List of astronauts by name

This is an alphabetical list of astronauts, people selected to train for a human spaceflight program to command, pilot, or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft.

For a list of everyone who has flown in space, see List of space travelers by name.

More than 600 people have been trained as astronauts. Until recently, astronauts were sponsored and trained exclusively by governments, either by the military or by civilian space agencies. However, with the advent of suborbital flight starting with privately funded SpaceShipOne in 2004, a new category of astronaut was created: the commercial astronaut.

While the term astronaut is sometimes applied to anyone who trains for travel into space—including scientists, politicians, journalists, and tourists—this article lists only professional astronauts, those who have been selected to train professionally. This includes national space programs, industry and commercial space programs which train and/or hire their own professional astronauts.

The flags indicate the astronaut's primary citizenship during his or her time as an astronaut. The symbol identifies female astronauts. The symbol △ indicates astronauts who have left low Earth orbit. The symbol ▲ indicates astronauts who have walked on the Moon. The symbol † indicates astronauts who have died in incidents related to a space program.

Contents: 

• Top
• 0–9
• A
• B
• C
• D
• E
• F
• G
• H
• I
• J
• K
• L
• M
• N
• O
• P
• Q
• R
• S
• T
• U
• V
• W
• X
• Y
• Z

A

• Joseph M. Acaba (1967–) — STS-119, Soyuz TMA-04M, Soyuz MS-06
• Loren Acton (1936–) — STS-51-F
• Mike Adams (1930–1967) † — Died in the X-15 Flight 191 break up.
• James Adamson (1946–) — STS-28, STS-43
• Viktor M. Afanasyev — Soyuz TM-11, Soyuz TM-18, Soyuz TM-29, Soyuz TM-33/32
• Aydyn Aimbetov — Soyuz TMA-18M
• Thomas Akers — STS-41, STS-49, STS-61, STS-79
• Vladimir Aksyonov — Soyuz 22, Soyuz T-2
• Buzz Aldrin △▲ — Gemini 12, Apollo 11. Second person to walk on the Moon.
• Aleksandar Panayotov Aleksandrov — Soyuz TM-5
• Aleksandr Pavlovich Aleksandrov — Soyuz T-9, Soyuz TM-3
• Ali AlQarni — Axiom Mission 2
• Andrew M. Allen — STS-46, STS-62, STS-75
• Joseph P. Allen — STS-5, STS-51-A
• Michael Alsbury † — Commercial astronaut, died in the VSSEnterprise test flight PF04 crash
• Christopher Altman — NASA-trained commercial astronaut, Association of Spaceflight Professionals 2011^[1][2]
• Scott Altman — STS-90, STS-106, STS-109, STS-125
• Pablo Álvarez Fernández — No flights. 2022 ESA Astronaut group.
• William Anders (1933–2024) △ — Apollo 8
• Clayton Anderson — STS-117/120, STS-131
• Michael P. Anderson (1959–2003) † — STS-89. Died in the Columbia reentry disintegration (STS-107).
  • (Claudie André-Deshays – see Claudie Haigneré)
• Dominic A. Antonelli — STS-119, STS-132
• Jerome Apt — STS-37, STS-47, STS-59, STS-79
• Lee Archambault — STS-117, STS-119
• Neil Armstrong (1930–2012) △▲ — Gemini 8, Apollo 11. First person to walk on the Moon.^[3][4]
• Anousheh Ansari — Soyuz TMA-9
• Hayley Arceneaux — Inspiration4
• Oleg Artemyev — Soyuz TMA-12M, Soyuz MS-08, Soyuz MS-21
• Richard R. Arnold — STS-119, Soyuz MS-08
• Anatoly Artsebarsky — Soyuz TM-12
• Yuri Artyukhin (1930–1998) — Soyuz 14
• Jeffrey Ashby — STS-93, STS-100, STS-112
• Oleg Atkov — Soyuz T-10/11
• Toktar Aubakirov — Soyuz TM-13/12
• Serena M. Auñón-Chancellor — Soyuz MS-09, Expedition 56/57
• Sergei Avdeyev — Soyuz TM-15, Soyuz TM-22

B

• James P. Bagian, M.D. — STS-29, STS-40
• Ellen S. Baker, M.D. — STS-34, STS-50, STS-71
• Michael Baker — STS-43, STS-52, STS-68, STS-81
• Aleksandr Balandin — Soyuz TM-9
• Michael R. Barratt, M.D. — Soyuz TMA-14, STS-133, SpaceX Crew-8
• Rayyanah Barnawi — Axiom Mission 2
• Kayla Barron— SpaceX Crew-3
• Daniel Barry — STS-72, STS-96, STS-105
• John-David F. Bartoe — STS-51-F
• Charlie Bassett (1931–1966) — No flights. Originally assigned to Gemini 9.
• Yuri Baturin — Soyuz TM-28/27, Soyuz TM-32/31
• Patrick Baudry — STS-51-G
• Alan Bean (1932–2018) △▲ — Apollo 12, Skylab 3
• Robert L. Behnken — STS-123, STS-130, Crew Dragon Demo-2
• Ivan Bella — Soyuz TM-29/28
• Pavel Belyayev (1925–1970) — Voskhod 2
• Katherine Bennell-Pegg — No flights
• Georgi Beregovoi (1921–1995) — Soyuz 3
• Anatoli Berezovoy (1942–2014) — Soyuz T-5/7
• Brian Binnie — SpaceShipOne flight 17P
• John Blaha — STS-29, STS-33, STS-43, STS-58, STS-79/81
• Michael J. Bloomfield — STS-86, STS-97, STS-110
• Guion Bluford — STS-8, STS-61-A, STS-39, STS-53
• Karol Bobko (1937–2023) — STS-6, STS-51-D, STS-51-J
• Eric A. Boe — STS-126, STS-133
• Charles Bolden — STS-61-C, STS-31, STS-45, STS-60
• Roberta Bondar, M.D. — STS-42
• Valentin Bondarenko (1937–1961) † — No flights. Died from a training-related fire accident.
• Andrei Borisenko — Soyuz TMA-21, Soyuz MS-02
• Konstantin Borisov — SpaceX Crew-7
• Frank Borman (1928–2023) △ — Gemini 7, Apollo 8
• Stephen G. Bowen — STS-126, STS-132, STS-133, SpaceX Crew-6
• Kenneth Bowersox — STS-50, STS-61, STS-73, STS-82, STS-113/Soyuz TMA-1
• Charles E. Brady Jr., M.D. (1951–2006) — STS-78
• Vance Brand — Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, STS-5, STS-41-B, STS-35
• Daniel Brandenstein — STS-8, STS-51-G, STS-32, STS-49
• Randolph Bresnik — STS-129, Soyuz MS-05
• Roy Bridges — STS-51-F
• Curtis Brown — STS-47, STS-66, STS-77, STS-85, STS-95, STS-103
• David M. Brown (1956–2003) † — Died in the Columbia reentry disintegration (STS-107)
• Mark Brown — STS-28, STS-48
• James Buchli — STS-51-C, STS-61-A, STS-29, STS-48
• Jay C. Buckey, M.D. — STS-90
• Nikolai Budarin — STS-71/Soyuz TM-21, Soyuz TM-27, STS-113/Soyuz TMA-1
• John S. Bull (1934–2008) — No flights.
• Daniel Burbank — STS-106, STS-115, Soyuz TMA-22
• Daniel Bursch — STS-51, STS-68, STS-77, STS-108/111
• Valery Bykovsky (1934–2019) — Vostok 5, Soyuz 22, Soyuz 31/29

