List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colombia

Several stratigraphic units in Colombia have provided fossils. The richest formations are the Devonian Cuche and Floresta Formations, the Cretaceous Paja Formation, the Paleocene Cerrejón Formation and the Miocene La Venta site. The latter is the richest Konzentrat-Lagerstätte in northern South America and comprises the formations of the Honda Group.

B

C

F

H

J

M

P

V

Co

Locations of major fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colombia
Neogene
 V = La Venta: Honda Group
 Co = Cocinetas Basin: Ware & Castilletes Fms
Paleogene
 B = Bogotá Formation
 C = Cerrejón Formation
Cretaceous
 H = Hiló Formation
 P = Paja Formation
Jurassic
 J = Valle Alto Formation
Devonian
 F = Cuche and Floresta Formations
Cambro-Ordovician
 M = Serranía de la Macarena, Meta

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units

Formations are ordered according to their youngest age

	Age	Formations	Locations	Departments	Fossils	Image	Notes
Cenozoic	Holocene	Quaternary alluvium	Yumbo Turbaná	Valle del Cauca Bolívar	Stegomastodon waringi		[1] [note 1]
			Curití	Santander	collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu), South American tapir (Tapirus terrestris), white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari), Cryptotis sp., Hydrochoerus sp., Mazama sp.		[2]
	Pleistocene (Lujanian)				Haplomastodon chimborazi		[2][3]
	Late Pleistocene	Sabana Fm.	Tibitó, Checua, Bosa, Guasca, Guatavita, Soacha, Tunjuelito, Mosquera, Tocancipá, Bogotá savanna	Cundinamarca	Cuvieronius hyodon, Equus amerhippus lasallei, Haplomastodon waringi or H. chimborazi		[3][4] [5][6] [7] [note 1]
		Soatá Fm.	Soatá	Boyacá	Colombibos atactodontus, Haplomastodon waringi		[8][9] [10][11]
					Neochoerus sp., Odocoileus salinae		[11]
	Middle Pleistocene		Quipile	Cundinamarca	Megatherium sp.		[12][13]
			Tocaima	Cundinamarca	Haplomastodon waringi		[12][13] [note 1]
	Pleistocene	Rotinet Fm.	Rotinet, Repelón	Atlántico	Haplomastodon waringi		[14][15] [16]
			Arboleda El Remolino, Taminango	Nariño	Haplomastodon sp.		[6] [note 1]
			Mercaderes	Cauca	Haplomastodon sp.		[6]
			Toro	Valle del Cauca	Stegomastodon sp.		[6]
			Medellín	Antioquia	Gomphotheriidae indet.		[6]
			El Cocuy, Duitama, Sáchica, Socotá, Tunja, Villa de Leyva	Boyacá	Gomphotheriidae indet.		[6][18]
			Salamina	Caldas	Gomphotheriidae indet.		[6]
			Fusagasugá	Cundinamarca	Gomphotheriidae indet.		[19]
			Carrizal, Uribia	La Guajira	Gomphotheriidae indet.		[6]
			Cabrera & San Alfonso, Villavieja	Huila	Gomphotheriidae indet.		[6]
			Cúcuta, Pamplona	Norte de Santander	Gomphotheriidae indet.		[6][20]
			Agualinda, Lebrija Vélez	Santander	Gomphotheriidae indet.		[6][18]
			Ibagué, Ortega	Tolima	Gomphotheriidae indet.		[6]
			La Victoria, Zarzal	Valle del Cauca	Gomphotheriidae indet.		[6]
			Cocha Verde, Taminango	Nariño	Selenogonus nariñoensis		[21]
	Pliocene
	Piacenzian	Ware Fm. (3.4-2.78 Ma)[22]	Cocinetas Basin	La Guajira	Chapalmalania sp., Hydrochoeropsis wayuu, Tardigrada n. gen. & sp., Lestodontini n. gen. & sp., Cichlidae sp., Sciaenidae sp., Doradidae sp., Pimelodidae sp., Characidae sp., Cynodontidae sp., Serrasalmidae sp., Podocnemididae sp., Aves sp., Crocodylidae sp., Alligatoridae sp., Toxodontidae sp., Hydrochoeridae sp., Caviidae sp., Erethizontidae sp., Pampatheriidae sp., Megatheriidae sp., Glyptodontidae sp., Proterotheriidae sp., Camelidae sp., Myliobatidae sp., Pristidae sp., Carcharhinidae sp., Sphyrnidae sp., Megalonychidae n. gen. & sp., Mylodontidae n. gen. & sp., Scelidotheriinae n. gen. & sp.		[23][24] [25][26] [27][28] [29]
					Pliomegatherium lelongi, Nothrotherium sp.		[30][31]
	Late Miocene	Honda Gp.  Cerbatana Mb.	La Venta	Huila	Geochelone hesterna		[32]
	Serravallian (Laventan)	Honda Gp.  Villavieja Fm. (17.0-12.1 Ma)[33]  La Victoria Fm. (13.82-12.38 Ma)[34]	La Venta	Huila Tolima	Lycopsis longirostrus		[35][36]
					Dukecynus magnus		[36]
					Huilatherium pluriplicatum		[37][38]
					Granastrapotherium snorki		[38][39]
					Hapalops sp.		[40]
					Anachlysictis gracilis		[36]
					Theosodon sp.		[38]
					Hilarcotherium castanedaii		[41]
					Purussaurus neivensis		[42]
					Sebecus huilensis		[43]
					Charactosuchus fieldsi		[44]
					Chelus colombiana		[45][46]
					Colombophis portai		[47]
					Dracaena colombiana (syn. Paradracaena colombiana)		[48]
					?Eunectes stirtoni		[49]
					Gryposuchus colombianus		[50]
					Mourasuchus atopus		[51]
					Colossoma macropomum, Lepidosiren paradoxa, cf. Acanthicus, Arapaima sp., Brachyplatystoma cf. B. vaillanti, Brachyplatystoma promagdalena, cf. Corydoras sp., Hoplias sp., cf. Hoplosternum, Hydrolycus sp., Phractocephalus hemiliopterus, Serrasalmus sp., Pygocentrus sp., or Pristobrycon sp. (cf. Myletes sp.), Ariidae gen. et. sp. Incertae sedis, Characidae cf. Tetragonopterinae gen. et. sp., Cichlidae gen. et. sp. Incertae sedis, Doradidae gen. et. sp. Incertae sedis 1-3, Loricariidae gen. et. sp. Incertae sedis 1 & 2, Potamotrygonidae		[52][53] [54][55]
					Sylviocarcinus piriformis		[52]
					Hoazinoides magdalenae		[56]
					Galbula hylochoreutes		[57]
					Aramus paludigrus		[57]
					Aotus dindensis		[58]
					Nuciruptor rubricae		[59][60] [61]
					Stirtonia tatacoensis (syn. Kondous laventicus)		[59][61] [62][63]
					Stirtonia victoriae		[59][61] [64]
					Hondadelphys fieldsi		[36][65] [66]
					Neotamandua borealis		[40][67]
					Patasola magdalenae		[59][61]
					Potamosiren magdalenensis		[68]
					Xenastrapotherium kraglievichi		[38]
					Cebupithecia sarmientoi		[59][61] [69][70]
					Lagonimico conclucatus		[59][61]
					Micodon kiotensis		[59][71]
					Miocallicebus villaviejai		[59][72] [73]
					Mohanamico hershkovitzi		[59][61]
					Neosaimiri annectens (syn. Laventiana annectens)		[59][61] [74][75]
Neosaimiri fieldsi						[59][61]
Pachybiotherium minor						[36][76]
Micoureus laventicus						[36]
Thylamys colombianus						[36][77]
Thylamys minutus						[36][78]
Hondathentes cazador						[36][79]
Pithiculites chenche						[36][80]
Anadasypus hondanus						[36][81]
Pedrolypeutes praecursor						[36][82]
Nanoastegotherium prostatum						[36]
Scirrotherium hondaensis						[40][83]
Boreostemma gigantea (syn. Asterostemma)						[40][84]
Boreostemma acostae (syn. Asterostemma)						[85]
Neoglyptatelus originalis						[40][86]
Brievabradys laventensis						[40][87]
Huilabradys magdaleniensis						[88]
Pseudoprepotherium confusum						[40][89]
Neonematherium flabellatum						[40][90]
Microsteiromys jacobsi						[40]
Neoreomys huilensis						[40][91]
Microscleromys paradoxalis						[40]
Microscleromys cribiphilus						[40]
Rhodanodolichotis antepridiana						[92]
Scleromys colombianus						[61][93]
Scleromys schurmanni						[61][94]
Prodolichotis pridiana						[61]
Acarechimys minutissimus						[61]
Ricardomys longidens		[61]
Prolicaphrium sanalfolsensis		[38][95]
Prothoatherium colombianus		[38][96]
Megadolodus molariformis		[38]
Villarroelia totoyoi		[38]
Pericotoxodon platignathus		[38]
Miocochilius anomopodus		[38]
Notonycteris magdalenensis		[97]
Notonycteris sucharadeus		[97]
Palynephyllum antimaster		[97]
Mormopterus colombiensis		[97]
Potamops mascahehenes		[97][98]
Kiotomops lopezi		[99][100]
Diclidurus sp.		[97]
Eumops sp.		[97]
Olenopsis sp.		[61]
?Steiromys sp.		[40]
Tonatia sp. or Lophostoma sp.		[97]
Dolichotinae sp.		[61]
Megatheriinae sp.		[40]
Nothrotheriinae sp.		[40]
?Echimyidae sp.		[61]
cane toad (Bufo marinus)		[101]
lesser bulldog bat (Noctilio albiventris)		[97]
LaVal's disk-winged bat (Thyroptera lavali)		[97]
Thyroptera robusta		[102]
Spix's disk-winged bat (Thyroptera tricolor)		[97]
Sincelejo Fm.	Calle Fría-Segovia	Sucre	Neoglyptatelus sincelejanus		[103]
