1849 (MDCCCXLIX ) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar , the 1849th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini 2nd millennium , the 49th year of the 19th century , and the 10th and last year of the 1840s decade. As of the start of 1849, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
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March 22 : Battle of Novara (1849)
January 1 – France begins issue of the Ceres series , the nation's first postage stamps .January 5 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : The Austrian army, led by Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz , enters in the Hungarian capitals, Buda and Pest . The Hungarian government and parliament flee to Debrecen .January 8 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : Romanian armed groups massacre 600 unarmed Hungarian civilians, at Nagyenyed .[1] January 13
January 21
January 23 – Elizabeth Blackwell is awarded her M.D. by the Medical Institute of Geneva, New York , thus becoming the United States' first woman doctor.January 27
February 1 – The abolition of the Corn Laws by the United Kingdom's Importation Act 1846 comes fully into effect.February 4 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : Battle of Vízakna – The Austrian army, led by Anton Puchner, defeats the Hungarians, led by general Josef Bem .February 5 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : The Hungarian revolutionary army, led by Richard Guyon , breaks through the pass of Branyiszkó , defeating the Austrian defenders.February 8 – The new Roman Republic is proclaimed.February 9 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : Battle of Piski – Josef Bem 's Hungarian army defeats Anton Puchner.February 14 – In New York City, James Knox Polk becomes the first President of the United States to have his photograph taken.February 21 – Second Anglo-Sikh War : Battle of Gujrat – Forces of the British East India Company defeat those of the Sikh Empire in Punjab .February 27 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : Battle of Kápolna – The Austrians defeat the Hungarians.February 28 – Regular steamboat service from the west to the east coast of the United States begins, with the arrival of the SS California in San Francisco Bay . The California leaves New York Harbor on October 6 , 1848 , rounds Cape Horn at the tip of South America, and arrives at San Francisco after the 4-month, 21-day journey.March – The Frankfurt Parliament completes its drafting of a liberal constitution, and elects Frederick William IV emperor of the new German national state.March 3
March 4
March 5
March 11 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : The Hungarian army of Transylvania , under general Josef Bem , defeats the Russian-Austrian army at Second Battle of Nagyszeben , capturing the city which is the headquarters of Austrian general Anton Puchner. Most of Transylvania is liberated from the Austrian rule. The Austrian and the Russian troops flee to Wallachia .March 22 –23 – First Italian War of Independence : Battle of Novara – The Kingdom of Sardinia suffers a huge defeat, and Charles Albert abdicates.March 28 – Four Christians are ordered to be burnt alive in Antananarivo , Madagascar , by Queen Ranavalona I , and 14 others are executed.March 30 – The Second Anglo-Sikh War ends, with the United Kingdom annexing the Punjab .March 30 – Maharaja Duleep Singh is exiled to England.April 1
April 2
April 4 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Battle of Tápióbicske : Hungarian forces, under the generals György Klapka and János Damjanich , defeat the Austrian-Croatian army, led by Franz Schlik and Josip Jelačić .April 6 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Battle of Isaszeg : The main Hungarian forces, led by Arthur Görgey , defeat the main imperial forces, led by Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz , forcing them to retreat westward.April 10 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Battle of Vác : The Hungarians, led by János Damjanich , defeat the Austrians, led by Christian Götz, who dies after the battle due to his injuries.April 12