C

• Robert D. Cabana — STS-41, STS-53, STS-65, STS-88
• Yvonne Cagle, M.D. — No flights.
• Cai Xuzhe — Shenzhou 14, Shenzhou 19
• Fernando Caldeiro (1958–2009) — No flights.
• Charles Camarda — STS-114
• Kenneth D. Cameron — STS-37, STS-56, STS-74
• Zena Cardman — No flights.
• Duane G. Carey — STS-109
• Scott Carpenter (1925–2013) — Mercury 7^[5]
• Gerald Carr (1932–2020) — Skylab 4
• Sonny Carter, M.D. (1947–1991) — STS-33
• John Casper — STS-36, STS-54, STS-62, STS-77
• Josh Cassada — SpaceX Crew-5
• Christopher Cassidy — STS-127, Soyuz TMA-08M, Soyuz MS-16
• Robert J. Cenker — STS-61-C
• Eugene Cernan (1934–2017) △▲ — Gemini 9A, Apollo 10, Apollo 17
• Roger B. Chaffee (1935–1967) † — Died in the Apollo 1 fire accident.
• Gregory Chamitoff — STS-124/126, STS-134
• Franklin Chang-Diaz — STS-61-C, STS-34, STS-46, STS-60, STS-75, STS-91, STS-111
• Philip K. Chapman — No flights.
• Raja Chari — SpaceX Crew-3
• Kalpana Chawla (1961–2003) † — STS-87. Died in the Columbia reentry disintegration (STS-107).
• Maurizio Cheli — STS-75
• Chen Dong — Shenzhou 11, Shenzhou 14.
• Chen Quan — No flights. Backup for Shenzhou 7.
• Leroy Chiao — STS-65, STS-72, STS-92, Soyuz TMA-5
• Kevin P. Chilton — STS-49, STS-59, STS-76
• Jean-Loup Chrétien — Soyuz T-6, Soyuz TM-7/6, STS-86
• Nikolai Chub — Soyuz MS-24/MS-25
• Laurel B. Clark, M.D. (1961–2003) † — Died in the Columbia reentry disintegration (STS-107)
• Mary L. Cleave (1947–2023) — STS-61-B, STS-30
• Jean-François Clervoy, EAC — STS-66, STS-84, STS-103
• Michael R. Clifford (1952–2021) — STS-53, STS-59, STS-76
• Michael Coats — STS-41-D, STS-29, STS-39
• Kenneth Cockrell — STS-56, STS-69, STS-80, STS-98, STS-111
• Catherine Coleman — STS-73, STS-93, Soyuz TMA-20
• Eileen Collins — STS-63, STS-84, STS-93, STS-114
• Michael Collins (1930–2021) △ — Gemini 10, Apollo 11
• Charles "Pete" Conrad (1930–1999) △▲ — Gemini 5, Gemini 11, Apollo 12, Skylab 2
• Gordon Cooper (1927–2004) — Mercury 9, Gemini 5
• Richard O. Covey — STS-51-I, STS-26, STS-38, STS-61
• Timothy Creamer — Soyuz TMA-17
• John O. Creighton — STS-51-G, STS-36, STS-48
• Robert Crippen — STS-1, STS-7, STS-41-C, STS-41-G
• Samantha Cristoforetti — Soyuz TMA-15M, SpaceX Crew-4
• Roger K. Crouch — STS-83, STS-94
• Frank L. Culbertson Jr. — STS-38, STS-51, STS-105/108
• Walter Cunningham (1932–2023)— Apollo 7
• Robert Curbeam — STS-85, STS-98, STS-116
• Nancy J. Currie — STS-57, STS-70, STS-88, STS-109

D

• Bill Dana (1930–2014) — X-15 flights 174 and 197
• Nancy Jan Davis — STS-47, STS-60, STS-85
• Lawrence J. DeLucas — STS-50
• Frank De Winne — Soyuz TMA-1/TM-34, Soyuz TMA-15
• Deng Qingming — Shenzhou 15
• Vladimir N. Dezhurov — Soyuz TM-21/STS-71
• Georgi Dobrovolski (1928–1971) † — Died in the Soyuz 11 reentry depressurisation
• Takao Doi — STS-87, STS-123
• Matthew Dominick — SpaceX Crew-8
• B. Alvin Drew — STS-118, STS-133
• Pyotr Dubrov — Soyuz MS-18, Soyuz MS-19
• Brian Duffy — STS-45, STS-57, STS-72, STS-92
• Charles Duke △▲ — Apollo 16
• Bonnie J. Dunbar — STS-61-A, STS-32, STS-50, STS-71, STS-89
• Alexander Dunlap — APS STS-90
• Pedro Duque — STS-95, Soyuz TMA-3/2
• Samuel T. Durrance (1943–2023) — STS-35, STS-67
• James Dutton — STS-131
• Lev Dyomin (1926–1998) — Soyuz 15
• Tracy Caldwell Dyson — STS-118, Soyuz TMA-18, Soyuz MS-25
• Vladimir Dzhanibekov — Soyuz 27/26, Soyuz 39, Soyuz T-6, Soyuz T-12, Soyuz T-13