Langhian	Castilletes Fm. (16.7-14.2 Ma)[22]	Cocinetas Basin	La Guajira	Lycopsis padillai, ?Hyperleptus sp., Astrapotheriidae, Odontoceti, Mysticeti, Glyptodontidae, Pampatheriidae, Macraucheniidae, Proterotheriidae, Leontinidae, Toxodontidae, Interatheriidae, Megatheriidae, Dinomyidae, Sirenia, Sparassodonta, Aves indet.		[35][104] [105]
				Chelus colombiana, Chelus sp., Chelonoidis sp., cf. Crocodylus sp., cf. Mourasuchus sp., cf. Purussaurus sp., Alligatoridae gen. et sp. indet., Boidae, Crocodylidae gen et sp. indet., cf. Eusuchia gen et sp. indet., Gavialoidea gen. et sp. indet., Podocnemididae incertae sedis		[106][107]
				Characidae, Serrasalmidae, Sciaenidae, Sparidae, Sphyraenidae, Ariidae, Callichthyidae, Doradidae, Pimelodidae, Carcharhinidae, Hemigaleidae, Sphyrnidae, Lamnidae, Otodontidae, Dasyatidae, Myliobatidae, Rhinopteridae, Ginglymostomatidae, Pristiophoridae, Pristidae, Rhynchobatidae, Rhynobatidae, Lepidosirenidae		[105]
				Calliostoma sp., Arene sp., Nerita cf. fulgurans, Neritina n. sp. aff. woodwadi, Modulus tamanensis, Turritella (Bactrospira) sp. cf. altilira, Turritella (Turritella) cocoditana, Turritella (Turritella) machapoorensis, Turritella (Turritella) matarucana, Architectonica (Architectonica) nobilis, Bittium sp., Rhinoclavis (Ochetoclava) venada, Potamides suprasulcatus, Terebralia dentilabris, Petaloconchus sculpturatus, Bostrycapulus sp., Crepidula cantaurana, Crepidula insculpta, Crepidula plana, Calyptraea sp. cf. centralis, Crucibulum (Dispotaea) sp. cf. springvaleense, Aylacostoma n. sp., Doryssa n. sp., Sheppardiconcha n. sp., Charadreon n. sp., Natica sp., Naticarius sp., Glossaulax paraguanensis, Polinices sp. cf. nelsoni, Sinum gabbi, Stigmaulax sp., Strombus sp., Malea sp., Bursa rugosa, Ficus sp. cf. carbasea, Distorsio sp., Chicoreus (Triplex) sp. cf. cornurectus, Chicoreus (Triplex) corrigendum, Luria sp., Muracypraea sp. cf. hyaena, Calotrophon sp. cf. gatunensis, Cymia cocoditana, Eupleura kugleri, Hesperisternia sp., Phyllonotus n. sp., Siphonochelus (Laevityphis) cf. sawkinsi, Siratus cf. denegatus, Vokesimurex sp. cf. gilli, Antillophos sp. cf. gatunensis, Cymatophos cocoditana, Cymatophos paraguanensis, Gordanops sp. cf. baranoanus, Pallacera maracaibensis, Solenosteira sp., Granolaria sp. cf. gorgasiana, Latirus sp., Nassarius sp., Turbinella falconensis, Melongena consors, Anachis sp., Sincola sp., Strombina sp., Persicula venezuelana, Prunum quirosense, Agaronia sp. aff. testacea, Oliva sp., Aphera sp., Bivetiella sp. cf. gabbiana, Euclia sp. cf. dinota, Euclia werenfelsi, Narona sp., Trigonostoma woodringi, Conus sp. aff. jaspideus, Agladrillia sp., Crassispira conica, Fusiturricula sp., Gemmula vaningeni, Glyphostoma dentiferum, Paraborsonia cantaurana, "Chiton" sp., Saccella gnomon, Noetia dauleana, Bulla sp., Crenella sp., Brachidontes sp., Atrina sp., Argopecten sp., Anadara (Rasia) democraciana, Anadara (Rasia) tirantensis, Conus sp. cf. chipolanus, Conus sp. cf. molis, Conus talis, Strioterebrum ulloa, Terebra (Paraterebra) sulcifera, Clathrodrillia sp., Cruziturricula sp., Hindsiclava henekeni, Knefastia sp., Polystira sp., Adrana sp., Politoleda forcati, Anadara (Cunearca) zuliana, Anadara (Grandiarca) chiriquiensis, Anadara (Potiarca) inutilis, Anadara (Rasia) sp. cf. cornellana, Anadara (Tosarca) sp. cf. veatchi, Tucetona sp. cf. democraciana, Mytilus sp. cf. canoasensis, Anomia peruviana, Cavilinga sp., Lucinisca mirandana, Diplodonta sp., Harvella elegans, Mulinia sp., Raeta sp., Angulus sp., ?Macoma sp., Strigilla sp., Leopecten sp., Lindapecten buchivacoanus, Crassostrea sp., Dendostrea democraciana, Plicatula sp., Anodontia sp., Lucina sp. cf. pensylvanica, Phacoides sp. cf. pectinatus, Glyptoactis paraguanensis, Arcinella yaquensis, Chama berjadinensis, Dallocardia sp. cf. sanctidavidis, Apiocardia n. sp. aff. aminensis, Crassinella sp., Eucrassatella (Hybolophus) venezuelana, Micromactra maracaibensis, Eurytellina paraguanensis, Psammacoma falconensis, Psammotreta hadra, Donax sp., Tagelus (Mesopleura) n. sp. aff. divisus, Solecurtus sp., Solena sp., Abra sp., Agriopoma (Pitarella) paraguanensis, Hysteroconcha sp., Leukoma sp., Pitar sp., Transennella sp., Tenuicorbula n. sp. aff. lupina, Semele sp., Chione sp., Chionopsis paraguanensis, Clementia dariena, Cyclinella venezuelana, Dosinia sp., Lamelliconcha labreana, Lirophora quirosensis, Macrocallista n. sp. aff. maculata, Panchione n. sp. aff. macrtropsis, Caryocorbula fortis, Caryocorbula quirosana, Hexacorbula cruziana, Dentalium sp., Balanidae indet., Buccinidae indet., Callianassidae indet., Pectinidae indet., Portunidae indet., Ranellidae indet., Sphaeriidae indet., Sportellidae indet., Tellinidae indet., Turridae indet., Unioidae indet., Veneridae indet.		[108][109]
Burdigalian
Miocene	Honda Gp.	Coyaima	Tolima	Granastrapotherium snorki, Sebecus sp., Gavialis sp., Cochilius sp., Miocochilis sp., Scleromys sp., Dasypodidae sp., Leontiniidae sp., Megalonychidae sp., Toxodontidae sp.		[110][111] [112]
Late Oligocene
Early Oligocene		Pedeyita, Cartagena del Chairá	Caquetá	Eosteiromys sp.		[113]
	Barzalosa Fm.	Alto San Jose, Chaparral	Tolima	Balanerodus logimus		[114]
				Lophiodolodus chaparralensis		[115]
				Xenastrapotherium chaparralensis		[116]
				Protheosodon sp.		[117]
				Proadinotherium sp.		[118]
Late Eocene	Gualanday Gp.			Colombitherium tolimense		[113][119]
Early Eocene	Bogotá Fm.	Ciudad Bolívar, Bogotá	Cundinamarca	Anemocardium margaritae, Etayoa bacatensis, Menispina evidens, Palaeoluna bogotensis, Stephania palaeosudamericana, Foveotriletes margaritae, Foveotricolpites perforatus, Hickeycarpum peltatum, Proxapertites operculatus, Ulmoideipites krempii, Carpolithus sp., Annonaceae sp., Arecaceae sp., Fabaceae sp., Lauraceae sp., Malvaceae sp., Salicaceae sp., Salvinia sp., Theaceae sp., many still unnamed		[120][121] [122][123] [124][125] [126][127] [128]
Mid Paleocene
	Cerrejón Fm.	Cerrejón	Cesar La Guajira	Titanoboa cerrejonensis		[129][130]
				Carbonemys cofrinii		[131][132]
				Acherontisuchus guajiraensis		[133][134]
				Anthracosuchus balrogus		[135][136]
				Cerrejonemys wayuunaiki		[137][138]
				Cerrejonisuchus improcerus		[139][140]
				Puentemys mushaisaensis		[141][142]
				Aerofructus dillhoffi, Menispermites cerrejonensis, M. guajiraensis, Montrichardia aquatica, Petrocardium cerrejonense, P. wayuuorum, Stephania palaeosudamericana, Ulmoidicarpum tupperi, Acrostichum sp., Amaryllidaceae sp., Anacardiaceae sp., Annonaceae sp., Apocynaceae sp., Araceae sp., Arecaceae sp., Dicotyledonae sp., Elaeocarpaceae sp., Euphorbiaceae sp., Fabaceae sp., Lauraceae sp., Malvaceae sp., Malvoideae sp., Meliaceae sp., Monocotyledoneae sp., Moraceae sp., Pinales sp., Pteridophyta sp., Salicaceae sp., Salvinia sp., Sapotaceae sp., Stenochlaena sp., Sterculioideae sp., Violaceae sp., Zingiberales sp.		[123][143] [144][145] [146][147] [148][149] [150][151] [152][153] [154][155] [156][157]
				Proxapertites operculatus, Gemmatus phanocolpites gemmatus, Mauritidlites franciscoi, M. franciscoi var. pachyexinatus, Ctenolophonidites lisamae, Psilatriatriletes guaduensis, Foveotriletes cf. margaritae, Psilamonocolpites sp., Longapertites vaneenderburgi, Retidiporites magdalenensis		[158]
	Manantial Fm. Hato Nuevo Fm.	Ranchería Sub-basin	Cesar La Guajira	Rzehakina epigona, Globorotalia conicotruncana, Globigerina eugubina, Fovetriletes margaritae, Psilatriletes guaduensis, P. martinensis, Zonotricolpites cf. variabilis, Proxapertites opercutatus, P. maracaiboensis, P. humbertoides, Psilabrevitricolpites marginatus, Ctenolophonidites sp.		[158]
Early Paleocene
Paleocene	Guaduas Fm.	Zipaquirá Tasco	Cundinamarca Boyacá	Archaeopaliurus boyacensis, Bacumorphomonocolpites tausae, Buttinia andreevi, Coussapoa camargoi, Echimonocolpites echiverrucatus, E. protofranciscoi, Ficus andrewsi, Foveotriletes margaritae, Geonomites zipaquirensis, Mauritiidites franciscoi, Proxapertites humbertoides, P. operculatus, Psilatriletes martinensis, Retimonocolpites claris, Retricolpites belskii, Scabrastephanocolpites guaduensis, Spinozonocolpites echinatus, S. tausae, Syncolporites lisamae, Zonotricolpites lineaus, Berhamniphyllum sp., Dinogymniun sp.		[159][160] [161] [162][163]
