1770 (MDCCLXX ) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar , the 1770th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 770th year of the 2nd millennium , the 70th year of the 18th century , and the 1st year of the 1770s decade. As of the start of 1770, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
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1770 .
April 29 : James Cook lands in Botany Bay .
July 5 : Battle of Chesma , painting by Ivan Aivazovsky
January– March
January 1 – The foundation of Fort George, Bombay is laid by Colonel Keating, principal engineer, on the site of the former Dongri Fort .[ citation needed ]
February 1 – Thomas Jefferson 's home at Shadwell, Virginia is destroyed by fire, along with most of his books.[1]
February 14 – Scottish explorer James Bruce arrives at Gondar , capital of Abyssinia (now Ethiopia ) and is received by the Emperor Tekle Haymanot II and Ras Mikael Sehul .[2]
February 22 – Christopher Seider , an 11-year-old boy in Boston in the British Province of Massachusetts Bay , is shot and killed by a colonial official, Ebenezer Richardson. The funeral sets off anti-British protests that lead to the massacre days later.[3]
March 5 – Boston Massacre : Eleven American men are shot (five fatally) by British troops, in an event that helps start the American Revolutionary War five years later.
March 21 – King Prithvi Narayan Shah shifts to the newly constructed Basantapur Palace in the capital Kathmandu as the first King of Unified Kingdom of Nepal
March 26 – First voyage of James Cook : English explorer Captain James Cook and his crew aboard HMS Endeavour complete the circumnavigation of New Zealand .
April– June
April 12 – The Townshend Acts are repealed by Britain's Parliament by the efforts of Prime Minister Frederick North , with the exception of the increased duties on imported tea. The American colonists, in turn, stop their embargo on British imports.[4]
April 18 (April 19 by Cook's log)[5] 18:00 – First voyage of James Cook: English explorer Captain James Cook and his crew become the first recorded Europeans to encounter the eastern coastline of the Australian continent. Land is sighted at Point Hicks , and named after Lieutenant Hicks who first observes landform at 6am.
April 20 – Battle of Aspindza : Georgian king Erekle II defeats the Ottoman forces, despite being abandoned by an ally, Russian General Totleben .
April 29 – First voyage of James Cook : Captain Cook drops anchor on HMS Endeavour in a wide bay, about 16 km (10 mi) south of the present city of Sydney , Australia. Because the young botanist on board the ship, Joseph Banks , discovers 30,000 specimens of plant life in the area, 1,600 of them unknown to European science, Cook names the place Botany Bay on May 7 .
May 7 – Fourteen-year-old Marie Antoinette arrives at the French court.
May 16 – Marie Antoinette marries Louis-Auguste (who later becomes King Louis XVI of France ).
May 20 – A stampede, at a celebration of the newly wedded Marie Antoinette and Louis-Auguste in Paris, kills more than a hundred people.[6]
June 3 –
June 9 – Falklands Crisis (1770) : Some 1,600 Spanish marines, sent by the Spanish governor of Buenos Aires in five frigates, seize Port Egmont in the Falkland Islands . The small British force present promptly surrenders.[7]
June 11 – First voyage of James Cook : HMS Endeavour grounds on the Great Barrier Reef .
July– September
July 1 – Lexell's Comet (D/1770 L1) passes the Earth at a distance of 2,184,129 kilometres (1,357,155 mi) , the closest approach by a comet in recorded history.[8]
July 5 – Battle of Chesma and Battle of Larga : The Russian Empire defeats the Ottoman Empire in both battles. When the news of the defeat reaches the Ottoman city of Smyrna (July 8 ), the crowd attacks the Greek community of the city (perceived as favourable to the Russian cause) and kills an estimated 200 Greeks and three Western Europeans (although some reports estimate the number of victims at 3,000 or even 5,000 including "3 or 4 thousands who die due to the fright").[9] [10]
August 1 (July 21 O.S. ) – Russo-Turkish War (1768–74) – Battle of Kagul : Russian commander Pyotr Rumyantsev routs 150,000 Turks.
August 22 (August 23 by Cook's log) – First voyage of James Cook : Captain Cook determines that New Holland (Australia) is not contiguous with New Guinea , and claims the whole of its eastern coast for Great Britain, later naming it all New South Wales .
c. September – Johann Gottfried Herder meets Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in Strasbourg .
