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This is a list of gomphothere fossils found in South America. Gomphotheres were elephant-like mammals that lived from the Middle Miocene (approximately 12 million years ago) to the Holocene (6000 years BP).
The following species have been described in twentieth and twenty-first century paleontological literature about South America.[2] An alternative proposal is considered within the scientific community,[3][4][5][6] listed below.
Modern classification
Original classification
Formations are ordered according to their youngest age
Age | Formation | Location | Present elevation | Fossils | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Late Pleistocene | Urundel Fm. | Quebrada del Aguay, Salta | 596 m (1,955 ft) | Stegomastodon sp. | |
Río Dulce, Santiago del Estero, Santiago del Estero | 194 m (636 ft) | Stegomastodon platensis | |||
Santa Clara Fm. | Santa Clara del Mar, Mar Chiquita Partido, Buenos Aires | 1 m (3.3 ft) | Stegomastodon platensis | ||
San Nicolás de los Arroyos, Buenos Aires | 10 m (33 ft) | Stegomastodon platensis (TL 1) | |||
Mid to Late Pleistocene | Yupoi Fm. | Arroyo Toropí-Level 3, Bellavista, Corrientes | 61 m (200 ft) | Stegomastodon sp. | |
Luján Fm. | Luján, Buenos Aires | 21 m (69 ft) | Stegomastodon superbus | ||
Playa del Barco, Monte Hermoso, El Conglomerado, Cascada Paleolama, Pehuen Có, Buenos Aires | 1 m (3.3 ft) | Stegomastodon platensis (TL 2) | |||
Aviá Terai, Chaco | 102 m (335 ft) | Stegomastodon platensis | |||
Barranqueras, Chaco | 49 m (161 ft) | Stegomastodon sp. | |||
Charata, Chaco | 100 m (330 ft) | Stegomastodon sp., Stegomastodon cf. platensis | |||
Castelli, Chaco | 100 m (330 ft) | Stegomastodon cf. platensis | |||
Pleistocene | El Palmar Fm. | Estancia El Palmar, Entre Ríos | 29 m (95 ft) | Stegomastodon platensis | |
Punta Piedras, Punta Indio, Buenos Aires | 1 m (3.3 ft) | Stegomastodon sp. | |||
Río Carcarañá, Río Tercero, Santa Fe | 65 m (213 ft) | Mastodon sp. | |||
Bajada de Santa Fe, Entre Ríos | 12 m (39 ft) | Stegomastodon sp. | |||
Pampa de Olaen, Córdoba | 900 m (3,000 ft) | cf. Notiomastodon platensis | |||
Arroyo Feliciano Fm. | San José de Feliciano, Entre Ríos | 50 m (160 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi | ||
Tapalqué, Buenos Aires | 95 m (312 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi | |||
Arroyo Perucho Verna Fm. | Villa Elisa, Entre Ríos | 27 m (89 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi | ||
Charbonier Fm. | Valle de Los Reartes, Córdoba | 870 m (2,850 ft) | Stegomastodon platensis ("=Notiomastodon sp.") | ||
Tafí del Valle Fm. | Tafí del Valle, Tucumán | 2,000 m (6,600 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | ||
Age | Formation | Location | Present elevation | Fossils | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pleistocene | Río Rujero, Tarija | 1,718 m (5,636 ft) | Cuvieronius hyodon | ||
Ulloma Fm. | Río Desaguadero, Ulloma, Oruro | 3,880 m (12,730 ft) | Cuvieronius hyodon | ||
Anzaldo, Cochabamba | 3,038 m (9,967 ft) | Cuvieronius sp. | |||
Betanzos Basin, between Potosí and Sucre | 3,390 m (11,120 ft) | Cuvieronius hyodon | |||
Valle de Carohuaycho, between Camiri and Charagua | 1,080 m (3,540 ft) | Cuvieronius "andinum" | |||
Chiquitos | 167 m (548 ft) | Cuvieronius "andinum" | |||
Villa Montes, Tarija | 413 m (1,355 ft) | Notiomastodon platensis | |||
Mid Pleistocene | Ñuapua Fm. | Ñuapua 1, Chuquisaca | 595 m (1,952 ft) | Stegomastodon sp. | |
Early Pleistocene | Tarija Fm. | Tarija, Tarija | 973 m (3,192 ft) | Cuvieronius hyodon, C. tropicus, Notiomastodon sp., Stegomastodon sp. | |
Age | Formation | Location | Present elevation | Fossils | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Holocene | Lagoa do Rumo/Chapada Diamantina, Baixa Grande, Bahia | 400 m (1,300 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi | ||