Mesozoic							Maastrichtian
	Early Maastrichtian	Guadalupe Gp.	San Luis de Gaceno Cucaita	Cundinamarca Boyacá	Ophthalmoplax andina, ?Orthocarstenia clarki, ?O. cretacea, Ostrea tecticosta, Peroniceras (Gauthiericeras) bajuvaricum, Siphogenerinoides ewaldi		[164][165]
	Santonian
	Maastrichtian	Molino Fm.	Cesar-Ranchería Basin	Cesar La Guajira	Globotruncana fornicata, G. caniculata ventricosa, Globigerina cretacea, Gumbelina globulosa, G. excolta, Siphogenerinoides cretacea, S. bramlettei, Abathomphalus mayorensis, Guembelitria cretacea, Globorotruncanita conica, Gansserina gansseri, Racemiguembelina fructicosa, Heferohelix striata, H. navarroensis, Pseudoguembelina excolata, P. palpebra, Globotruncana aegyptiaca, Echitriporites suescae, Echimonocolpites ruedae, Foveotriletes margaritae, Mauritildites protofranciscoi, Psilatriletes guaduensis, Araucariacites sp., Rugutriletes sp., Proxapertites operculatus, P. psilatus, Spiniferites cf. ramosus, Achomosphaera sp., Dinogymnium sp.		[166][167]
	Campanian
		Oliní Gp.	Coello	Tolima	Eonatator coellensis		[168][169]
	Santonian	Conejo Fm.	Toca Cucaita	Boyacá	Archaeglobigerina blowi, Codazziceras scheibei, Dicarinella concavata, D. primitiva, Gloriaceras correai, Heterohelix globulosa, H. reussi, Lenticeras baltai, Marginotruncana angusticarenata, M. sp. ct. M. renzi, M. sp. cf. M. sinuosa, Protexamites cucaitaense, Protopholoe colombiana, Rosita tornicata, Sigalitruncana sigali, Whiteinella inornata, Baculites sp., Barroisiceras sp., Exogyra sp., Hedbergella sp., Peroniceras sp., Pryonocicloceras sp.		[170][171] [172][173] [174]
	Turonian
	Coniacian	La Luna Fm.	Sardinata Aguachica Lebrija Cesar-Ranchería Basin	Norte de Santander Santander Cesar La Guajira	Erichsenites mirabilis, Niceforoceras sp., Paralenticeras sp., Neoptychites sp., Holitoides sp., Fagesia sp., Prothocantoceras sp., Eucalycoceras sp., Cloleopoceras sp., Baroisiceras sp., Prionotropis sp., Baculites sp., Tissotis sp., Perinoceras aff. moureti, Whiteinella archeocretacea		[175] [167][176]
	Turonian
		La Frontera Fm.	Yaguará	Huila	Yaguarasaurus columbianus		[177][178]
				Boyacá Cundinamarca Huila	Anomia colombiana, Codazziceras ospinae, Coilopoceras cf. newelli, Hoplitoides ingens, H. cf. lagiraldae, H. wohltmanni, Kamerunoceras cf. turoniense, Neoptychites crassus, Vascoceras cf. constrictum, V. cf. venezolanum, Wrightoceras munieri, Inoceramus sp., Mammites sp., Prionocycloceras sp, ?Fagesia sp.		[179][180] [181]
	Coniacian	Loma Gorda Fm.	Aipe	Huila	Ankinatsytes venezolanus, Barroisiceras onilahyense, Codazziceras ospinae, Eulophoceras jacobi, Fagesia catinus, Hauericeras madagascarensis, Hoplitoides ingens, H. lagiraldae, Mitonia gracilis, Mytiloides kossmati, M. goppelnensis, M. scupini, Neoptychites cf. andinus, Paralenticeras sieversi, Paramammites sp., Peroniceras subtricarinatum, Prionocycloceras guayabanum, Reesidites subtuberculatum, Subprionotropis colombianus, Allocrioceras sp., Anagaudryceras sp., Anomia sp., Benueites sp., Choffaticeras sp., Dydimotis sp., Forresteria sp., Gauthiericeras sp., Morrowites sp., Nannovascoceras sp., Quitmaniceras sp.		[182]
	Turonian
	Early Turonian	Otanche Fm.	Otanche	Boyacá	Crioceratites cf. apricus		[175]
	Early Albian
	Turonian	Chipaque Fm.	Chipaque	Cundinamarca	Exogyra squamata, Ostrea syphax		[183][184] [185]
	Cenomanian
	Turonian	San Rafael Fm.	Pesca Samacá	Boyacá	Anomia colombiana, A. sp. cf. A. papyracea, Coilopoceras cf. lesseli, Hoplitoides cf. crassicostatus, H. cf. ingens, Kamerunoceras n. sp. aff. K. turoniense, Mammites nodosoidesappelatus, M. aff. afer, Mytiloides kossmati, M. mytiloides, M. subhercynicus, Ophthalmoplax spinosus, Paramammites cf. gracilis, Archaeoglobigerina sp., Clavihedbergella sp., Dicarinella sp., Globigerinelloides sp., Glyptoxoceras sp., Guembelitria sp., Hastigerinoides sp., Hedbergella sp., Helvetoglobotruncana sp., Heterohelix sp., Laeviheterohelix sp., Watinoceras sp., Whiteinella sp., Wrightoceras sp., ?Yubariceras sp.		[186][187]
	Cenomanian
	Late Cenomanian	Hondita Fm.	Aipe	Huila	Acanthoceras sp., Rhynchostreon sp.		[182]
	Cenomanian	Aguas Blancas Fm.	Cesar-Ranchería Basin	Cesar La Guajira	Ostrea scyfax, Exogyra toxaster, Choffatella decipiens, Cheloniceras sp., Pseudosaynella sp., Dufrenoya sp., Turrulitas sp., Acanthoceras sp., ?Montelliceras sp., ?Calvoceras sp., Orbitolina conica texana, Heterohelix reussi, Marginotruncana sinuosa		[167][176]
	Aptian
	Early Albian	Hiló Fm.	Prado	Tolima	Actinoceramus munsoni, A. aff. subsulcatiformis, Beudanticeras cf. rebouli, Desmoceras latidorsatum, Eubrancoceras cf. aegoceratoides, Exogyra aff. texana, Goodhallites aguilerae, Inoceramus anglicus, I. cf. cadottensis, I. aff. dunveganensis, I. aff. etheridgei, I. cf. ewaldi, I. aff. irenensis, I. prefragilis, I. cf. richensis, Lyelliceras pseudolyelli, Mojsisovicsia evansi, Mortoniceras arietiforme, Neocomiceramus neocomiensis, Neoharpoceras hugardianum, Oxytropidoceras intermedium, O. karsteni, O. laraense, O. multicostatum, O. nodosum, O. peruvianum, ?O. robustum, O. venezolanum, Prolyelliceras gevreyi, P. prorsocurvatum, Puzio media, Tegoceras mosense, Acompsoceras sp., ?Bositra sp., Camptonectes sp., Entolium sp., Hamites sp., Hysteroceras sp., Mariella sp., Ostrea sp., Phelopteria sp., ?Syncyclonema sp.		[188][189] [190][191] [192][193] [194][195] [196][197] [198][199] [200][201] [202][203] [204][205] [206][207] [208][209]
	Early Albian	Capotes Fm.	Bituima	Cundinamarca	Douvilleiceras solitae, Neodeshayesites columbianus, Paracrioceras sp.		[175][210]
	Barremian
	Late Aptian	Yuruma Fm. Apón Fm.	South of Cuiza	La Guajira	Astarte cf. sieversi, Cheloniceras cf. subnodosocostatum, Crassatella cf. caudata, Cymatoceras perstriatum, Deshayesites aff. codazzianus, Hamites degenhardtii, Heinzia galeatoides, H. lindigii, H. aff. provincialis, Heteroceras cf. helicoceroides, Karsteniceras beyrichii, Nicklesia alicantensis, N. cf. colombiana, N. didayana, N. dumasiana, N. lenticulata, Parahoplites obliquus, Pedioceras caquesensis, P. undulatum, Phylloceras morelianum, P. velledae, Pinna robinaldina, Pseudoaustraliceras ramososeptatum, Pseudohaploceras aff. liptoviense, Psilotissotia maxima, Ptychoceras humboldtianum, Pulchellia caicedi, P. communis, P. elegans, P. fasciata, P. galeata, P. hettneri, P. multicostata, P. pseudokarsteni, P. radians, P. robusta, P. royoi, Trigonia tocaimaana, Valdedorsella inca, Zurcherella zurcheri, Colombiceras sp., Eogaudryceras sp., Exogyra sp., Paraspiticeras sp., Uhligella sp.		[211][212] [213]
	Early Barremian
	Late Aptian	Caballos Fm. Yaví Fm.	Alpujarra	Tolima	Araucarites sp., Brachyphyllum sp., Cladophlebis sp., Weichselia sp.		[214]
		El Peñón Fm.	El Peñón	Cundinamarca	Cheloniceras sp., Epicheloniceras sp. aff. carlosacostai		[210]
		Socotá Fm.	Útica	Cundinamarca	Acanthoplites (?) leptoceratiforme, Dufrenoyia sanctorum, Parahoplites (?) hubachi, Stoyanowiceras treffryanus		[179]
	Aptian	Trincheras Fm.	Apulo	Cundinamarca	Heminautilus etheringtoni, Cheloniceras sp., Heinzia sp., Pseudohaploceras sp., bryozoans, molluscs, echinoids		[215]
	Early Aptian	Une Fm. Caballos Fm.	Firavitoba Payandé	Boyacá Tolima	Heminautilus etheringtoni		[216]
	Aptian	Paja Fm.	Villa de Leyva Sáchica	Boyacá	Kronosaurus boyacensis		[217]
					Callawayasaurus colombiensis		[218]
					Padillasaurus leivaensis		[219]
					Platypterygius sachicarum		[220]
					Desmatochelys padillai		[221]
					Brachauchenius sp.		[222]
					Stenorhynchosaurus munozi		[223]
					Muiscasaurus catheti		[224]
					Leyvachelys cipadi		[223][225]