September 24 – In Hillsborough, North Carolina , the Regulator Movement riots against local authorities.[11]
February 21 – Georges Mouton , Marshal of France (d. 1838 )
March 2 – Louis-Gabriel Suchet , Marshal of France (d. 1826 )
March 20 – Friedrich Hölderlin , German writer (d. 1843 )
April 3 – Theodoros Kolokotronis , Greek general (d. 1843 )
April 7 – William Wordsworth , English poet (d. 1850 )
April 8 – John Campbell , Australian public servant, politician (d. 1830 )
April 11 – George Canning , Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1827 )
April 25 – Georg Sverdrup , Norwegian philologist (d. 1850 )
April 30 – David Thompson , English-Canadian explorer (d. 1857 )
May 10 – Louis-Nicolas Davout , Marshal of France (d. 1823 )
May 15 – Ezekiel Hart , Canadian entrepreneur, politician (d. 1843 )
May 27 – Ignaz Döllinger , German anatomist, physiologist (d. 1841 )
May 29 – Charles Adams , second son of President John Adams (1735–1826) (d. 1800 )
June 1 – Friedrich Laun , German author (d. 1849 )
Manuel Belgrano
June 3 – Manuel Belgrano , Argentine politician, general in the Independence War (d. 1820 )
June 4 – Eleonora Charlotta d'Albedyhll , Swedish countess, poet and salon holder (d. 1835 )
June 7 – Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool , Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1828 )
June 20 – Moses Waddel , American educator/minister and bestselling author (d. 1840 )
August 1 – William Clark , American explorer, Governor of Missouri Territory, and Superintendent of Indian Affairs (d. 1838 )
August 3 – King Frederick William III of Prussia (d. 1840 )
August 18 – Dorothea von Rodde-Schlözer , German scholar (d. 1825 )
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Ludwig van Beethoven
January 7 – Carl Gustaf Tessin , Swedish politician (b. 1695 )
January 8 – John Michael Rysbrack , Flemish sculptor (b. 1694 )
January 20 – Charles Yorke , Lord Chancellor of Great Britain (b. 1722 )
January 27 – Johann Karl Philipp von Cobenzl , 18th-century politician (b. 1712 )
January 30 – Giovanni Pietro Francesco Agius de Soldanis , Maltese linguist, historian and cleric (b. 1712 )
January 27 – Philippe Macquer , French historian (b. 1720 )
February 26 – Giuseppe Tartini , Italian composer, violinist (b. 1692 )
March 5 – Crispus Attucks , African-American dockworker, first to die in the Boston Massacre (b. 1723 )
Giovanni Battista Tiepolo
March 27 – Giovanni Battista Tiepolo , Venetian artist (b. 1696 )
April 27 – José Solís Folch de Cardona , Spanish colonial governor (b. 1716 )
April 25 – Jean-Antoine Nollet , French abbot, physicist (b. 1700 )
May 30 – François Boucher , French painter (b. 1703 )
June 22 – Philip Carteret Webb , English barrister (b. 1702 )
June 23 – Mark Akenside , English poet, physician (b. 1721 )
July 17 – Joseph Paris Duverney , French banker (b. 1684 )
July 21 – Charlotta Frölich , Swedish agronomist (b. 1698 )
July 27 – Robert Dinwiddie , British colonial Governor of Virginia (b. 1693 )
August 15 – Edward Antill (colonial politician) , American winemaker (b. 1701 )
August 24 – Thomas Chatterton , English poet (b. 1752 )
September 2 – Hongzhou , Manchu prince of the Qing Dynasty (b. 1712 )
September 9 – Bernhard Siegfried Albinus , German anatomist (b. 1697 )
September 22 – Ignatius of Santhià , Italian Catholic priest (b. 1686 )
George Whitefield
September 30
October 14 – Benning Wentworth , colonial governor of New Hampshire (b. 1696 )
October 18 – John Manners, Marquess of Granby , British soldier (b. 1721 )
November 9 – John Campbell, 4th Duke of Argyll , Scottish politician (b. c. 1693 )
November 13 – George Grenville , Prime Minister of Great Britain (b. 1712 )[16]
November 24 – Charles-Jean-François Hénault , French historian (b. 1685 )
December 4 – John Perceval, 2nd Earl of Egmont , Irish politician (b. 1711 )
December 5 – James Stirling , Scottish mathematician (b. 1692 )
December 6 – Neri Maria Corsini , Italian Catholic priest and cardinal (b. 1685 )
Allen Jayne, Jefferson's Declaration of Independence: Origins, Philosophy, and Theology (University Press of Kentucky, 2015) p41
"Bruce, James", in Encyclopædia Britannica , 11th Edition, Volume IV (Cambridge University Press, 1911) p676
James Marten, Children in Colonial America (NYU Press, 2007) p173
Gordon Carruth, ed., The Encyclopedia of American Facts and Dates 3rd Edition (Thomas Y. Crowell, 1962) pp78-79
Charles D. Rodenbough, Governor Alexander Martin: Biography of a North Carolina Revolutionary War Statesman (McFarland, 2004) p28
Vincent Carretta, Phillis Wheatley: Biography of a Genius in Bondage (University of Georgia Press, 2014) p78
Leonore Loft, Passion, Politics, and Philosophie: Rediscovering J.-P. Brissot (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002) p55
Dale K. Van Kley, The Religious Origins of the French Revolution: From Calvin to the Civil Constitution, 1560-1791 (Yale University Press, 1996) p249
Antony Strugnell, Diderot’s Politics: A Study of the Evolution of Diderot’s Political Thought after the Encyclopedie (Martinus Nijhoff, 2012) p123