April 14 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : The Hungarian revolutionary parliament in Debrecen declares independence from the Habsburg Empire .April 19 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Battle of Nagysalló : The Hungarian revolutionary army, led by György Klapka and János Damjanich , defeat the Austrian army, led by Lt. Gen. Ludwig von Wohlgemuth .April 21
April 22 – The first Kennedy arrives in America.April 25 – James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin , the Governor General of Canada , signs the Rebellion Losses Bill , outraging Montreal 's English population and triggering the Montreal Riots .April 26 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Battle of Komárom : Hungarian forces relieve the city and castle with the same name from a long Austrian siege. The Austrian imperial forces and their Croatian , Romanian and Serbian allies are chased out from Hungary, or near the borders of the country.April 27 – Giuseppe Garibaldi enters Rome, to defend it from the French troops of General Charles Oudinot .May – The Second Carlist War ends in Spain.May 2 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : A new independent Hungarian government, led by Bertalan Szemere , is formed. The head of state of Hungary becomes Lajos Kossuth , as governor president.May 3
May 9 – The May Uprising in Dresden is suppressed by the Kingdom of Saxony .May 10 – The Astor Place Riot takes place in Manhattan , over a dispute between two Shakespearean actors; over 20 people are killed when troops fire on the rioters.May 15 – Troops of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies take Palermo , and crush the republican government of Sicily .May 17 – The St. Louis Fire starts when a steamboat catches fire and nearly burns down the entire city.May 21 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : The Hungarian army, led by Arthur Görgey , captures the Castle of Buda , liberating the Hungarian capital city completely. The leader of the defending Austrian forces, General Heinrich Hentzi , dies because of his injuries. The Hungarian government moves back from Debrecen to Budapest .May 30 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : Julius Jacob von Haynau replaces Ludwig von Welden as leader of the Austrian forces in Hungary, because of the failure of the latter to stop the advance of the Hungarian forces.June 5
June 6 – The settlement of Fort Worth, Texas , is founded.June 17 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : The main Russian forces, led by Ivan Paskevich , cross the Hungarian border, and together with the Austrian troops, led by Julius Jacob von Haynau , start the final attack against the Hungarian Revolution . Now the Hungarian revolutionary troops, numbering 173,000 soldiers, which even before the Russian attack were in inferiority regarding their numbers, and the quality of their weapons and war industry, face a force of 370,000 Austro-Russian forces,[4] June 20 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : Russian troops, under the command of Alexander von Lüders , break in Transylvania , and, together with the Austrian forces, start to operate against the Hungarian troops, led by Józef Bem .June 21 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : The Russo-Austrian army, led by Julius Jacob von Haynau , defeats the Hungarians under the command of Arthur Görgey in the Battle of Pered .June 28 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : The Austrian army, led by Julius Jacob von Haynau , defeats the Hungarians, led by Ernő Poeltenberg , in the Battle of Győr . The Hungarian army is forced to retreat towards Budapest .July 2 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Second Battle of Komárom : The Hungarian army, led by Arthur Görgey , repulses the combined attack of the Austrian and Russian troops led by Julius Jacob von Haynau . During the battle Görgey suffers a heavy head injury, which prevents him from taking advantage of this success.July 3 – French troops occupy Rome; the Roman Republic surrenders.July 6 – Battle of Fredericia : The Danish Army beats the Prussian army at Fredericia , Jutland , thereby putting an end to the Prussian-Danish War until 1864 .July 11 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Third Battle of Komárom : The Hungarian army, led by Arthur Görgey , is defeated by the Austrians, led by Julius Jacob von Haynau .July 13 – Charleston Workhouse Slave Rebellion : A slave uprising led by Nicholas Kelly took place at the Workhouse in Charleston, South Carolina ; the white community quickly suppressed the revolt, captured 37 freedom seekers, and tried and hanged 3 of the leaders.July 14 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 :