					Bellcarcinus aptiensis, Cenomanocarcinus vanstraeleni, Colombicarcinus laevis, Joeranina colombiana, J. kerri, Notopocorystes kerri, Planocarcinus johnjagti, Rathbunassa gen. et sp. nov., Telamonocarcinus antiquus		[226][227] [228][229] [230]
					Acanthoptychoceras triumphyi, Acrioceras julivertii, Ancyloceras vandenheckii velezianum, Buergliceras buerglii, Colchidites apolinari, C. breistrofferi, Crioceratites leivaensis, C. tener, C. aff. emerici, Frenelopsis cf. ramosissima, Karsteniceras beyrichi, Karsteniceras multicostatum sp. nov., Macroscaphites yvani disjuncticostatus, Monsalveiceras monsalvense, Nicklesia pulchella, Pedioceras asymmetricum, P. ubaquense, Protanisoceras creutzbergi, Pseudoaustraliceras columbiae, Pseudocrioceras simitiense, Pseudohaploceras incertum, Ptychoceras aff. puzosianum, Teredolites clavatus, Dufrenoyia sp., Gerhardtia sp., Heinzia sp., Olcostephanus sp., Phylloceras sp., Prodesheyesites sp., Pseudofrenelopsis sp., Pulchellia sp., Toxancycloceras sp., Valdedorsella sp.		[222][231] [232][233] [234][235] [236]
	Hauterivian		Chipatá	Santander	Hamiticeras chipatai		[232]
		Ritoque Fm.	Villa de Leyva	Boyacá	Valanginites santafecinus, Acanthodiscus sp., Favrella sp., Subastieria sp.		[237]
		Tibasosa Fm.	Arcabuco Santa Rosa de Viterbo	Boyacá	Subsaynella boyacaensis n. sp., Thurmanniceras santarosanum n. sp., ?Pseudohaploceras sp.		[238][239]
		Rosablanca Fm.	Arenal del Sur Simití Socorro Zapatoca	Bolívar Santander	Diaulax rosablanca, Natica cf. bulimoides, Toxaster roulini, Trigonia transitoria quintucoensis, Acanthodiscus sp., Crioceras sp., Favrella sp., Hamulina sp., ?Kilianella sp., Nicklesia sp., Olcostephanus sp. Pseudohaploceras sp., Thurmanniceras sp.		[240][241] [242]
	Valanginian
		Murca Fm.	Ubalá Labranzagrande	Cundinamarca Boyacá	Berriasella colombiana, Leptoceras ublanese n. sp., Pseudoosterella ubalaensis		[243][244] [245][246] [247][248]
	Berriasian
	Early Berriasian	Arcabuco Fm.	Chíquiza	Boyacá	Dinosaur footprints		[249]
	Tithonian
	Late Jurassic	Valle Alto Fm.	San Félix, Salamina	Caldas	Piazopteris branneri, Cladophlebis sp., Classopollis sp., Ctenozamites sp., Desmiophyllum sp., Gleichenites sp., Nilssoniopteris sp., Otozamites sp., Pachypteris sp., Ptilophyllum sp., Rhabdoderas sp., Sagenopteris sp., Sandlingites sp., Sphenopteris sp., Substeuroceras sp., Trigonia sp., Zamites sp.		[250][251] [note 2]
	Kimmeridgian	Coquina Gp.  Jipi Fm.	Serranía de Cocinas	La Guajira	Adelocoenia dendroidea, Allocoenia trochiformis, Halysitastraea columbiana n. gen. n. sp., Stylina micrommata, Thamnasteria dendroidea, Calamophylliopsis sp., Calamophyllia sp., Heliocoenia sp., Isastrea sp., Pholadomya sp., Algae indet., Bryozoa indet., Gastropoda indet., Porifera indet.		[252]
	Late Triassic	Saldaña Fm.  Chicalá Mb.	Payandé, San Luis	Tolima	Cycloceltites cowichanensis, Lissonites canadensis, Peripleurites boeckhi, Peripleurites roemeri, Rhabdoceras suessi		[253][254] [255]
	Middle Triassic	Payandé Fm.	Payandé	Tolima	Cidaris cf. hausmanni, C. cf. scrobiculata, Costatoria jaworskii, Gruenewaldia multicostata, Isocrinus aff. trechmanni, Metasibirites annulosus, M. tolimensis n. sp., Monotis subcircularis, Myophorigonia ex gr. paucicostata, Rhabdoceras ex gr. suessi, Spiriferina abichi, Zygopleura cf. modestum, Z. cf. sturi, Z. cf. subanthophylloides, Coenothyris sp., ?Discophyllites sp., Gervillella sp., Homomya sp., Leptochondria sp., ?Limatula sp., Loxonema sp., Megalodon sp., ?Myophoria sp., ?Oxynautilus sp.,?Pleuromya sp., ?Pomarangina sp., Schafhaeutlia sp., ?Wittenburgella sp., Brachiopoda indet., Crinoidea indet.		[256][257] [258][259]
Paleozoic	Middle Permian	Palmarito Fm.	Río Molino	Magdalena	Mooreoceras sp.		[260]
			Quebrada Manaure	La Guajira	Perrinites hilli, Eumedlicottia sp., ?Stearoceras sp.		[261]
	Early Permian
	Mid Carboniferous
	Early Carboniferous	Cuche Fm.	Floresta	Boyacá	Antarctilamna sp., Asterolepis sp., Bothriolepis sp., Holoptychius sp., ?Strepsodus sp., ?Ginkgo lamariensis, Baiera sp., Welleria sp., Lingula sp.		[262][263]
	Frasnian
	Early Givetian	Floresta Fm.			Platyceras aff. nodosum		[262][264]
					Placoderm fishes, Colombianaspis carvalhoae gen. et sp. nov., Schizobolus pilasiensis sp. nov., Tarijactinoides sp. nov., Anchiopsis armata, Barroisella sp., Belenopyge contusa, Cordania gasepiou, Coronura cf. lessepsensis, Dechenella boteroi, Dipleura cf. dekayi, Greenops cf. grabaui, Kettneraspis callicera, Mannopyge sp., Synphoria stemmata, ?Tarutiglossa sp., Viaphacops cristata, Acrospirifer olssoni, Anoplotheca cf. silvetii, Atrypa harrisi, Australospirifer cf. antarcticus, Aviculopecten wellsi, Brachyspirifer palmerae, Camarotoechia dotis, Chonetes cf. billingsi, C. comstockii, C. cf. stubeli, Chonostrophia knodi, Cyclotrypa boyaca, C. carribeana, C. dickeyi, C. reticulata, C. stellata, Cymostrophia dickeyi, C. schucherti, C. waringi, Cypricardinia cf. subindenta, Cyrtina hamiltonensis, Dalmanites cf. patacamayaensis, Dechenella boteroi, Dictyostrophia cooperi, Elytha colombiana, Eodevonaria imperialis, Favosites aff. hamiltonensis, Fenestrellina colombiana, F. olssoni, F. acuta, F. quadrata, F. harrisi, Fistulipora anomala, F. megalopora, Florestacanthus morenoi, Greenops cf. grabaui, Heliophyllum halli, Intrapora fragilis, I. megalopora, Leiorhynchus mysia, Leptaena boyaca, Megastrophia hopkinsi, M. pygmaea, Meristella wheeleri, Nucleospira concinna, Meganteris australis, Odontopleura callicera, Pentagonia gemmisulcata, Phacops cf. salteri, Pholidops florestae, Platyostoma lineata, Pleurodictyum americanum, Polypora elegantula, P. granulifera, Prismopora inornata, Schellwienella goldringae, Semicoscinium colombiensis, S. minutum, Spinocyrtia cf. valenteana, Spinulicosta spinulicosta, Spirifer kingi, Strophonella floweri, S. meridionalis, Sulcoretepora olssoni, S. subramosa, Taeniopora florestae, Tropidoleptus carinatus, Unitrypa casteri, Viaphacops cristata, Acanthograptus sp., Actinopteria sp, Amphigenia sp., Anthozoa sp., Aviculopecten sp., Camarotoechia sp., Cryptonella sp., Cyphaspis sp., Cryphaeus sp., Dalmanites sp., Derbyina sp., Gastropoda sp., Grammysia sp., Homalonotus sp., Leptostrophia sp., Mediospirifer sp., Orthoceras sp., Ostracoda sp., Orthis sp., Paraspirifer sp., Proetus sp., Pterinea sp., Strophodonta sp., Thamnopora sp., Vitulina sp.		[264][265] [266][267]
	Late Emsian
	Devonian	Río Cachirí Gp.	Cesar-Ranchería Basin	Cesar La Guajira	Acrospirifer olssoni; Spirifer kingi, Leptaena boyaca, Fenestella venezuelansis, Neospirifer latus, Composita subtilita, Phricodrotis planoconvexa, Pecten sp.		[268]
	Early Devonian
	Silurian
	Late Ordovician
	Middle Ordovician		Caño Cristales	Meta	Dichograptus sp., Tetragraptus sp., ?Lingulella sp., ?Obolus sp.		[269]
	Darriwilian	El Higado Fm. Venado Fm.	Tarqui	Huila	Acodus deltatus, Anebolithus tafuri, Costiconus iniquus, ?Costiconus cf. ethingtoni, Cryptograptus tricornis, Didymograptus artus, Didymograptus murchisoni, Drepanodus robustus, Drepanoistodus cf. tablepointensis, Hallograptus bimucronatus, Ogygiocarella cf. debuchii, Ogygiocaris cf. macrops, ?Paltodus deltifer, Parapaltodus simplicissimus, Paroistodus numarcuatus, Protolloydolithus cf. salax, Protopanderodus rectus, Semiacontiodus cf. cornuformis, Scolapodus striatus, Cerninella sp., Cordylodus sp., Glyptograptus sp., ?Obolus sp., Porterfieldia sp., Schizocrania sp., Asaphidae sp.		[270][271]
	Floian
	Early Ordovician	?Guapayito Fm.	Guaviare River Serranía de la Macarena	Meta	Acrotreta sp., ?Apheoorthis sp., Basiliella sp., Geragnostus sp., Kainella sp., ?Leptoplastides sp., Lingulella sp., Megistaspis sp., ?Nanorthis sp., ?Niobella sp., ?Pseudokainella sp., Raphiophorus sp., Symphysurus sp., ?Tropidodiscus sp., Tropidopyge sp., ?Westergaardia sp.		[272][273]
	Cambrian	Duda Fm.	El Dorado	Meta	Paradoxides sp.		[274]
Proterozoic