E

• Joe Edwards — STS-89
• Donn F. Eisele (1930–1987) — Apollo 7
• Anthony W. England — STS-51-F
• Joe H. Engle (1932–2024) — X-15 flights 138, 143, and 153, STS-2, STS-51-I
• Jeanette J. Epps — SpaceX Crew-8
• Ronald Evans (1933–1990) △ — Apollo 17
• Reinhold Ewald — Soyuz TM-25/24
• Léopold Eyharts, EAC — Soyuz TM-27/26, STS-122/123

F

• John Fabian — STS-7, STS-51-G
• Muhammed Faris — Soyuz TM-3/2
• Bertalan Farkas — Soyuz 36/35
• Jean-Jacques Favier — STS-78
• Andrey Fedyaev — SpaceX Crew-6
• Fei Junlong — Shenzhou 6, Shenzhou 15
• Konstantin Feoktistov (1926–2009) — Voskhod 1
• Christopher Ferguson — STS-115, STS-126, STS-135
• Martin J. Fettman — STS-58
• Andrew J. Feustel — STS-125, STS-134, Soyuz MS-08
• Anatoly Filipchenko — Soyuz 7, Soyuz 16
• Michael Fincke — Soyuz TMA-4, Soyuz TMA-13, STS-134
• John L. Finley (1935–2006) — No flights. Trained for the MOL program.
• Jack D. Fischer — Soyuz MS-04
• Anna Lee Fisher, M.D. — STS-51-A
• William Frederick Fisher, M.D. — STS-51-I
• Klaus-Dietrich Flade — Soyuz TM-14/13
• Michael Foale — STS-45, STS-56, STS-63, STS-84/86, STS-103, Soyuz TMA-3
• Kevin A. Ford — STS-128, Soyuz TMA-06M
• Michael Foreman — STS-123, STS-129
• Patrick Forrester — STS-105, STS-117, STS-128
• Michael Fossum — STS-121, STS-124, Soyuz TMA-02M
• Ted Freeman (1930–1964) — No flights
• Stephen Frick — STS-110, STS-122
• Dirk Frimout — STS-45
• Christer Fuglesang — STS-116, STS-128
• Gordon Fullerton (1936–2013) — STS-3, STS-51-F
• Reinhard Furrer (1940–1995) — STS-61-A
• Satoshi Furukawa — Soyuz TMA-02M, SpaceX Crew-7

G

• F. Drew Gaffney, M.D. — STS-40
• Yuri Gagarin (1934–1968)† — Vostok 1. First person in space. Died in a training flight.
• Ronald Garan — STS-124, Soyuz TMA-21
• Dale Gardner (1948–2014) — STS-8, STS-51-A
• Guy Gardner — STS-27, STS-35
• Sara García Alonso — No flights. 2022 ESA Astronaut group.
• Marc Garneau — STS-41-G, STS-77, STS-97
• Owen Garriott (1930–2019) — Skylab 3, STS-9
• Charles Gemar — STS-38, STS-48, STS-62
• Michael Gernhardt — STS-69, STS-83, STS-94, STS-104
• Alexander Gerst — Soyuz TMA-13M, Soyuz MS-09
• Alper Gezeravcı — Axiom Mission 3 (2024)
• Edward Gibson — Skylab 4
• Robert L. Gibson — STS-41-B, STS-61-C, STS-27, STS-47, STS-71
• Yuri Gidzenko — Soyuz TM-22, Soyuz TM-31/STS-102, Soyuz TM-34/Soyuz TM-33
• Sarah Gillis — Polaris Dawn
• Ed Givens (1930–1967) — No flights. NASA group 5.
• Yuri Glazkov (1939–2008) — Soyuz 24
• John Glenn (1921–2016) — Mercury 6, STS-95
• Victor Glover — SpaceX Crew-1
• Linda Godwin — STS-37, STS-59, STS-76, STS-108
• Michael T. Good — STS-125, STS-132
• Viktor Gorbatko — Soyuz 7, Soyuz 24, Soyuz 37/36
• Aleksandr Gorbunov — SpaceX Crew-9
• Richard Gordon (1929–2017) △ — Gemini 11, Apollo 12
• Dominic Gorie — STS-91, STS-99, STS-108, STS-123
• Ronald Grabe — STS-51-J, STS-30, STS-42, STS-57
• Duane Graveline, M.D. (1931–2016) — No flights
• Alexander Grebenkin — SpaceX Crew-8
• Georgi Grechko (1931–2017) — Soyuz 17, Soyuz 26/27, Soyuz T-14/13
• Frederick Gregory — STS-51-B, STS-33, STS-44
• William Gregory — STS-67
• David Griggs (1939–1989) — STS-51-D
• Virgil I. "Gus" Grissom (1926–1967) † — Mercury-Redstone 4, Gemini 3. Died in the Apollo 1 fire accident.
• John Grunsfeld — STS-67, STS-81, STS-103, STS-109, STS-125
• Aleksei Gubarev — Soyuz 17, Soyuz 28
• Gui Haichao — Shenzhou 16
• Umberto Guidoni — STS-75, STS-100
• Jügderdemidiin Gürragchaa — Soyuz 39
• Sidney Gutierrez — STS-40, STS-59

H

• Chris Hadfield — STS-74, STS-100, Expedition 34, Expedition 35, Soyuz TMA-07M
• Nick Hague — Soyuz MS-10, Soyuz MS-12, SpaceX Crew-9
• Claudie Haigneré, EAC — Soyuz TM-24/23, Soyuz TM-33/32
• Jean-Pierre Haigneré, EAC — Soyuz TM-17/16, Soyuz TM-29
• Fred Haise △ — Apollo 13
• James Halsell — STS-65, STS-74, STS-83, STS-94, STS-101
• Kenneth Ham — STS-124, STS-132
• Christina Hammock Koch — Soyuz MS-12/Soyuz MS-13 (Expedition 59/60/61). A member of the first all-female EVA team.
• Lloyd Hammond — STS-39, STS-64
• Jeremy Hansen — No flights
• Wang Haoze — Shenzhou 19
• Gregory Harbaugh — STS-39, STS-54, STS-71, STS-82
• Bernard A. Harris Jr. — STS-55, STS-63
• Terry Hart — STS-41-C
• Henry Hartsfield (1933–2014) — STS-4, STS-41-D, STS-61-A
• Frederick Hauck — STS-7, STS-51-A, STS-26
• Steven Hawley — STS-41-D, STS-61-C, STS-31, STS-82, STS-93
• Susan Helms — STS-54, STS-64, STS-78, STS-101, STS-102/105
• Karl Henize (1926–1993) — STS-51-F
• Thomas Hennen — STS-44
• Terence Henricks — STS-44, STS-55, STS-70, STS-78
• Mirosław Hermaszewski — Soyuz 30
• José M. Hernández — STS-128
• John Herrington — STS-113
• Richard Hieb — STS-39, STS-49, STS-65
• Joan Higginbotham — STS-116
• David Hilmers — STS-51-J, STS-26, STS-36, STS-42
• Robert Hines — SpaceX Crew-4 (2022)
• Kathryn Hire — STS-90, STS-130
• Charles Hobaugh — STS-104, STS-118, STS-129
• Warren Hoburg — SpaceX Crew-6
• Jeffrey Hoffman — STS-51-D, STS-35, STS-46, STS-61, STS-75
• Donald Holmquest, M.D. — No flights
• Michael S. Hopkins — Soyuz TMA-10M, SpaceX Crew-1
• Scott Horowitz — STS-75, STS-82, STS-101, STS-105
• Akihiko Hoshide — STS-124, Soyuz TMA-05M, SpaceX Crew-2
• Millie Hughes-Fulford — STS-40
• Douglas G. Hurley — STS-127, STS-135, Crew Dragon Demo-2
• Rick Husband (1957–2003) † — STS-96. Died in the Columbia reentry disintegration (STS-107).