July 15 – The first airstrike in history: Austria launches pilotless balloons against the city of Venice .[5] July 17 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : Hungarians, led by Arthur Görgey , and the Russians, led by Ivan Paskevich , battle indecisively in the Second Battle of Vác . The Russians are unsuccessful in destroying the Hungarian army, which retreats towards the east.July 23 – French scientist Hippolyte Fizeau makes a measurement of the speed of light in air using a specially devised apparatus.July 28 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : The Hungarian government, led by Bertalan Szemere promulgates the Nationality Law, which gives important rights to the nationalities of Hungary, like the right to use their mother tongue in school, church, army, court and administration. The Romanians are declared a nation, and not a minority, in Transylvania . The Jews receive equality thanks to the Emancipation Decree.[6] July 31 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Battle of Segesvár : The Russian troops in Transylvania , led by Alexander von Lüders , crush the Hungarian forces, under the lead of Józef Bem . Hungarian poet and revolutionary Sándor Petőfi is killed in the battle by the Russians.July 31 –August 1 – Joven Daniel Araucanía , Chile, leading to allegations that local Mapuche tribes murdered survivors and kidnapped Elisa Bravo .[7] August 2 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : The Russian main forces, under Ivan Paskevich , defeat the Hungarian army under József Nagysándor , in the Battle of Debrecen .August 3 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : The Hungarian defenders of Komárom , led by György Klapka , destroy the besieging Austrian forces in the Fourth Battle of Komárom , liberating Győr and Székesfehérvár . But this victory comes too late to change the course of military events in the eastern part of the country, where the Hungarian forces are about to crumble under the heavy Austro-Russian pressure.August 5 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Battle of Szőreg : Austrian forces, under Julius Jacob von Haynau , defeat the Hungarian main forces under Henryk Dembiński .August 9 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Battle of Temesvár : The main Russo-Austrian forces, led by Julius Jacob von Haynau , win a decisive victory against the Hungarians , led by Józef Bem .August 11 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : Lajos Kossuth and the Hungarian Government of Bertalan Szemere resign, and give all powers to the hands of Arthur Görgey . After this Kossuth, the ministries and many military officers leave Hungary and seek asylum in Turkey.August 13 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : The main Hungarian army, under the lead of Arthur Görgey , capitulates to the Russian troops, led by Theodor von Rüdiger , at Világos . The official end of the Hungarian Revolution , although the fortress of Komárom continue to resist.August 28 – Venice (the Republic of San Marco ) surrenders to Austrian troops after a 4-month siege.September 1 – The first segment of the Pennsylvania Railroad , from Lewistown to Harrisburg , opens for service.September 17 – African-American abolitionist Harriet Tubman escapes from slavery.October 4 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : Komárom , the last bastion of the Hungarian Revolution, surrenders to the Austrian forces.October 6 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : The 13 Martyrs of Arad are executed after the Hungarian War of Independence, in repression by the Austrian authorities led by Julius Jacob von Haynau (these martyrs being the generals of the Hungarian revolutionary army, who did not flee from Hungary after the suppression of the Hungarian revolution by the Russo-Austrian forces). Also today, Lajos Batthyány , the first Hungarian prime minister , is executed by Austrian authorities in Pest .November – Austin College receives a charter in Huntsville, Texas .November 13
The Constitution of California is ratified in a general election.
