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2020 American crewed spaceflight to the ISS and maiden flight of Crew Dragon Resilience From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
SpaceX Crew-1 [6][7] (was also known as USCV-1 or simply Crew-1)[8] was the first operational[b] crewed flight of a Crew Dragon spacecraft, and the maiden flight of the Crew Dragon Resilience spacecraft. It was also the second crewed orbital flight launch by the United States since that of STS-135 in July 2011. Resilience launched on 16 November 2020 at 00:27:17 UTC[9][c] on a Falcon 9 from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A (LC-39A), carrying NASA astronauts Michael Hopkins, Victor Glover and Shannon Walker, along with JAXA astronaut Soichi Noguchi, all members of the Expedition 64 crew.[10][11] The mission was the second overall crewed orbital flight of the Crew Dragon.[12]
Resilience docked to the International Space Station. | |
| Names |
|
|---|---|
| Mission type | ISS crew transport |
| Operator | SpaceX |
| COSPAR ID | 2020-084A |
| SATCAT no. | 46920 |
| Mission duration | 167 days, 6 hours, 29 minutes, 16 seconds |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Spacecraft | Crew Dragon Resilience |
| Spacecraft type | Crew Dragon |
| Manufacturer | SpaceX |
| Launch mass | 12,519 kg (27,600 lb) |
| Landing mass | 9,616 kg (21,200 lb) |
| Crew | |
| Crew size | 4 |
| Members | |
| Expedition | Expedition 64 / 65 |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | 16 November 2020, 00:27:17 UTC (15 November 7:27:17 pm EST)[1] |
| Rocket | Falcon 9 Block 5 (B1061.1) |
| Launch site | Kennedy, LC‑39A |
| End of mission | |
| Recovered by | MV GO Navigator |
| Landing date | 2 May 2021, 06:56:33 UTC (2:56:33 am EDT) |
| Landing site | Gulf of Mexico, near Panama City, Florida (29°44′50″N 85°59′03″W) |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Geocentric orbit |
| Regime | Low Earth orbit |
| Inclination | 51.66° |
| Docking with ISS | |
| Docking port | Harmony forward |
| Docking date | 17 November 2020, 04:01 UTC[2] |
| Undocking date | 5 April 2021, 10:30 UTC |
| Time docked | 139 days, 6 hours, 29 minutes |
| Docking with ISS (relocation)[a] | |
| Docking port | Harmony zenith |
| Docking date | 5 April 2021, 11:08 UTC |
| Undocking date | 2 May 2021, 00:35 UTC[4] |
| Time docked | 26 days, 13 hours, 27 minutes |
 Mission patch[5]  From left: Walker, Glover, Hopkins and Noguchi | |
Crew-1 was the first operational mission to the International Space Station (ISS) in the Commercial Crew Program. Originally designated "USCV-1" by NASA in 2012, the launch date was delayed several times from the original date of November 2016.[13] The mission was scheduled to depart the ISS on 28 April 2021, but due to weather returned to Earth on 2 May 2021.[14][6][15] The capsule splashed down at 06:56:33 UTC, to be reused on Inspiration4.[16] It was the first nighttime splashdown for NASA astronauts since Apollo 8 in 1968.[17] On 7 February 2021, the Crew-1 broke the record for the longest spaceflight by a U.S. crewed vehicle, surpassing the 84-day mark set by an Apollo capsule on the final flight to the Skylab (Skylab-4) space station on 8 February 1974.[18]
The first operational mission in the Commercial Crew Program, originally designated "USCV-1" (United States Crew Vehicle-mission 1) by NASA, was initially announced in November 2012, with a launch date set for November 2016.[13] In April 2013, it was announced that the launch would be delayed by one year to November 2017.[13] It was then delayed into 2019 and 2020, pending the success of the uncrewed and crewed demonstration missions, respectively. Following the Crew Dragon Demonstration Mission 2, Crew-1 was tentatively scheduled for September 2020; further delays occurred to align with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic restrictions and their impact on the schedule of ISS crew rotations and cargo delivery missions,[16] and then again because of concerns about an issue with the gas generators on the Merlin 1D engines.[19]