I

• James Irwin (1930–1991) △▲ — Apollo 15
• Aleksandr Ivanchenkov — Soyuz 29/31
• Anatoli Ivanishin — Soyuz TMA-22, Soyuz MS-01, Soyuz MS-16
• Georgi Ivanov — Soyuz 33
• Marsha Ivins — STS-32, STS-46, STS-62, STS-81, STS-98
• Jared Isaacman — Inspiration4, Polaris Dawn

J

• Sigmund Jähn (1937–2019) — Soyuz 31/29
• Jameel Janjua — Galactic 07
• Mae Jemison, M.D. — STS-47
• Tamara E. Jernigan — STS-40, STS-52, STS-67, STS-80, STS-96
• Brent W. Jett Jr. — STS-72, STS-81, STS-97, STS-115
• Jing Haipeng — Shenzhou 7, Shenzhou 9, Shenzhou 11, Shenzhou 16
• Jiang Xinlin — Shenzhou 17
• Gregory C. Johnson — STS-125
• Gregory H. Johnson — STS-123, STS-134
• Thomas D. Jones — STS-59, STS-68, STS-80, STS-98
• Zenon Jankowski — Soyuz 30 Backup

K

• Leonid Kadeniuk (1951–2018) — STS-87
• Alexander Kaleri — Soyuz TM-14, Soyuz TM-24, Soyuz TM-30, Soyuz TMA-3, Soyuz TMA-01M
• Norishige Kanai — Soyuz MS-07
• Janet L. Kavandi — STS-91, STS-99, STS-104
• James M. Kelly — STS-102, STS-114
• Mark Kelly — STS-108, STS-121, STS-124, STS-134
• Scott Kelly — STS-103, STS-118, Soyuz TMA-01M, Soyuz TMA-16M/18M
• Joseph Kerwin, M.D. — Skylab 2
• Yevgeny Khrunov (1933–2000) — Soyuz 5/4
• Anna Kikina — SpaceX Crew-5
• Jonny Kim — No flights
• Robert S. Kimbrough — STS-126, Soyuz MS-02, SpaceX Crew-2.
• Leonid Kizim (1941–2010) — Soyuz T-3, Soyuz T-10/11, Soyuz T-15
• Petr Klimuk — Soyuz 13, Soyuz 18, Soyuz 30
• Pete Knight (1929–2004) — X-15 flight 190
• Pyotr Kolodin — No flights, backup for several missions.
• Vladimir Komarov (1927–1967) † — Voskhod 1. Died during Soyuz 1 reentry crash.
• Yelena Kondakova — Soyuz TM-20/STS-84
• Dmitri Kondratyev — Soyuz TMA-20
• Oleg Kononenko — Soyuz TMA-12, Soyuz TMA-03M, Soyuz TMA-17M, Soyuz MS-11, Soyuz MS-24/MS-25
• Timothy L. Kopra — STS-127/128, Soyuz TMA-19M
• Mikhail Korniyenko — Soyuz TMA-18, Soyuz TMA-16M/18M
• Sergey Korsakov — Soyuz MS-21
• Valery Korzun — Soyuz TM-24, STS-111/113
• Oleg Kotov — Soyuz TMA-10, Soyuz TMA-17, Soyuz TMA-10M
• Vladimir Kovalyonok — Soyuz 25, Soyuz 29/31, Soyuz T-4
• Konstantin Kozeyev — Soyuz TM-33/32
• Kevin Kregel — STS-70, STS-78, STS-87, STS-99
• Sergei Krikalev — Soyuz TM-7, Soyuz TM-12/Soyuz TM-13, STS-60, STS-88, Soyuz TM-31/STS-102, Soyuz TMA-6
• Valeri Kubasov (1935–2019) — Soyuz 6, Soyuz 19, Soyuz 36/35
• Sergey Kud-Sverchkov — Soyuz MS-17
• André Kuipers — Soyuz TMA-4/3, Soyuz TMA-03M
• Robb Kulin — No flights. Resigned as an astronaut candidate in 2018.