Swiss-born Marie Manning and her husband Frederick are publicly hanged for the murder of her lover in London, before a crowd of 30,000-50,000. November 16 – A Russian court sentences Fyodor Dostoyevsky to death for anti-government activities linked to a radical intellectual group, the Petrashevsky Circle . Facing a firing squad on December 23 , the group members are reprieved at the last moment, and exiled to the katorga prison camps in Siberia .December 3
German missionaries Johann Ludwig Krapf and Johannes Rebmann become the first Europeans to see Mount Kenya .[8]
The Abgeordnetenhaus , lower house of the parliament of the Kingdom of Bavaria , passes a bill granting German Jews the same legal rights as German Christians.[9] [10] December 22 – After 17 days of deadlock and 63 votes, Democrat Howell Cobb of Georgia is elected Speaker of the United States House of Representatives , by a plurality of 102 votes to 99 for the former Speaker, the Whig Party's Robert C. Winthrop of Massachusetts. Neither the Democrats nor the Whigs have a majority of the 230 seats in the House, and after neither candidate can obtain the required 116 votes, the Representatives agree that the plurality will decide the leadership.[11]
Edmund Barton Aleksander Świętochowski August Strindberg Oscar Hertwig Lord Randolph Churchill Alfred von Tirpitz Bernhard von Bülow Empress Shōken January 8 – Stepan Makarov , Russian admiral (d. 1904 )January 9 – John Hartley , English tennis player, double winner of Wimbledon (d. 1935 )January 11 – Ignacio Pinazo Camarlench , Spanish impressionist painter (d. 1916 )January 14 – James Moore , English winner of the first ever cycle race (d. 1935 )January 18
January 22 – August Strindberg , Swedish author, playwright, and painter (d. 1912 )February 13 – Lord Randolph Churchill , British statesman (d. 1895 )February 18 – Alexander Kielland , Norwegian author (d. 1906 )February 19 – Giovanni Passannante , Italian anarchist (d. 1910 )March 6 – Georg Luger , Austrian firearm designer (d. 1923 )March 7 – Luther Burbank , American biologist, botanist (d. 1926 )March 19 – Alfred von Tirpitz , German admiral (d. 1930 )March 24 – Franz S. Exner , Austrian physicist (d. 1926 )April 6 – John William Waterhouse , Italian-born British artist (d. 1917 )April 20 – Nikolai Nebogatov , Russian admiral (d. 1922 )April 21 – Oscar Hertwig , German zoologist (d. 1922 )April 24
April 25 – Felix Klein , German mathematician (d. 1925 )April 28 – Augusto Aubry , Italian admiral, politician (d. 1912 )May 1 – Kamimura Hikonojō , Japanese admiral (d. 1916 )May 3
May 9 – Empress Shōken , consort of Emperor Meiji of Japan (d. 1914 )May 19 – John Hubbard , American admiral (d. 1932 )May 22
May 23 – Károly Khuen-Héderváry , 2-time prime minister of Hungary (d. 1918 )May 27 – Alzina Stevens , American labor leader, social reformer, and editor (d. 1900 )June 9 – Michael Ancher , Danish painter (d. 1927 )June 29 – Pedro Montt , 14th president of Chile (d. 1910 )Emma Lazarus Maurice Barrymore Sarah Orne Jewett Ivan Pavlov James Whitcomb Riley Georg Frobenius Frances Hodgson Burnett July 4
July 22 – Emma Lazarus , American author and activist (d. 1887 )July 29
August 23 – William Ernest Henley , English poet, writer, critic (d. 1903 )August 28 – Benjamin Godard , French composer (d. 1895 )September 2 – Emma Curtis Hopkins , American spiritual writer (d. 1925 )September 3 – Sarah Orne Jewett , American writer (d. 1909 )September 11 – Sir Edmund Poë , British admiral (d. 1921 )September 12 – Alexander von Krobatin , Austro-Hungarian field marshal and politician (d. 1933 )September 14 – Ivan Pavlov , Russian physiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1936 )September 18 – Martha Place , American murderer, first woman executed in the electric chair (d. 1899 )September 21 – Maurice Barrymore , British-American stage actor, playwright (d. 1905 )September 23 – Hugo von Seeliger , German astronomer (d. 1924 )October 7 – James Whitcomb Riley , American poet and author (d. 1916 )October 10 – Mary Baker McQuesten , Canadian letter writer and missionary (d. 1934 )October 26 – Ferdinand Georg Frobenius , German mathematician (d. 1917 )October 28 – Oskar Enkvist , Russian admiral (d. 1912 )October 31 – Marie Louise Andrews , American author and editor (d. 1891 )November 24 – Frances Hodgson Burnett , English-American playwright, author (d. 1924 )November 29 – Sir Ambrose Fleming , English electrical engineer, inventor (d. 1945 )December 5 – Eduard Seler , Prussian scholar, Mesoamericanist (d. 1922 )December 6 – August von Mackensen , German field marshal (d. 1945 )December 7 – Saionji Kinmochi , Japanese prince and prime minister (d. 1940 )December 12 – William Kissam Vanderbilt , American railway magnate (d. 1920 )December 18 – Laura M. Johns , American suffragist, journalist (d. 1935 )December 19 – Henry Clay Frick , American industrialist, art collector (d. 1919 )December 20