Proposed reclassification of South American gomphotheres

Main article: List of gomphothere fossils in South America

Some authors, Lucas, Mothé, Avilla et al., propose a reclassification of the South American gomphotheres as follows:^{[275][276][277][278]}

• Stegomastodon (Pohlig 1912) is an exclusively North American genus
• Haplomastodon (Hoffstetter 1950) is a South American genus, but synonymous with Notiomastodon (Cabrera 1929)
• as Notiomastodon was defined earlier, all Haplomastodon species should be considered part of Notiomastodon
• all formerly described species as Stegomastodon sp., Haplomastodon sp. and Notiomastodon sp. belong to a single species; Notiomastodon platensis
• Cuvieronius (Osborn 1923) is the only remaining South American genus outside of Notiomastodon

Evolution

• Lucas (2010, 2013) proposes that Notiomastodon evolved from Cuvieronius inside South America^[275]
• Mothé et al. (2012, 2015, 2016) propose that Notiomastodon and Cuvieronius reached South America in two separate migration waves^[279]

See also

• Colombia portal
• Paleontology portal

• List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Venezuela
• List of mining areas in Colombia
• South American land mammal age
• Gomphothere fossils in Colombia
• Geology of Colombia
  • Geology of the Ocetá Páramo
  • Geology of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense
  • Geology of the Eastern Hills of Bogotá

Notes and references

Notes

1. Reclassified as Notiomastodon platensis by Mothé & Avilla (2015)^[17]
2. Piazopteris branneri listed as the Permian genus Glossopteris (branneri)^[250]