L

• Kelly Latimer — Galactic 02, Galactic 04, Galactic 05
• Aleksandr Laveykin — Soyuz TM-2
• Robert Lawrence (1935–1967) — No flights. Trained for MOL program.
• Wendy Lawrence — STS-67, STS-86, STS-91, STS-114
• Vasili Lazarev (1928–1990) — Soyuz 12, Soyuz 18a
• Aleksandr Lazutkin — Soyuz TM-25
• Valentin Lebedev — Soyuz 13, Soyuz T-5/7
• Mark C. Lee — STS-30, STS-47, STS-64, STS-82
• David Leestma — STS-41-G, STS-28, STS-45
• William B. Lenoir (1939–2010) — STS-5
• Alexei Leonov (1934–2019) — Voskhod 2, Soyuz 19. First space walk.
• Frederick W. Leslie — STS-73
• Anatoli Levchenko (1941–1988) — Soyuz TM-4/3
• Byron Lichtenberg — STS-9, STS-45
• Don Lind — STS-51-B
• Kjell N. Lindgren — Soyuz TMA-17M, SpaceX Crew-4 (2022)
• Steven Lindsey — STS-87, STS-95, STS-104, STS-121, STS-133
• Jerry Linenger — STS-64, STS-81/84
• Song Lingdong — Shenzhou 19
• Richard Linnehan — STS-78, STS-90, STS-109, STS-123
• Gregory Linteris — STS-83, STS-94
• Li Cong — Shenzhou 18
• Li Guangsu — Shenzhou 18
• Liu Boming — Shenzhou 7, Shenzhou 12
• Liu Wang — Shenzhou 9
• Liu Yang — Shenzhou 9, Shenzhou 14
  • (Yáng Lìwěi – see Yáng Lìwěi)
• Anthony Llewellyn — No flights
• Paul Lockhart — STS-111, STS-113
• Yuri Lonchakov — STS-100, Soyuz TMA-1/TM-34, Soyuz TMA-13
• Michael Lopez-Alegria — STS-73, STS-92, STS-113, Soyuz TMA-9, Axiom Mission 1, Axiom Mission 3 (2024)
• Christopher Loria — No flights
• John Lounge — STS-51-I, STS-26, STS-35
• Jack Lousma — Skylab 3, STS-3
• Stanley G. Love — STS-122
• Jim Lovell △ — Gemini 7, Gemini 12, Apollo 8, Apollo 13
• G. David Low (1956–2008) — STS-32, STS-43, STS-57
• Edward Lu — STS-84, STS-106, Soyuz TMA-2
• Shannon Lucid — STS-51-G, STS-34, STS-43, STS-58, STS-76/79.
• Vladimir Lyakhov — Soyuz 32/34, Soyuz T-9, Soyuz TM-6/5

M

• David Mackay — VSS Unity VF-01
• Steven MacLean — STS-52, STS-115
• Sandra Magnus — STS-112, STS-126/119, STS-135
• Oleg Makarov (1933–2003) — Soyuz 12, Soyuz 18a, Soyuz 27/26, Soyuz T-3
• Yuri Malenchenko — Soyuz TM-19, STS-106, Soyuz TMA-2, Soyuz TMA-11, Soyuz TMA-05M, Soyuz TMA-19M
• Franco Malerba — STS-46
• Ravish Malhotra — No flights. India's backup cosmonaut for the Intercosmos program.
• Yuri Malyshev (1941–1999) — Soyuz T-2, Soyuz T-11/10
• Gennadi Manakov — Soyuz TM-10, Soyuz TM-16
• Musa Manarov — Soyuz TM-4/6, Soyuz TM-11
• Nicole Aunapu Mann — SpaceX Crew-5
• Hazza Al Mansouri — Soyuz MS-15/MS-12
• Thomas Marshburn, M.D. — STS-127, Soyuz TMA-07M, SpaceX Crew-3
• Michael Massimino — STS-109, STS-125
• Richard Mastracchio — STS-106, STS-118, STS-131, Soyuz TMA-11M
• Denis Matveev — Soyuz MS-21
• Matthias Maurer — SpaceX Crew-3
• Michael Masucci — VSS Unity VF-01, Virgin Galactic Unity 22, Virgin Galactic Unity 25, Galactic 01, Galactic 03, Galactic 05
• Thomas Kenneth "Ken" Mattingly II (1936–2023) △ — Apollo 16, STS-4, STS-51-C.
• K. Megan McArthur — STS-125, SpaceX Crew-2
• William S. McArthur — STS-58, STS-74, STS-92, Soyuz TMA-7
• Christa McAuliffe (1948–1986)† — Died in the Challenger liftoff disintegration
• Jon McBride — STS-41-G
• Bruce McCandless II (1937–2017) — STS-41-B, STS-31
• Anne McClain — Soyuz MS-11.
• William C. McCool (1961–2003) † — Died in the Columbia reentry disintegration (STS-107)
• Michael J. McCulley — STS-34
• John B. McKay (1922–1975) — X-15 Flight 150 (awarded posthumously). Died from long-term complications of the Flight 74 accident in 1962.
• James McDivitt (1929–2022) — Gemini 4, Apollo 9
• Donald McMonagle — STS-39, STS-54, STS-66
• Ronald McNair (1950–1986) † — STS-41-B. Died in the Challenger liftoff disintegration (STS-51L).
• Carl Meade — STS-38, STS-50, STS-64
• Jessica Meir — Soyuz MS-15 (Expedition 61/62). A member of the first all-female EVA team.
• Bruce Melnick — STS-41, STS-49
• Pamela Melroy — STS-92, STS-112, STS-120
• Mike Melvill — SpaceShipOne flight 15P and 16P
• Leland D. Melvin — STS-122, STS-129
• Ulf Merbold — STS-9, STS-42, Soyuz TM-20/19
• Ernst Messerschmid — STS-61-A
• Dorothy M. Metcalf-Lindenburger — STS-131
• Anna Menon — Polaris Dawn
• Curt Michel (1934–2015) — No flights
• Aleksandr Misurkin — Soyuz TMA-08M, Soyuz MS-06, Soyuz MS-20
• Edgar Mitchell (1930–2016) △▲ — Apollo 14
• Andreas Mogensen — Soyuz TMA-18M, SpaceX Crew-7
• Jasmin Moghbeli — SpaceX Crew-7
• Abdul Ahad Mohmand — Soyuz TM-6/5
• Mamoru Mohri — STS-47, STS-99
• Andrew R. Morgan — Soyuz MS-13/MS-15
• Barbara Morgan — STS-118
• Lee Morin — STS-110
• Boris Morukov (1950–2015) — STS-106
• Beth Moses — VSS Unity VF-01
• Chiaki Mukai, M.D. — STS-65, STS-95
• Richard Mullane — STS-41-D, STS-27, STS-36
• Talgat Musabayev — Soyuz TM-19, Soyuz TM-27, Soyuz TM-32/31
• Story Musgrave, M.D. — STS-6, STS-51-F, STS-33, STS-44, STS-61, STS-80

N

• Steven R. Nagel (1946–2014) — STS-51-G, STS-61-A, STS-37, STS-55
• George Nelson — STS-41-C, STS-61-C, STS-26
• Grigori Nelyubov (1934–1966) — No flights. Vostok backup.
• Rodolfo Neri Vela — STS-61-B
• Paolo A. Nespoli — STS-120, Soyuz TMA-20, Soyuz MS-05
• James H. Newman — STS-51, STS-69, STS-88, STS-109
• Sultan Al Neyadi — SpaceX Crew-6
• Claude Nicollier — STS-46, STS-61, STS-75, STS-103
• Nie Haisheng — Shenzhou 6, Shenzhou 10, Shenzhou 12
• Andriyan Nikolayev (1929–2004) — Vostok 3, Soyuz 9
• Soichi Noguchi — STS-114, Soyuz TMA-17, SpaceX Crew-1
• Carlos I. Noriega — STS-84, STS-97
• Oleg Novitskiy — Soyuz TMA-06M, Soyuz MS-03, Soyuz MS-18, Soyuz MS-25/MS-24
• Lisa Nowak — STS-121
• Karen Nyberg — STS-124, Soyuz TMA-09M