December 25 – Nogi Maresuke , Japanese general (d. 1912 )Date unknown
Muhammad Abduh , Islamic reformer (d. 1905 )Elisabeth Cavazza , American author, journalist, and music critic (d. 1926 )Harriet Abbott Lincoln Coolidge , American philanthropist, author and reformer (d. 1902 )Ellen Eglin , American inventorPavlos Karolidis , Greek historian (d. 1930 )Aleksandr Loran , Russian inventor (d. 1911 )Euphemia Wilson Pitblado , American activist, social reformer, and writer (d. 1928 )
Maria Edgeworth January 14 – Pierre Roch Jurien de La Gravière , French admiral (b. 1772 )January 18 – Panoutsos Notaras , Greek politician (b. 1752 )January 30 – Jonathan Alder , American settler (b. 1773 )February 8 – France Prešeren , Slovenian poet (b. 1800 )February 28 – Regina von Siebold , German physician, obstetrician (b. 1771 )March 14 – King Willem II of the Netherlands (b. 1792 )March 15 – Giuseppe Caspar Mezzofanti , Italian Catholic cardinal, linguist (b. 1774 )March 18 – Antonin Moine , French sculptor (b. 1796 )March 20 – James Justinian Morier , British diplomat, author (b. 1780 )March 24 – Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner , German chemist (b. 1780 )April 5 – Mary Short queen consort of Awadh (b. 1802)April 11 – Pedro Ignacio de Castro Barros , Argentine statesman, priest (b. 1777)May 10 – Hokusai , Japanese Ukiyo-e Artist (b. 1760)May 11
May 22 – Maria Edgeworth , Irish novelist (b. 1767 )May 25 – Benjamin D'Urban , British general, colonial administrator (b. 1777 )May 28 – Anne Brontë , English author (b. 1820 )[13] June 10 – Thomas Robert Bugeaud , Marshal of France , duke of Isly (b. 1784 )June 15 – James Knox Polk , 53, 11th president of the United States (b. 1795 )Edgar Allan Poe Frédéric Chopin July 12 – Dolley Madison , 81, First Lady of the United States (b. 1768 )July 28 – King Charles Albert of Sardinia (b. 1798 )July 31 – Sándor Petőfi , Hungarian poet (b. 1823 )August 1 – José de Urrea , Mexican General (b. 1797 )August 2 – Muhammad Ali of Egypt (b. 1769 )August 23 – Edward Hicks American folk artist (b. 1780 )September 4 – Friedrich Laun , German novelist (b. 1770 )September 6 – Andreas Joseph Hofmann , German philosopher and revolutionary (b. 1752 )September 7 – Mariano Paredes , Mexican President and GeneralSeptember 23 – Mary Elizabeth Lee , American writer (b. 1813 )September 25 – Johann Strauss, Senior , Austrian composer (b. 1804 )[14] October 6 – Lajos Batthyány , Hungarian statesman (executed) (b. 1807 )October 7 – Edgar Allan Poe , American writer (b. 1809 )October 17 – Frédéric Chopin , Polish-French musician, composer (b. 1810 )October 22 – William Miller , American Baptist preacher, leader of the Second Advent Movement (b. 1782 )December 2 – Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen , queen of William IV of the United Kingdom (b. 1792 )
Muñoz Sougarret, Jorge (2010). "El naufragio del bergantín Joven Daniel, 1849. El indígena en el imaginario histórico de Chile". Tiempo Histórico (in Spanish) (1): 133–148.
J. W. Gregory, The Great Rift Valley: Being the Narrative of a Journey to Mount Kenya and Lake Baringo with Some Account of the Geology, Natural History, Anthropology and Future Prospects of British East Africa (Frank Cass and Company, 1896) (reprinted 1968) p182
James F. Harris, The People Speak!: Anti-Semitism and Emancipation in Nineteenth-century Bavaria (University of Michigan Press, 1994) p159
Helmut Walser Smith, The Continuities of German History: Nation, Religion, and Race across the Long Nineteenth Century (Cambridge University Press, 2008) p133
Holman Hamilton, Prologue to Conflict: The Crisis and Compromise of 1850 (University Press of Kentucky, 2015) p42
Lubbock, Basil (1933). The Opium Clippers . Boston, MA: Charles E. Lauriat Co. p. 310.
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