References

1. Stegomastodon waringi at Fossilworks.org
2. Curití at Fossilworks.org
3. De Porta, 1969, p.92
4. Correal Urrego, 1990, p.77
5. De Porta, 1960
6. Rodríguez Flórez et al., 2009
7. Hammen, 1986, p.29
8. Villarroel et al., 1996
9. Hernández & De Porta, 1960, p.46
10. Hoffstetter, 1971, p.54
11. Soatá at Fossilworks.org
12. De Porta, 1961, p.52
13. Bürgl, 1956
14. Páramo & Escobar, 2010, p.55
15. Villarroel & Clavijo, 2005, p.353
16. Haplomastodon waringi, Rotinet at Fossilworks.org
17. Mothé & Avilla, 2015, pp.25-27
18. (in Spanish) Mastodontes en Colombia
19. Hoffstetter, 1971, p.53
20. Hoffstetter, 1971, p.52
21. Hoffstetter, 1971, p.43
22. Amson et al., 2016, p.2
23. Amson et al., 2016, p.3
24. Amson et al., 2016, p.4
25. Amson et al., 2016, p.6
26. Amson et al., 2016, p.8
27. Amson et al., 2016, p.15
28. Pérez et al., 2017
29. Ware Vertebrates at Fossilworks.org
30. Amson et al., 2016, p.9
31. Amson et al., 2016, p.12
32. Geochelone hesterna at Fossilworks.org
33. Villarroel et al., 1996, p.54
34. Villarroel et al., 1996, p.53
35. Suárez et al., 2015
36. Croft, 2007, p.299
37. Villarroel, 1997
38. Croft, 2007, p.302
39. Pardo Jaramillo, 2010
40. Croft, 2007, p.300
41. Vallejo Pareja et al., 2015
42. Purussaurus neivensis at Fossilworks.org
43. Sebecus huiensis at Fossilworks.org
44. Charactosuchus fieldsi at Fossilworks.org
45. Cadena et al., 2008
46. De la Fuente et al., 2013, p.102
47. Hsiou et al., 2010
48. Dracaena colombiana at Fossilworks.org
49. (in Spanish) Fauna de La Venta, serpientes
50. Gryposuchus colombianus at Fossilworks.org
51. Mourasuchus atopus at Fossilworks.org
52. (in Spanish) Fauna de La Venta - flora, cangrejos y peces
53. Kay & Madden, 1997, p.185
54. Lundberg & Chernoff, 1992, p.5
55. Brachyplatystoma promagdalena at Fossilworks.org
56. Miller, 1953
57. Rasmussen, 1997
58. Setoguchi & Rosenberger, 1988
59. Tejedor, 2013, p.22
60. Meldrum & Kay, 1997
61. Croft, 2007, p.301
62. Stirtonia tatacoensis at Fossilworks.org
63. Setoguchi, 1985
64. Stirtonia victoriae at Fossilworks.org
65. Hondadelphys fieldsi at Fossilworks.org
66. Marshall, 1976
67. Neotamandua borealis at Fossilworks.org
68. Croft, 2007, p.303
69. Cebupithecia sarmientoi at Fossilworks.org
70. Organ & Lemelin, 2011
71. Defler, 2004, p.32
72. Miocallicebus villaviejai at Fossilworks.org
73. Takai et al., 2001
74. Neosaimiri annectens at Fossilworks.org
75. Rosenberger et al., 1991
76. Pachybiotherium minor at Fossilworks.org
77. Thylamys colombianus at Fossilworks.org
78. Thylamys minutus at Fossilworks.org
79. Hondathentes cazador at Fossilworks.org
80. Pithiculites chenche at Fossilworks.org
81. Anadasypus hondanus at Fossilworks.org
82. Pedrolypeutes praecursor at Fossilworks.org
83. Scirrotherium hondaensis at Fossilworks.org
84. Boreostemma gigantea at Fossilworks.org
85. Boreostemma acostae at Fossilworks.org
86. Neoglyptatelus originalis at Fossilworks.org
87. Brievabradys laventensis at Fossilworks.org
88. Huilabradys magdaleniensis at Fossilworks.org
89. Pseudoprepotherium confusum at Fossilworks.org
90. Neonematherium flabellatum at Fossilworks.org
91. Neoreomys huilensis at Fossilworks.org
92. Rhodanodolichotis antepridiana at Fossilworks.org
93. Scleromys colombianus at Fossilworks.org
94. Scleromys schurmanni at Fossilworks.org
95. Prolicaphrium sanalfolsensis at Fossilworks.org
96. Prothoatherium colombianus at Fossilworks.org
97. Czaplewski et al., 2003, p.278
98. Potamops mascahehenes at Fossilworks.org
99. Kiotomops lopezi at Fossilworks.org
100. Takai et al., 1991
101. Estes & Wassersug, 1963
102. Thyroptera robusta at Fossilworks.org
103. Neoglyptatelus sincelejanus at Fossilworks.org
104. Amson et al., 2016, p.7
105. Moreno et al., 2015, p.35
106. Cadena & Jaramillo, 2015, pp.190-196
107. Moreno Bernal, 2014, pp.7-30
108. Moreno et al., 2015, p.29
109. Hendy et al., 2015, pp.52-54
110. Villarroel et al., 1996, p.63
111. Hoffstetter, 1971, p.40
112. Granastrapotherium snorki, Sebecus sp. at Fossilworks.org
113. Hoffstetter, 1971, p.39
114. Balanerodus logimus at Fossilworks.org
115. Lophiodolodus chaparralensis at Fossilworks.org
116. Xenastrapotherium chaparralensis at Fossilworks.org
117. Protheosodon at Fossilworks.org
118. Proadinotherium at Fossilworks.org
119. Billet et al., 2010
120. Etayoa bacatensis at Fossilworks.org
121. Villarroel, 1987, p.241
122. Stephania palaeosudamericana, FH0903 at Fossilworks.org
123. Herrera et al., 2011
124. Montoya & Reyes, 2002, p.59
125. Herrera et al., 2014, pp.204-209
126. Bloch et al., 2008
127. Head et al., 2011
128. Head et al., 2012
129. Titanoboa cerrejonensis at Fossilworks.org
130. Head et al., 2009
131. Carbonemys cofrinii at Fossilworks.org
132. Cadena et al., 2012a
133. Acherontisuchus guajiraensis at Fossilworks.org
134. Hastings et al., 2011, p.1095
135. Anthracosuchus balrogus at Fossilworks.org
136. Hastings et al., 2014
137. Cerrejonemys wayuunaiki at Fossilworks.org
138. Cadena et al., 2010
139. Cerrejonisuchus improcerus at Fossilworks.org
140. Hastings et al., 2010
141. Puentemys mushaisaensis at Fossilworks.org
142. Cadena et al., 2012b
143. Herrera et al., 2008
144. Herrera et al., 2014, p.199
145. Herrera et al., 2014, p.204
146. Wing et al., 2009
147. Cerrejón 0315 at Fossilworks.org
148. Cerrejón 0318 at Fossilworks.org
149. Cerrejón 0319 at Fossilworks.org
150. Cerrejón 0322 at Fossilworks.org
151. Cerrejón 0323 at Fossilworks.org
152. Cerrejón 0324 at Fossilworks.org
153. Cerrejón 0706 at Fossilworks.org
154. Cerrejón 0707 at Fossilworks.org
155. Cerrejón 0708 at Fossilworks.org
156. Cerrejón 0710 at Fossilworks.org
157. Cerrejón FH0705-12 at Fossilworks.org
158. García González et al., 2007, p.303
159. Moreno & Hincapié, 2010, p.37
160. Huertas, 1960, p.54
161. Coussapoa camargoi, Ficus andrewsi at fossilworks.org
162. Berhamniphyllum sp. & Archaeopaliurus boyacensis at fossilworks.org
163. 'Archaeopaliurus boyacensis' in the Paleobiology Database
164. Gúzman et al., 2016
165. Espinel & Hurtado, 2010, pp.14-15
166. García González et al., 2007, p.77
167. García González et al., 2007, p.307
168. Eonatator coellensis at Fossilworks.org
169. Páramo Fonseca, 2013
170. Luque et al., 2015
171. Tchegliakova & Pérez, 1995
172. Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.48
173. Espinel & Hurtado, 2010, p.14
174. Moreno & Hincapié, 2010, pp.32-33
175. Moreno Bedmar et al., 2015
176. García González et al., 2007, p.75
177. Yaguarasaurus columbianus at Fossilworks.org
178. Páramo Fonseca, 2000
179. Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.41
180. Patarroyo, 2016, p.41
181. Blanco et al., 2004, p.26
182. Patarroyo, 2011
183. Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.54
184. Gutiérrez Palma, 1971
185. Acosta, 1960, p.37
186. Patarroyo & Rojas, 2007
187. Moreno & Hincapié, 2010, p.31
188. Olini Creek 1 at Fossilworks.org
189. Olini Creek 3 at Fossilworks.org
190. Olini Creek 6 at Fossilworks.org
191. Olini Creek 8 at Fossilworks.org
192. Olini Creek 9 at Fossilworks.org
193. Olini Creek 13 at Fossilworks.org
194. Olini Creek 15 at Fossilworks.org
195. Olini Creek 34 at Fossilworks.org
196. Olini Creek 39 at Fossilworks.org
197. Olini Creek 40 at Fossilworks.org
198. Olini Creek 47 at Fossilworks.org
199. Olini Creek 48 at Fossilworks.org
200. Olini Creek 54 at Fossilworks.org
201. Olini Creek 58 at Fossilworks.org
202. Olini Creek 59 at Fossilworks.org
203. Olini Creek 65 at Fossilworks.org
204. Olini Creek 100 at Fossilworks.org
205. Olini Creek 101 at Fossilworks.org
206. Olini Creek 106 at Fossilworks.org
207. Olini Creek 108 at Fossilworks.org
208. Olini Creek 115 at Fossilworks.org
209. Olini Creek 122 at Fossilworks.org
210. Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.42
211. Cuiza Barremian at Fossilworks.org
212. Cuiza Aptian at Fossilworks.org
213. Punta Espada at Fossilworks.org
214. Monje et al., 2016, p.38
215. Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.40
216. Badouin et al., 2016, p.87
217. Kronosaurus boyacensis at Fossilworks.org
218. Callawayasaurus colombiensis at Fossilworks.org
219. Padillasaurus leivaensis at Fossilworks.org
220. Platypterygius sachicarum at Fossilworks.org
221. Páramo et al., 2016
222. Brachauchenius sp., Gerhardtia sp., Heinzia sp., Karsteniceras sp., Prodesheyesites sp., Pulchellia sp., Toxancycloceras sp. at Fossilworks.org
223. Cadena & Parham, 2015
224. Muiscasaurus catheti at Fossilworks.org
225. Leyvachelys cipadi at Fossilworks.org
226. Luque, 2014
227. Karasawa et al., 2014
228. Luque, 2015
229. Bermúdez et al., 2013
230. Luque et al., 2012
231. Monsalveiceras monsalvense at Fossilworks.org
232. Kabakadze & Hoedemaeker, 1997, pp.58-59
233. Chaparro et al., 2015
234. Moreno et al., 2007
235. Patarroyo, 2009
236. Espinel & Hurtado, p.11
237. Moreno & Hincapié, 2010, p.23
238. Santa Rosa de Viterbo, Boyacá at Fossilworks.org
239. Arcabuco at Fossilworks.org
240. Gómez et al., 2015
241. Espinel & Hurtado et al., 2010, p.10
242. Moreno & Hincapié, 2010, p.21
243. Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.38
244. Dorado Galindo, 1990, p.23
245. Moreno, 1990, p.76
246. Piraquive et al., 2011, p.207
247. Pseudoosterella ubalaensis
248. Ubalá at Fossilworks.org
249. Moreno Sánchez et al., 2011
250. Mojica, 1984, pp.131-132
251. Valle Alto Formation at Fossilworks.org
252. Coquina Group Jurassic fauna at Fossilworks.org
253. Payandé bed A at Fossilworks.org
254. Payandé bed B at Fossilworks.org
255. Payandé bed C at Fossilworks.org
256. Payandé Río Coello at Fossilworks.org
257. Payandé Quebrada Chicalá at Fossilworks.org
258. Payandé El Salitre at Fossilworks.org
259. Payandé Cueva Tuluni at Fossilworks.org
260. Río Molino Permian at Fossilworks.org
261. Quebrada Manaure Permian at Fossilworks.org
262. Mojica & Villarroel, 1984, pp.65-69
263. Janvier & Villarroel, 1998
264. Devonian Floresta at Fossilworks.org
265. Morzadec et al., 2015, pp.335-352
266. Giroud López, 2014, pp.39-40
267. Janvier & Villarroel, 1998, p.9
268. García González et al., 2007, p.68
269. Caño Ordovician at Fossilworks.org
270. Moreno et al., 2008, p.10
271. Borrero et al., 2007
272. Guaviare Ordovician at Fossilworks.org
273. Macarena Ordovician at Fossilworks.org
274. Toro Toro et al., 2014
275. Lucas, 2013
276. Mothé et al., 2012
277. Mothé et al., 2016a
278. Mothé et al., 2016b
279. Mothé & Avilla, 2015, p.33

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Cocinetas Basin

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Honda Group

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Bogotá Formation

• Bloch, Jonathan Ivan; Cadena, Edwin; Hastings, Alexander; Rincón, Aldo F.; Jaramillo, Carlos (2008), "Vertebrate faunas from the Paleocene Bogotá Formation of northern Colombia (Abstract)", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, 68th Annual Meeting: _, retrieved 2017-03-29
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• Herrera, Fabiany; Manchester, Steven R.; Carvalho, Mónica R.; Jaramillo, Carlos; Wing, Scott L. (2014), "Paleocene wind-dispersed fruits and seeds from Colombia and their implications for early Neotropical rainforests" (PDF), Acta Paleobotanica, 54 (2): 197–229, doi:10.2478/acpa-2014-0008, retrieved 2017-03-29
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Cerrejón Formation