O

• Bryan O'Connor — STS-61-B, STS-40
• Ellen Ochoa — STS-56, STS-66, STS-96, STS-110
• Wubbo Ockels (1946–2014) — STS-61-A
• William Oefelein — STS-116
• Loral O'Hara — Soyuz MS-24
• Brian O'Leary (1940–2011) — No flights
• John D. Olivas — STS-117, STS-128
• Takuya Onishi — Soyuz MS-01, Expedition 48/49.
• Ellison Onizuka (1946–1986) † — STS-51-C. Died in the Challenger liftoff disintegration (STS-51L).
• Yuri Onufrienko — Soyuz TM-23, STS-108/111
• Stephen Oswald — STS-42, STS-56, STS-67
• Aleksey Ovchinin — Soyuz TMA-20M, Soyuz MS-10, Soyuz MS-12, Soyuz MS-26
• Robert Overmyer (1936–1996) — STS-5, STS-51-B

P

• Gennady Padalka — Soyuz TM-28, Soyuz TMA-4, Soyuz TMA-14, Soyuz TMA-04M, Soyuz TMA-16M
• William Pailes — STS-51-J
• Scott Parazynski, M.D. — STS-66, STS-86, STS-95, STS-100, STS-120
• Ronald A. Parise (1951–2008) — STS-35, STS-67
• Robert Parker — STS-9, STS-35
• Luca Parmitano — Soyuz TMA-09M, Soyuz MS-13
• Nicholas Patrick — STS-116, STS-130
• Viktor Patsayev (1933–1971) † — Died in the Soyuz 11 reentry depressurisation.
• James Pawelczyk — STS-90
• Julie Payette — STS-96, STS-127
• Gary Payton — STS-51-C
• Timothy Peake — Soyuz TMA-19M
• Nicola Pecile -- Galactic 01, Galactic 03, Galactic 06, Galactic 07
• Philippe Perrin, EAC — STS-111
• Thomas Pesquet — Soyuz MS-03, SpaceX Crew-2
• Donald Peterson — STS-6
• Dmitry Petelin — Soyuz MS-22/MS-23
• Donald Pettit — STS-113/Soyuz TMA-1, STS-126, Soyuz TMA-03M, Soyuz MS-26
• John Phillips — STS-100, Soyuz TMA-6, STS-119
• William Pogue (1930–2014) — Skylab 4
• Alan G. Poindexter (1961–2012) — STS-122, STS-131
• Mark Polansky — STS-98, STS-116, STS-127
• Alexander Poleshchuk — Soyuz TM-16
• Valeri Polyakov, M.D. (1942–2022) — Soyuz TM-6/7, Soyuz TM-18/20
• Marcos Pontes — Soyuz TMA-8
• Leonid Popov — Soyuz 35/37, Soyuz 40, Soyuz T-7/5
• Pavel Popovich (1930–2009) — Vostok 4, Soyuz 14
• Scott Poteet — Polaris Dawn
• Charles Precourt — STS-55, STS-71, STS-84, STS-91
• Sian Proctor — Inspiration4
• Sergey Prokopyev — Soyuz MS-09, Soyuz MS-22/MS-23
• Dumitru Prunariu — Soyuz 40

R

• Ilan Ramon (1954–2003)† — Died in the Columbia reentry disintegration (STS-107)
• William Readdy — STS-42, STS-51, STS-79
• Kenneth Reightler — STS-48, STS-60
• James F. Reilly — STS-89, STS-104, STS-117
• Garrett Reisman — STS-123/124, STS-132
• Thomas Reiter — Soyuz TM-22, STS-121/116 Expedition 13
• Vladimír Remek — Soyuz 28
• Judith Resnik (1949–1986)† — STS-41D. Died in the Challenger liftoff disintegration (STS-51L)
• Sergei Revin — Soyuz TMA-04M
• Paul W. Richards — STS-102
• Richard N. Richards — STS-28, STS-41, STS-50, STS-64
• Sally Ride (1951–2012) — STS-7, STS-41-G. First American woman in space.
• Patricia Robertson, M.D. (1963–2001) — No flights
• Stephen Robinson — STS-85, STS-95, STS-114, STS-130
• Russell L. Rogers (1928–1967) — No flights. Assigned to the Dyna Soar project.
• Roman Romanenko — Soyuz TMA-15 Soyuz TMA-07M
• Yuri Romanenko — Soyuz 26/27, Soyuz 38, Soyuz TM-2/3
• Kent Rominger — STS-73, STS-80, STS-85, STS-96, STS-100
• Stuart Roosa (1933–1994) △ — Apollo 14
• Jerry L. Ross — STS-61-B, STS-27, STS-37, STS-55, STS-74, STS-88, STS-110
• Valery Rozhdestvensky — Soyuz 23
• Kathleen Rubins — Soyuz MS-01, ISS Expedition 48, Expedition 49, Soyuz MS-17
• Francisco Rubio — Soyuz MS-22/MS-23
• Nikolay Rukavishnikov (1932–2002) — Soyuz 10, Soyuz 16, Soyuz 33
• Mario Runco Jr. — STS-44, STS-54, STS-77
• Sergei Ryazanski — Soyuz TMA-10M, Soyuz MS-05
• Valery Ryumin (1939–2022) — Soyuz 25, Soyuz 32/34, Soyuz 35/37, STS-91
• Sergey Ryzhikov — Soyuz MS-02, Soyuz MS-17