On 29 September 2020, mission commander Michael Hopkins revealed during a NASA press conference that the capsule's crew had chosen to name it Resilience.[20] Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Florida, the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex only allowed a few people to watch the launch in person from the KSC premises.[21]
NASA astronauts Michael S. Hopkins and Victor J. Glover were announced as the crew on 3 August 2018.[22] JAXA astronaut Soichi Noguchi and the third NASA astronaut, Shannon Walker, were added to the crew on 31 March 2020.[23][24][25]
| Position | Astronaut | |
|---|---|---|
| Commander |  Michael S. Hopkins, NASAExpedition 64/65 Second and last spaceflight | |
| Pilot | Victor J. Glover, NASA Expedition 64/65 First spaceflight | |
| Mission Specialist 1 |  Soichi Noguchi, JAXAExpedition 64/65 Third and last spaceflight | |
| Mission Specialist 2 | Shannon Walker, NASA Expedition 64/65 Second spaceflight | |
| Position | Astronaut | |
|---|---|---|
| Commander | Kjell N. Lindgren, NASA | |
| Mission Specialist 1 | Koichi Wakata, JAXA | |
Crew-1's Falcon 9 launch vehicle arrived at Cape Canaveral, Florida, on 14 July 2020.[26] Crew Dragon capsule C207 arrived at SpaceX processing facilities in Florida, on 18 August 2020.[27][28] The successful launch of the Falcon 9 launch vehicle from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS) on 5 November 2020 was a milestone leading up to the Crew-1 mission. Falcon 9 successfully deployed a GPS navigation satellite (GPS III-04) for the United States Space Force (USSF), confirming that engineers had resolved an issue with Merlin 1D engines that delayed the GPS mission and the Crew-1 flight.[29]
The crew arrived at Kennedy Space Center via a NASA Gulfstream jet on 8 November 2020 at 13:53 UTC. A Flight Readiness Review (FRR) convened by NASA officials was scheduled on 10 November 2020 to discuss unresolved technical issues, review the status of launch preparations, and give approval for teams to proceed with the Crew-1 mission.[29] NASA officials gave approval on 10 November 2020 for SpaceX to begin regular crew rotation flights to the International Space Station, signaling a transition from development to operations for the human-rated Crew Dragon spacecraft.[30] The launch vehicle was lifted to its vertical position on the pad for a test firing of its Merlin-1D main engines on 11 November 2020 at 20:49 UTC.[31] A dry dress rehearsal (DDR) on 12 November 2020 saw the crew put on their pressure suits and climb into Resilience.[31] SpaceX ran a launch readiness review (LRR) on 13 November 2020.[32]
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On 15 November 2020, final pre-launch preparations were completed. The hatch of Resilience was closed at 22:32 UTC, but reopened briefly after a slight drop in pressure was detected. Troubleshooting the hatch seal led to discovery of a small amount of foreign object debris (FOD) in the seal. The hatch was then closed again, and mission controllers proceeded with the countdown. No further concerns were noted, and on 16 November 2020 at 00:27:17 UTC, Resilience lifted off successfully. Its Falcon 9 first-stage booster, SN B1061.1, landed on the autonomous spaceport drone ship Just Read the Instructions.[9] The astronauts entered a stable orbit after about nine minutes. For this mission, the crew had chosen a plush toy of "The Child" (also known as "Baby Yoda") from The Mandalorian as a Zero-G indicator.[33] The crew were awakened on the second day of the flight with Phil Collins's "In the Air Tonight".[34]
Resilience docked to the International Docking Adapter (IDA) on the Harmony module on 17 November 2020 at 04:01 UTC.[2] Over the course of the mission, the four astronauts lived and worked alongside the three astronauts of the Soyuz MS-17 mission. Together, the two missions form ISS Expedition 64. Assuming the regular ISS crew rotation schedule is adhered to, the crew transfer to Expedition 65 following the departure of Soyuz MS-17, on 17 April 2021.[needs update]