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• Hastings, Alexander K.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Jaramillo, Carlos A. (2014), "A new blunt-snouted dyrosaurid, Anthracosuchus balrogus gen. et sp. nov. (Crocodylomorpha, Mesoeucrocodylia), from the Palaeocene of Colombia" (PDF), Historical Biology, 27 (8): 998–1020, Bibcode:2015HBio...27..998H, doi:10.1080/08912963.2014.918968, retrieved 2017-03-30
• Hastings, Alexander K.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Jaramillo, Carlos A. (2011), "A new longirostrine Dyrosaurid (Crocodylomorpha, Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Paleocene of north-eastern Colombia: Biogeographocal and behavioural implications for New-World Dyrosayridae" (PDF), Palaeontology, 54 (5): 1095–1116, Bibcode:2011Palgy..54.1095H, doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01092.x, retrieved 2017-03-30
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• Herrera, Fabiany A.; Jaramillo, Carlos A.; Dilcher, David L.; Wing, Scott L.; Gómez N, Carolina (2008), "Fossil Araceae from a Paleocene neotropical rainforest in Colombia", American Journal of Botany, 95 (12): 1569–1583, doi:10.3732/ajb.0800172, PMID 21628164, retrieved 2017-04-04
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La Frontera Formation

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• Páramo Fonseca, María Euridice (2000), "Yaguarasaurus columbianus (Reptilia, Mosasauridae), a primitive mosasaur from the Turonian (Upper Cretaceous) of Colombia", Historical Biology, 14 (1–2): 121–131, Bibcode:2000HBio...14..121P, doi:10.1080/10292380009380560, retrieved 2017-04-04
• Patarroyo, Pedro (2016), "Amonoideos y otros macrofósiles del lectoestratotipo de la Formación la Frontera, Turoniano inferior - medio (Cretácico Superior) en San Francisco, Cundinamarca (Colombia)" (PDF), Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, 38: 41–54, retrieved 2017-04-04

Paja Formation

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• Cadena, Edwin A.; Parham, James F. (2015a), "Oldest known marine turtle? A new protostegid from the Lower Cretaceous of Colombia", PaleoBios, 32: 1–42, doi:10.5070/P9321028615, retrieved 2017-03-30
• Cadena, Edwin (2015b), "The first South American sandownid turtle from the Lower Cretaceous of Colombia", PeerJ, 3: e1431, doi:10.7717/peerj.1431, PMC 4690369, PMID 26713227
• Carballido, José L.; Pol, Diego; Parra Ruge, Mary L.; Padilla Bernal, Santiago; Páramo Fonseca, María E.; Etayo Serna, Fernando (2015), "A new Early Cretaceous brachiosaurid (Dinosauria, Neosauropoda) from northwestern Gondwana (Villa de Leiva, Colombia)", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 35 (5): e980505, Bibcode:2015JVPal..35E0505C, doi:10.1080/02724634.2015.980505, retrieved 2017-03-30
• Chaparro Vargas, León F.; León Sánchez, Oscar M.; Gómez Cruz, Arley de J. (2015), Ocurrencia de Teredolites clavatus (Leymerie, 1842) en la Formación Paja (Aptiano) de Colombia, Colonia del Sacramento, Uruguay, III Simposio Latinoamericano de Icnología, pp. 1–2, retrieved 2017-04-06
• Hampe, Oliver (2005), "Considerations on a Brachauchenius skeleton (Pliosauroidea) from the lower Paja Formation (late Barremian) of Villa de Leyva area (Colombia)" (PDF), Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, Geowissenschaftliche Reihe, 8 (1): 37–51, Bibcode:2005FossR...8...37H, doi:10.5194/fr-8-37-2005, retrieved 2017-04-20
• Kakabadze, Mikhail V.; Hoedemaeker, Philip J. (1997), "New and less known Barremian-Albian ammonites from Colombia", Scripta Geologica, 114: 57–117, retrieved 2017-03-30
• Karasawa, Hiroaki; Schweitzer, Carrie E.; Feldmann, Rodney M.; Luque, Javier (2014), "Phylogeny and Classification of Raninoida (Decapoda: Brachyura)", Journal of Crustacean Biology, 34 (2): 216–272, doi:10.1163/1937240X-00002216, retrieved 2017-04-04
• Luque, Javier (2015), "The oldest higher true crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura): insights from the Early Cretaceous of the Americas", Palaeontology, 58 (2): 251–263, Bibcode:2015Palgy..58..251L, doi:10.1111/pala.12135, retrieved 2017-04-04
• Luque, Javier (2014), "A new genus and species of raninoidian crab (Decapoda, Brachyura) from the Lower Cretaceous of Colombia, South America", Scripta Geologica, 147: 27–34, retrieved 2017-04-04
• Luque, Javier; Feldmann, Rodney M.; Schweitzer, Carrie E.; Jaramillo, Carlos; Cameron, Christopher B. (2012), "The oldest frog crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura: Raninoida) from the Aptian of northern South America", Journal of Crustacean Biology, 32 (3): 405–420, doi:10.1163/193724012X626539, retrieved 2017-04-04
• Maxwell, Erin E.; Dick, Daniel; Padilla, Santiago; Parra, Mary Luz (2015), "A new ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Colombia", Papers in Palaeontology, 2: 59–70, doi:10.1002/spp2.1030, retrieved 2017-03-30
• Moreno Sánchez, M.; Gómez Cruz, A. de J.; Castillo González, H. (2007), "Frenelopsis y Pseudofrenelopsis (Coniferales: Cheirolepidiaceae) en el Cretácico temprano de Colombia", Boletín de Geología, 29: 13–19, retrieved 2019-03-12
• Páramo, María E.; Gómez Pérez, Marcela; Noé, Leslie F.; Etayo, Fernando (2016), "Stenorhynchosaurus munozi, gen. et sp. nov. a new pliosaurid from the Upper Barremian (Lower Cretaceous) of Villa de Leiva, Colombia, South America", Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, 40 (154): 84–103, doi:10.18257/raccefyn.239, retrieved 2017-04-20
• Patarroyo, Pedro (2009), "Amonitas de un nivel de alta energía del Barremiano inferior en la Formación Paja de los sectores de Villa de Leyva (Boyacá) y Vélez (Santander)" (PDF), Boletín de Geología, 31: 15–21, retrieved 2017-04-06

Murca Formation

• Dorado Galindo, Jorge (1990), "Contribución al Conocimiento de la Estratigrafía de la Formación Brechas de Buenavista (Límite Jurásico-Cretácico). Región Noroeste de Villavicencio (Meta)" (PDF), Geología Colombiana, 17: 7–38, retrieved 2017-03-31
• Moreno M., Juan Manuel (1990), "Stratigraphy of the Lower Cretaceous Rosablanca and Cumbre Formations, Útica Sandstone and Murca Formation, West Flank, Eastern Cordillera, Colombia", Geología Colombiana, 17: 65–86, retrieved 2017-03-31
• Piraquive, Alejandro; Díaz, Juan Sebastián; Cuéllar, Tomas; Pardo, Germán; Kammer, Andreas (2011), "Reactivación Neógena de estructuras de rift del Cretácico Temprano asociadas con la Falla de Chámeza, Pajarito, Boyacá (Colombia): evidencias tectónicas y bioestratigráficas - Neogene reactivation of Early Cretaceous rift structures associated with the Chámeza Fault, Pajarito, Boyacá (Colombia): tectonic and biostratigraphic evidences" (PDF), Geología Colombiana, 36: 197–216, retrieved 2017-03-31

Jurassic

• Mojica, Jairo; Kammer, Andreas (1995), "Eventos Jurásicos en Colombia" (PDF), Geología Colombiana, 19: 165–172, retrieved 2017-03-31
• Mojica, Jairo (1984), "An outline on the Jurassic in Colombia" (PDF), Geología Colombiana, 13: 129–136, retrieved 2017-03-31

Cuche & Floresta Formations

• Giroud López, Marie Joëlle (2014), El Mar en la Localidad Tipo del Devónico Medio, del Municipio de Floresta - Boyacá, Colombia, Universidad de La Habana, pp. 1–174, retrieved 2017-03-31
• Janvier, Philippe; Villarroel A, Carlos (1998), "Los Peces Devónicos del Macizo de Floresta (Boyacá, Colombia). Consideraciones taxonómicas, bioestratigráficas, biogeográficas y ambientales", Geología Colombiana, 23: 3–18, retrieved 2017-03-31
• Mojica, Jairo; Villarroel A, Carlos (1984), "Contribución al conocimiento de las unidades paleozoicas del área de Floresta (Cordillera Oriental Colombiana; Departamento de Boyacá) y en especial al de la Formación Cuche" (PDF), Geología Colombiana, 13: 55–80, retrieved 2017-03-31
• Morzadec, Pierre; Mergl, Michal; Villarroel, Carlos; Janvier, Philippe; Racheboeuf, Patrick R. (2015), "Trilobites and inarticulate brachiopods from the Devonian Floresta Formation of Colombia: a review" (PDF), Bulletin of Geosciences, 90: 331–358, doi:10.3140/bull.geosci.1515, retrieved 2017-04-04

Cambro-Ordovician

• Borrero, C.; Sarmiento, G.N.; Gómez González, C.; Gutiérrez Marco, J.C. (2007), "Los Conodontos de la Formación El Hígado y su contribución al conocimiento del metamorfismo y la paleogeografía del Ordovícico en la Cordillera Central Colombiana", Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, 29: 39–46, retrieved 2019-03-07
• Moreno Sánchez, Mario; Jesus Gómez Cruz, Arley de; Castillo González, Hardany (2008), "Graptolitos del Ordovícico y geología de los afloramientos del Río Venado (norte del Departamento del Huila)" (PDF), Boletín de Geología, 30: 9–19, retrieved 2019-03-07
• Toro Toro, Luz Mary; Moreno Sánchez, Mario; Gómez Cruz, Arley (2014), "Metagabro del Ariarí, plutonismo MORB, Cordillera Oriental de Colombia" (PDF), Boletín de Geología, 36: _, retrieved 2019-03-07
• Villarroel A., C.; Macia S., C.; Brieva B, J. (1997), "Formación Venado, nueva unidad litoestratigráfica del Ordovícico colombiano", Geología Colombiana, 22: 41–49, retrieved 2019-03-07