S

• Albert Sacco — STS-73
• David Saint-Jacques — Soyuz MS-11.
• Aleksandr Samokutyayev — Soyuz TMA-21, Soyuz TMA-14M
• Gennadi Sarafanov (1942–2005) — Soyuz 15
• Robert Satcher, M.D. — STS-129
• Sultan bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud — STS-51-G
• Viktor Savinykh — Soyuz T-4, Soyuz T-13/14
• Svetlana Savitskaya — Soyuz T-7/5, Soyuz T-12
• Wally Schirra (1923–2007) — Mercury 8, Gemini 6A, Apollo 7
• Hans Schlegel — STS-55, STS-122
• Harrison Schmitt △▲ — Apollo 17
• Rusty Schweickart — Apollo 9
• Dick Scobee (1939–1986) † — STS-41-C. Died in the Challenger liftoff disintegration (STS-51L).
• David Scott △▲ — Gemini 8, Apollo 9, Apollo 15
• Winston Scott — STS-72, STS-87
• Paul Scully-Power — STS-41-G
• Richard Searfoss (1956–2018) — STS-58, STS-76, STS-90
• Rhea Seddon, M.D. — STS-51-D, STS-40, STS-58
• Elliot See (1927–1966) — No flights
• Ronald Sega — STS-60, STS-76
• Piers Sellers (1955–2016) — STS-112, STS-121, STS-132
• Christopher Sembroski — Inspiration4
• Aleksandr Serebrov (1944–2013) — Soyuz T-7/5, Soyuz T-8, Soyuz TM-8, Soyuz TM-17
• Yelena Serova — Soyuz TMA-14M
• Vitali Sevastyanov (1935–2010) — Soyuz 9, Soyuz 18
• Doug Shane — Commercial astronaut, SpaceShipOne 2003
• Yuri Shargin — Soyuz TMA-5/4
• Salizhan Sharipov — STS-89, Soyuz TMA-5
• Rakesh Sharma — Soyuz T-11/10
• Helen Sharman — Soyuz TM-12, Soyuz TM-11
• Vladimir Shatalov (1927–2021) — Soyuz 4, Soyuz 8, Soyuz 10
• Brewster Shaw — STS-9, STS-61-B, STS-28
• Alan Shepard △▲ (1923–1998) — Mercury-Redstone 3, Apollo 14. First American in space.
• William Shepherd — STS-27, STS-41, STS-52, Soyuz TM-31/STS-102
  • (Nancy Sherlock – see Nancy Currie)
• Anton Shkaplerov — Soyuz TMA-22, Soyuz TMA-15M, Soyuz MS-07, Soyuz MS-19
• Georgi Shonin (1935–1997) — Soyuz 6
• Loren Shriver — STS-51-C, STS-31, STS-46
• Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, M.D. — Soyuz TMA-11/10
• Peter Siebold — Commercial astronaut, SpaceShipOne 2003
• Oleg Skripochka — Soyuz TMA-01M, Soyuz TMA-20M, Soyuz MS-15
• Aleksandr Skvortsov — Soyuz TMA-18, Soyuz TMA-12M, Soyuz MS-13
• Donald "Deke" Slayton (1924–1993) — Apollo-Soyuz Test Project
• Michael J. Smith (1945–1986) † — Died in the Challenger liftoff disintegration (STS-51L)
• Steven Smith — STS-68, STS-82, STS-103, STS-110
• Anatoly Solovyev — Soyuz TM-5/4, Soyuz TM-9, Soyuz TM-15, STS-71/Soyuz TM-21, Soyuz TM-26
• Vladimir Solovyov — Soyuz T-10/11, Soyuz T-15
• Sherwood Spring — STS-61-B
• Robert Springer — STS-29, STS-38
• Thomas Patten Stafford △ — Gemini 6A, Gemini 9A, Apollo 10, Apollo-Soyuz Test Project
• Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper — STS-115, STS-126
• Robert Stewart — STS-41-B, STS-51-J
• Eytan Stibbe — STS-107, Axiom Mission 1
• Susan Still Kilrain — STS-83, STS-94
• Nicole Marie Passonno Stott — STS-128, STS-133
• Krasimir Stoyanov-Soyuz TM-5 — No flights.
• Gennady Strekalov (1940–2004) — Soyuz T-3, Soyuz T-8, Soyuz T-11/10, Soyuz TM-10, Soyuz TM-21/STS-71
• Mark Stucky — VSS Unity VP-03
• Frederick Sturckow — STS-88, STS-105, STS-117, STS-128, VSSUnity VP-03, Unity 21, Unity 25, Galactic 02, Galactic 04, Galactic 06
• Kathryn Sullivan, — STS-41-G, STS-31, STS-45
• Maksim Surayev — Soyuz TMA-16, Soyuz TMA-13M
• Steven Swanson — STS-117, STS-119, Soyuz TMA-12M
• John "Jack" Swigert (1931–1982) △ — Apollo 13

T

• Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez — Soyuz 38
• Daniel Tani — STS-108, STS-120/122
• Joseph Tanner — STS-66, STS-82, STS-97, STS-115
• Evgeny Tarelkin — Soyuz TMA-06M
• James M. Taylor (1930–1970) — No flights. Assigned to MOL project.
• Valentina Tereshkova — Vostok 6. First woman in space.
• Norman Thagard, M.D. — STS-7, STS-51-B, STS-30, STS-42, Soyuz TM-21/STS-71
• Gerhard Thiele — STS-99
• Robert Thirsk, M.D. — STS-78, Soyuz TMA-15
• Andrew Thomas — STS-77, STS-89/91, STS-102, STS-114
• Donald Thomas — STS-65, STS-70, STS-83, STS-94
• Stephen Thorne (1953–1986) — No flights. Died in a stunt plane accident before completing training.
• Kathryn Thornton — STS-33, STS-49, STS-61, STS-73
• William E. Thornton, M.D. (1929–2021) — STS-8, STS-51-B
• Pierre Thuot — STS-36, STS-49, STS-62
• Gherman Titov (1935–2000) — Vostok 2
• Vladimir Titov — Soyuz T-8, Soyuz TM-4/6, STS-63, STS-86
• Tang Hongbo — Shenzhou 12, Shenzhou 17
• Tang Shengjie — Shenzhou 17
• Scott D. Tingle — Soyuz MS-07
• Michel Tognini, EAC — Soyuz TM-15/14, STS-93
• Valery Tokarev — STS-96, Soyuz TMA-7
• Sergei Treshchov — STS-111/113
• Eugene Trinh — STS-50
• Richard Truly (1937–2024) — STS-2, STS-8
• Bjarni Tryggvason (1945–2022) — STS-85
• Vasili Tsibliyev — Soyuz TM-17, Soyuz TM-25
• Phạm Tuân — Soyuz 37/36
• Mikhail Tyurin — STS-105/108, Soyuz TMA-9, Soyuz TMA-11M

