māhi is rather pronounced locally "-j" which is a phonetic feature known as "aj ajah" and ascribed to Qudā-ah tribes as in the word Tamīmi (a person belonging to bani Tamīm tribes) realized Tamīmij.[127]: 22, 134 
Close

Notable people

  • Abdulhussain bin Ali Mirza (Arabic: عبد الحسين بن علي ميرزا) - current Minister of Electricity and Water Affairs of Bahrain
  • Fatema Hameed Gerashi (Arabic: فاطمة حميد كراشي) - Bahraini swimmer
  • Munira Fakhro (Arabic: منيرة فخرو), a prominent figure among Bahrain's Ajams community, faced opposition as her efforts for liberal and democratic reforms were overshadowed. Despite her advocacy, the public gave their support to Islamist political parties. This shift in support ultimately empowered Islamist factions over more liberal or democratic movements in Bahrain, sidelining her vision for a more progressive political landscape.
  • Karim Fakhrawi, co-founder of Al-Wasat, considered one of the more popular newspapers in Bahrain by winning numerous awards
  • Ghada Jamshir (Arabic: غادة جمشير) - Bahraini women's rights activist.
  • Zainab Al Askari (Arabic: زينب العسكري) - Bahraini author and actress, Khodmooni with roots in Gerash.
  • Ahmed Sultan (Arabic: أحمد سلطان) - Executive Director – International Offices & Business Development (Manufacturing, Transport & Logistics) at Economic Development Board (EDB) and former Sultanies band lead singer.[136]
  • Sonya Janahi (Arabic: سونيا جناحي) - ILO Governing Body Member, IOE employers VP Asia, Bahrain Chamber Board Member, University of Bahrain Board Member, Franchise Expert, Keynote Speaker. Achomi, Sunni background.[86]
  • Khalid Fouad (Arabic: خالد فؤاد) - Bahraini Singer of maternal Achomi ancestry.
  • Khaled Janahi (Arabic: خالد جناحي) - Chairman of Vision 3, Member of Bahrain Economic Development Board and former partner at Pricewaterhouse Coopers. Sunni background.
  • Eman Aseery (Arabic: ايمان اسيري) - Bahraini Poet.
  • Hossein Asiri (Arabic: حسين اسيري) - Bahraini Achomi singer who sings in Bahraini Arabic, Farsi and Achomi.[137][138]
  • Neyla Janahi (Arabic: محمد القصاب) - Bahrain TV Presenter. Achomi, Sunni background.
  • Norah Al-Balushi (Arabic: نورة البلوشي) - Popular Bahraini Baluchi Actress, Sunni background.
  • Hussain Javad Parveez (Arabic: محمد حسين جواد برويز) - Bahraini Activist.
  • Ahmed Al-Bastaki (Arabic: أحمد البستكي) - Bahraini Artist.
  • Hanan Redha (Arabic: حنان رضا) - Bahraini Singer. Achomi.
  • Linda Janahi (Arabic: لِندا جناحي) - Chief of Corporate Services at Bahrain EDB.[136] Achomi.
  • Mohammed Al-Alawi (Arabic: محمد العلوي) - Chief of Marketing & Communications at Bahrain EDB.[136]
  • Redha Al-Ansari (Arabic: رضا الأنصاري) - Executive Director – Research at Bahrain EDB.[136] Achomi.
  • Dr. Ali Akbar Bushehri (Arabic: د. علي اكبر بوشهري) - historical researcher.[7]
  • Musa Al-Ansari (Arabic: موسى الأنصاري) - Secretary General of the Al-Ikha'a Association.[7] Achomi.
  • Youssef Amr Allah (Arabic: يوسف امرالله) - Administrative Member - Al-Ikha'a Association”.[7]
  • Jaafar Abdeen (Arabic: جعفر عابدين) - Member - Al-Ikha'a Association.[7]
  • Nasser Hussein (Arabic: ناصر حسين) - Member - Al-Ikha'a Association.[7]
  • Samira Rajab (Arabic: سميرة رجب) - A Ba’athist political activist who identifies as a Bahrani Arab Ba’athist. Her mother is of Iranian descent, which may explain her Iranian-like appearance. She's known for her extreme pro-government role in the 2011 protests.
  • Fatima Kaziruni (Arabic: فاطمة كازروني) - Bahraini host and actress.
  • Shaima'a Rahimi (Arabic: شيماء رحيمي) - Bahraini media figure and actress.
  • Mohammed Hassan Janahi - member of parliament.[89]
  • Mohamed Yousif Al-Maarafi - member of parliament.[89]
  • Prof. Hamid Khanji - Member of the Central Committee of the Progressive Forum

Gallery

  • Thumb
    Sultanies band in their last Persian Album
  • Thumb
    Hussain Javad Parveez
  • Thumb
    Zainab Al-Askari (Arabic: زينب العسكري)
  • Thumb
    Norah Al-Balushi (نوره البلوشي)
  • Thumb
    Ghada Jamsheer
  • Thumb
    Wife of Ibraheem Sharif, former member of Waad.[139][140]
  • Thumb
    Neyla Janahi
  • Thumb
    Sonya Janahi (سونيا جناحي)
  • Thumb
    Fawzia Abdullah Zainal
  • Thumb
    Khaled Janahi
  • Thumb
    Eman Aseery
  • Thumb
    Mohammed Falamarzi
  • Thumb
    Ahmed Al-Bastaki
  • Thumb
    Khalid Fouad
  • Thumb
    Hanan Redha
  • Thumb
    Samira Rajab
  • Thumb
    Fatima Kaziruni (فاطمة كازروني)
  • Thumb
    Bahraini actress and singer Haifa Hussain (هيفاء حسين)
  • Thumb
    Prof. Hamid Khanji - Member of the Central Committee of the Progressive Forum

See also

Notes

  1. [N 1]
    Estimated to be around 100 thousand.
  2. [N 2]
    States the release date is 1998-06-29, remastered on: 2001-06-22
  3. [N 3]
    Released on: 1990-06-25
  4. [N 4]
    Referenced under more than one subgroup
  5. [N 5]
    Some Achum some Arabs?

References

Further reading

External links

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