Other formations

• Acosta, Jorge E.; Ulloa, Carlos E. (2002), Mapa geológico del Departamento de Cundinamarca 1:250,000 - Memoria Explicativa, INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–108
• Acosta, C.E (1960), "Estratigrafía de García Rovira", Boletín de Geología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 5: 33–40, retrieved 2017-05-03
• Amson, Eli; Carrillo, Juan D.; Jaramillo, Carlos (2016), "Neogene sloth assemblages (Mammalia, Pilosa) of the Cocinetas Basin (La Guajira, Colombia): Implications for the Great American Biotic Interchange" (PDF), Palaeontology, 59 (4): 563–582, Bibcode:2016Palgy..59..563A, doi:10.1111/pala.12244, retrieved 2017-03-31
• Badouin, Cyril; Delanoy, Gérard; Moreno Bedmar, Josep Antón; Pictet, Antoine; Vermeulen, Jean; Conte, Gabriel; Gonnet, Roland; Boselli, Patrick; Bonelli, Marc (2016), "Revision of the Early Cretaceous genera Heminautilus SPATH, 1927, and Josanautilus MARTÍNEZ & GRAUGES, 2006 (Nautilida, Cenoceratidae)" (PDF), Carnets Geologicás, 16 (5): 61–212, doi:10.4267/2042/58977, retrieved 2017-01-20
• Billet, Guillaume; Orliac, Maëva; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; Jaramillo, Carlos (2010), "New observations and reinterpretation on the enigmatic taxon Colombitherium (?Pyrotheria, Mammalia) from Colombia" (PDF), Palaeontology, 59 (2): 319–325, Bibcode:2010Palgy..53..319B, doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00936.x, retrieved 2017-05-17
• Espinel Arias, Valentina; Hurtado Henao, Julian Alberto (2010), Petrografía y análisis facial de las rocas calcáreas aflorantes de la sección Tunja-Villa de Leiva (Boyacá), Universidad de Caldas, pp. 1–102
• García González, Mario; Mier Umaña, Ricardo; Cruz Guevara, Luis Enrique; Vásquez, Mauricio (2009), Informe Ejecutivo - evaluación del potencial hidrocarburífero de las cuencas colombianas, Universidad Industrial de Santander, pp. 1–219
• Gómez Cruz, Arley de Jesús; Bermúdez, Hermann D.; Vega, Francisco J. (2015), "A new species of Diaulax Bell, 1863 (Brachyura: Dialucidae) in the Early Cretaceous of the Rosablanca Formation, Colombia", Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana, 67: 103–112, doi:10.18268/BSGM2015v67n1a8, retrieved 2017-04-04
• Gutiérrez Palma, Diana (1971), Exogyra squamata en el Cretáceo medio de la Cordillera Oriental de Colombia, pp. 69–130, retrieved 2017-05-03
• Gúzman, Walter; Bermúdez, Hermann Darío; Gómez Cruz, Arley de Jesús; Vega, Francisco J. (2016), "Ophthalmoplax (Decapoda: Brachyura: Portunoidea) from the late Campanian, Upper Cretaceous, of Colombia", Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana, 68: 93–103, doi:10.18268/BSGM2016v68n1a11, retrieved 2017-04-04
• Hoffstetter, Robert (1971), Los vertebrados cenozóicos de Colombia: yacimientos, faunas, problemas planteados (PDF), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, pp. 37–62, retrieved 2017-03-31
• Huertas G., Gustavo (1960), "De la flora fosíl de la Sabana", Boletín de Geología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 5: 53–57
• Luque, Javier; Hourdez, Stéphane; Vinn, Olev (2015), "A new fossil bristle worm (Annelida: Polychaeta: Aphroditiformia) from the late Cretaceous of tropical America", Journal of Paleontology, 89 (2): 257–261, Bibcode:2015JPal...89..257L, doi:10.1017/jpa.2014.22, retrieved 2017-04-04
• Monje Durán, Camila; Martínez, Camila; Escapa, Ignacio; Madriñán, Santiago (2016), "Nuevos registros de helechos y coníferas del Cretácico Inferior en la cuenca del Valle Superior del Magdalena, Colombia" (PDF), Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, 38: 29–42, retrieved 2017-03-31
• Moreno Bedmar, J.A; Martínez, R.; Rodríguez, J.V.; Bermúdez, Hermann Durán (2015), Algunos ammonites del Cretácico de la Cordillera Oriental de Colombia, XV Congreso Colombiano de Geología, 2015, pp. _, retrieved 2017-04-06
• Moreno Sánchez, Mario; Gómez Cruz, Arley de Jesús; Gómez Tapias, Jorge (2012), "Reporte de huellas de dinsosaurios en el Santuario de Fauna y Flora de Iguaque, en cercanías de Chíquiza (Boyacá, Colombia)", Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, 33: _, retrieved 2017-05-02
• Moreno Sánchez, Mario; Hincapié Jaramillo, Gustavo (2010), Estudio de isótopos de carbono (delta 13C) y estroncio (87Sr/86Sr) en los depósitos cretáceos-terciarios de la Cordillera Oriental (PDF), Universidad de Caldas, pp. 1–181, retrieved 2017-05-03
• Páramo Fonseca, María Euridice (2013), "Eonatator coellensis nov. sp. (Squamata: Mosasauridae), a new species from the Upper Cretaceous of Colombia" (PDF), Revista Académica Colombiana de Ciencias Naturales, XXXVII: 499–518, retrieved 2017-03-31
• Patarroyo, Pedro (2011), "Sucesión de Amonitas del Cretácico Superior (Cenomaniano-Coniaciano) de la parte más alta de la Formación Hondita y de la Formación Loma Gorda en la Quebrada Bambucá, Aipe - Huila (Colombia)" (PDF), Boletín de Geología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 33: 69–92, retrieved 2017-03-31
• Patarroyo, Pedro; Rojas, Alexis (2007), "La sucesión y la fauna del Turoniano de la Formación San Rafael en Pesca y su comparación con la sección tipo en Samacá (Boyacá-Colombia-S.A.)" (PDF), Geología Colombiana, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 32: 89–96, retrieved 2017-04-05
• Pérez, María E.; Vallejo Pareja, María C.; Carrillo, Juan D.; Jaramillo, Carlos (2017), "A New Pliocene Capybara (Rodentia, Caviidae) from Northern South America (Guajira, Colombia), and its Implications for the Great American Biotic Interchange", Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 24: 111–125, doi:10.1007/s10914-016-9356-7, retrieved 2017-04-04
• Tchegliakova, Nadejda; Pérez, Vladimir (1995), "Registro de la Zona bioestratigrafica Dicarinella concavata (Foraminiferida) en el Extremo noroccidental de Suramerica (Colombia)", Geología Colombiana, 19: 131–143, retrieved 2017-04-06

South American gomphotheres

• Mothé, Dimila; dos Santos Avilla, Leonardo; Asevedo, Lidiane; Borges-Silva, Leon; Rosas, Mariane; Labarca-Encina, Rafael; Souberlich, Ricardo; Soibelzon, Esteban; Roman-Carrion, José Luis; Ríos, Sergio D.; Rincon, Ascanio D.; de Oliveira, Gina Cardoso; Lopes, Renato Pereira (2017). "Sixty years after 'The mastodonts of Brazil': The state of the art of South American proboscideans (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae)". Quaternary International. 443. Elsevier BV: 52–64. Bibcode:2017QuInt.443...52M. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.08.028. hdl:11336/48585. ISSN 1040-6182.
• Mothé, Dimila; Ferretti, Marco P.; Avilla, Leonardo S. (2016b), "The Dance of Tusks: Rediscovery of Lower Incisors in the Pan-American Proboscidean Cuvieronius hyodon Revises Incisor Evolution in Elephantimorpha", PLoS ONE, 11 (1): 1–19, Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1147009M, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147009, PMC 4710528, PMID 26756209
• Mothé, Dimila; Avilla, Leonardo S. (2015), "Mythbusting evolutionary issues on South American Gomphotheriidae (Mammalia: Proboscidea)", Quaternary Science Reviews, 110: 23–35, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.12.013, retrieved 2017-05-07
• Mothé, Dimila; Avilla, Leonardo S.; Cozzuol, Mário; Winck, Gisele R. (2012), "Taxonomic revision of the Quaternary gomphotheres (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) from the South American lowlands", Quaternary International, 276–277: 2–7, Bibcode:2012QuInt.276....2M, doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.05.018, retrieved 2017-05-07
• Lucas, Spencer G (2013), "The palaeobiogeography of South American gomphotheres", Journal of Palaeogeography, 2 (1): 19–40, Bibcode:2013JPalG...2...19L, doi:10.3724/SP.J.1261.2013.00015 (inactive 1 November 2024){{citation}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
• Lucas, Spencer G (2008), "Taxonomic nomenclature of Cuvieronius and Haplomastodon, proboscideans from the Plio-Pleistocene of the New World", Neogene Mammals - New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 44: 409–415, retrieved 2017-05-07

External links

• (in Spanish) Paleontología en Colombia