On 5 April 2021, the Crew-1 astronauts relocated their spacecraft from Harmony forward to Harmony zenith by using the Draco thrusters that are mounted on the side of Dragon Resilience's trunk, to make way for the arrival and docking of the SpaceX Crew-2 spacecraft, launched on 23 April 2021.[35]
In July 2022, it was reported that some of the debris from Crew 1 Dragon crashed into a farm in Australia.[36][37]
| MET | Time | Date (UTC) |
Event [38] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EST | UTC | |||
| −7:40:00 | 11:47:15 AM | 16:47:15 | 15 November 2020 |
Crew wake |
| −05:30:00 | 1:57:15 PM | 18:57:15 | CE (signification?) launch readiness briefing | |
| −05:00:00 | 2:27:15 PM | 19:27:15 | Launch shift on console | |
| −04:59:59 | 2:27:16 PM | 19:27:16 | Dragon IMU align and configure for launch. | |
| −04:30:00 | 2:57:15 PM | 19:57:15 | Dragon propellant pressurization | |
| −04:15:00 | 3:12:15 PM | 20:12:15 | Crew weather brief | |
| −04:05:00 | 3:22:15 PM | 20:22:15 | Crew handoff | |
| −04:00:00 | 3:27:15 PM | 20:27:15 | Suit donning and checkouts | |
| −03:22:00 | 4:05:15 PM | 21:05:15 | Crew walk out of Neil Armstrong Operations and Checkout Building | |
| −03:15:00 | 4:12:15 PM | 21:12:15 | Crew transportation to Launch Complex 39A (LC-39A) | |
| −02:55:00 | 4:32:15 PM | 21:32:15 | Crew arrives at pad. | |
| −02:35:00 | 4:52:15 PM | 21:52:15 | Crew ingress | |
| −02:20:00 | 5:07:15 PM | 22:07:15 | Communication check | |
| −02:15:00 | 5:12:15 PM | 22:12:15 | Verify ready seat rotation | |
| −02:14:00 | 5:13:15 PM | 22:13:15 | Suit leak checks | |
| −01:55:00 | 5:32:15 PM | 22:32:15 | Hatch close | |
| −01:10:00 | 6:17:15 PM | 23:17:15 | ISS state upload to Dragon | |
| −00:45:00 | 6:42:15 PM | 23:42:15 | SpaceX launch director verifies go for propellant load | |
| −00:42:00 | 6:45:15 PM | 23:45:15 | Crew access arm retracts | |
| −00:37:00 | 6:49:15 PM | 23:49:15 | Dragon launch escape system is armed. | |
| −00:35:00 | 6:52:15 PM | 23:52:15 | RP-1 (rocket grade kerosene) loading begins; 1st stage LOX (liquid oxygen) loading begins. | |
| −00:16:00 | 7:11:15 PM | 00:11:15 | 16 November 2020 |
2nd stage LOX loading begins. |
| −00:07:00 | 7:20:15 PM | 00:20:15 | Falcon 9 begins engine chill prior to launch. | |
| −00:05:00 | 7:22:15 PM | 00:22:15 | Dragon transitions to internal power | |
| −00:01:00 | 7:26:15 PM | 00:26:15 | Command flight computer to begin final prelaunch checks; propellant tank pressurization to flight pressure begins. | |
| −00:00:45 | 7:26:30 PM | 00:26:30 | SpaceX launch director verifies go for launch. | |
| −00:00:03 | 7:27:12 PM | 00:27:12 | Engine controller commands engine ignition sequence to start. | |
| +00:00:00 | 7:27:17 PM | 00:27:17 | Liftoff | |
| +00:00:58 | 7:28:15 PM | 00:28:15 | Max Q (moment of peak mechanical stress on the rocket) | |
| +00:02:37 | 7:29:54 PM | 00:29:54 | 1st stage main engine cutoff (MECO) | |
| +00:02:40 | 7:29:57 PM | 00:29:57 | 1st and 2nd stages separate | |
| +00:02:48 | 7:30:05 PM | 00:30:05 | 2nd stage engine starts | |
| +00:07:29 | 7:34:46 PM | 00:34:46 | 1st stage entry burn | |
| +00:08:50 | 7:36:07 PM | 00:36:07 | 2nd stage engine cutoff (SECO-1) | |
| +00:08:59 | 7:36:16 PM | 00:36:16 | 1st stage landing burn | |
| +00:09:29 | 7:36:46 PM | 00:36:46 | 1st stage landing | |
| +00:12:03 | 7:39:20 PM | 00:39:20 | Crew Dragon separates from 2nd stage | |
| +00:12:48 | 7:40:05 PM | 00:40:05 | Dragon nosecone open sequence begins | |
| +1/ | 9:22 PM | 02:22 | 17 November 2020 |
Dragon starts the final phase of the approach to the ISS.[39] |
| +1/03:33 | 11:01 PM | 04:01 | Soft Capture to the ISS.[40] | |
| +1/03:33 | 11:01 PM | 04:01 | Dragon docked to the ISS.[41] | |
| +1/05:34 | 1:02 AM | 6:02 | Hatch opened.[42] | |
| +167 | 8:35 PM | 01:35 | 1 May 2021 |
Undocked from the ISS.[43] |
| +167 | 2:56 AM | 7:56 | 2 May 2021 |
Splashed down and recovery in the Gulf of Mexico.[43] |
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