U

• Yuri Usachov — Soyuz TM-18, Soyuz TM-23, STS-101, STS-102/STS-105

V

• Lodewijk van den Berg (1932–2022) — STS-51-B
• James "Ox" van Hoften — STS-41-C, STS-51-I
• Mark Vande Hei — Soyuz MS-06, Soyuz MS-18, Soyuz MS-19
• Ivan Vagner — Soyuz MS-16, Soyuz MS-26
• Vladimir Vasyutin (1952–2002) — Soyuz T-14
• Charles Veach (1944–1995) — STS-39, STS-52
• Franz Viehböck — Soyuz TM-13/12
• Alexander Viktorenko — Soyuz TM-3/2, Soyuz TM-8, Soyuz TM-14, Soyuz TM-20
• Pavel Vinogradov — Soyuz TM-26, Soyuz TMA-8, Soyuz TMA-08M
• Terry Virts — STS-130, Soyuz TMA-15M
• Roberto Vittori — Soyuz 34/33, Soyuz TMA-6/5, STS-134
• Igor Volk — Soyuz T-12
• Alexander Volkov — Soyuz T-14, Soyuz TM-7, Soyuz TM-13
• Sergey Volkov — Soyuz TMA-12, Soyuz TMA-02M, Soyuz TMA-18M
• Vladislav Volkov (1935–1971) † — Soyuz 7. Died in the Soyuz 11 reentry depressurisation.
• Boris Volynov — Soyuz 5, Soyuz 21
• James Voss — STS-44, STS-53, STS-69, STS-101, STS-102/105
• Janice Voss (1956–2012) — STS-57, STS-63, STS-83, STS-94, STS-99

W

• Koichi Wakata — STS-72, STS-92, STS-119/127, Soyuz TMA-11M, SpaceX Crew-5
• Rex Walheim — STS-110, STS-122, STS-135
• Charles D. Walker — STS-41-D, STS-51-D, STS-61-B
• David M. Walker (1944–2001) — STS-51-A, STS-30, STS-53, STS-69
• Joseph A. Walker (1921–1966) — X-15 flights 77, 90, 91
• Shannon Walker — Soyuz TMA-19, SpaceX Crew-1
• Ulrich Walter — STS-55
• Walter Villadei — Axiom Mission 3 (2024)
• Carl Walz — STS-51, STS-65, STS-79, STS-108/111
• / Marcus Wandt — Axiom Mission 3 (2024); fastest-trained astronaut in history after selection to fly into orbit
• Taylor Wang — STS-51-B
• Wang Yaping — Shenzhou 10, Shenzhou 13
• Jessica Watkins — SpaceX Crew-4 (2022)
• Mary Weber — STS-70, STS-101
• Paul Weitz (1932–2017) — Skylab 2, STS-6
• James Wetherbee — STS-32, STS-52, STS-63, STS-86, STS-102, STS-113
• Douglas Wheelock — STS-120, Soyuz TMA-19
• Ed White (1930–1967) † — Gemini 4. Died in the Apollo 1 fire accident.
• Robert Michael White (1924–2010) — X-15 flight 62
• Peggy Whitson — STS-111/113, Soyuz TMA-11, Soyuz MS-03/MS-04, Axiom Mission 2
• Terrence Wilcutt — STS-68, STS-79, STS-89, STS-106
• Clifton "C.C." Williams (1932–1967) † — No flights. Died in a plane crash during training.
• Dafydd Williams, M.D. — STS-90, STS-118
• Donald Williams (1942–2016) — STS-51-D, STS-34
• Jeffrey Williams — STS-101, Soyuz TMA-8, Soyuz TMA-16, Soyuz TMA-20M
• Sunita "Suni" Williams — STS-116/117, Soyuz TMA-05M, Boeing CFT/SpaceX Crew-9
• Barry Wilmore — STS-129, Soyuz TMA-14M, Boeing CFT/SpaceX Crew-9
• Stephanie Wilson — STS-121, STS-120, STS-131
• Gregory R. Wiseman — Soyuz TMA-13M
• Peter Wisoff — STS-57, STS-68, STS-81, STS-92
• David Wolf, M.D. — STS-58, STS-86/89, STS-112, STS-127
• Neil Woodward — No flights
• Alfred Worden (1932–2020) △ — Apollo 15

Y

• Naoko Yamazaki — STS-131
• Yang Liwei — Shenzhou 5
• Ye Guangfu — Shenzhou 13, Shenzhou 18
• Boris Yegorov, M.D. (1937–1994) — Voskhod 1
• Aleksei Yeliseyev — Soyuz 5/4, Soyuz 8, Soyuz 10
• Yi So-yeon — Soyuz TMA-12/11
• John Young (1930–2018) △▲ — Gemini 3, Gemini 10, Apollo 10, Apollo 16, STS-1, STS-9
• Kimiya Yui — Soyuz TMA-17M
• Fyodor Yurchikhin — STS-112, Soyuz TMA-10, Soyuz TMA-19, Soyuz TMA-09M, Soyuz MS-04

Z

• Sergei Zalyotin — Soyuz TM-30, Soyuz TMA-1/TM-34
• George D. Zamka — STS-120, STS-130
• Zhai Zhigang — Shenzhou 7, Shenzhou 13
• Zhang Lu — Shenzhou 15
• Zhang Xiaoguang — Shenzhou 10
• Vitaliy Zholobov — Soyuz 21
• Zhu Yangzhu — Shenzhou 16
• Vyacheslav Zudov — Soyuz 23

See also

• Biography portal
• Spaceflight portal

• Astronaut fatalities
• List of space travelers by nationality
• List of Apollo astronauts
• List of cosmonauts
• List of human spaceflights
• List of female astronauts
• List of Muslim astronauts
• List of United States Marine Corps astronauts
• List of Asian American astronauts
• List of Hispanic astronauts
• List of African-American astronauts
• NASA Astronaut Corps
• Space Shuttle crews
• Spaceflight records
• Timeline of space travel by nationality

References

1. Kurzweil, Ray (2011-03-02). "Astronaut scientists for hire open new research frontier in space". kurzweilai.net. Kurzweil Accelerating Intelligence Network: Boston. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
2. Seedhouse, Erik (2012). Astronauts For Hire: The Emergence of a Commercial Astronaut Corps. New York: Springer Science. pp. 29–41. ISBN 978-1-4614-0520-7.
3. "Gemini 8". Retrieved 2009-10-12.
4. "Apollo 11 Command and Service Module (CSM)". Retrieved 2009-10-12.
5. "Mercury Atlas 7". Retrieved 2009-10-12.