Late Pleistocene | Garrincho, São Raimundo Nonato, Piauí | 390 m (1,280 ft) | Haplomastodon chimborazi | ||
Toca da Janela da Barra do Antoniao, São Raimundo Nonato, Piauí | 300 m (980 ft) | Haplomastodon sp. | |||
Gruta dos Brejões, Morro do Chapéu, Bahia | 500 m (1,600 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi | |||
Toca dos Ossos, Ourolândia, Bahia | 770 m (2,530 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi | |||
Fazenda Suse II, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia | 900 m (3,000 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi | |||
Janaúba, Minas Gerais | 580 m (1,900 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi | |||
Gruta do Ingá, Pains, Minas Gerais | 700 m (2,300 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi | |||
Poté, Minas Gerais | 560 m (1,840 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi | |||
Lapa do Caetano, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais | 685 m (2,247 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi | |||
Lajedo de Escada, Apodi, Rio Grande do Norte | 122 m (400 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi ("= Notiomastodon platensis") | |||
Caverna do Japonês & Nascente do Formoso, Serra da Bodoquena, Bonito, Mato Grosso do Sul | 373 m (1,224 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi | |||
Picos II, Piranhas, Alagoas | 255 m (837 ft) | Notiomastodon platensis | |||
Touro Passo Fm. | Touro Passo Creek, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul | 52 m (171 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | ||
Pleistocene | Aguas do Araxá, Minas Gerais | 973 m (3,192 ft) | Haplomastodon waringi, Stegomastodon waringi | ||
Inajá Fm. | Inajá, Pernambuco | 355 m (1,165 ft) | Haplomastodon chimborazi | ||
Lage Grande, Pesqueira, Pernambuco | 740 m (2,430 ft) | Haplomastodon chimborazi, Notiomastodon vidali | |||
Roçado & Quixabinha, Petrolândia, Pernambuco | 320 m (1,050 ft) | Haplomastodon sp. | |||
Santa Cruz do Capibaribe & Panelas, Pernambuco | 440 m (1,440 ft) | Haplomastodon sp. (="Stegomastodon") | |||
Águas Belas & Santa Maria da Boa Vista, Pernambuco | 360 m (1,180 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
Lagoa das Pedras, Salgueiro, Pernambuco | 430 m (1,410 ft) | Haplomastodon waringi | |||
Lagoa Lajinha, Petrolina, Pernambuco | 390 m (1,280 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi "(=H. waringi)" | |||
Fazenda Nova, Brejo da Madre de Deus, Pernambuco | 470 m (1,540 ft) | Stegomastodon sp. "(=Haplomastodon sp.)", S. waringi, Notiomastodon platensis | |||
Jirau & João Cativo, Itapipoca, Ceará | 65 m (213 ft) | Notiomastodon platensis | |||
Taguara/Araras, Nova Mamoré & Porto Velho, Rondônia | 150 m (490 ft) | Notiomastodon platensis | |||
Sitio Novo, Matina, Bahia | 490 m (1,610 ft) | Notiomastodon platensis | |||
Vitória da Conquista, Bahia | 950 m (3,120 ft) | Notiomastodon platensis | |||
Fazenda Caraíba, Coronel João Sá, Bahia | 266 m (873 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi, Notiomastodon platensis | |||
Serro do Gronda, Espírito Santo | 25 m (82 ft) | Haplomastodon chimborazi | |||
Taperoá, Paraíba | 530 m (1,740 ft) | Haplomastodon sp. | |||
Upper Ribeira, São Paulo | 360 m (1,180 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi | |||
Tortonian | Solimões Fm. | Río Acre, Acre | 274 m (899 ft) | Amahuacatherium peruvium | |
Age | Formation | Location | Present elevation | Fossils | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pleistocene | Taguatagua, O'Higgins | 206 m (676 ft) | C. hyodon (rev. Stegomastodon sp.) | ||
Tierras Blancas & Los Vilos, La Ligua, Valparaíso | 943 m (3,094 ft) | C. hyodon (rev. Stegomastodon sp.) | |||
Parral, Cauquenes, Maule | 150 m (490 ft) | Cuvieronius hyodon | |||
San Pablo de Tramalhué, Pilauco Bajo, Osorno | 14 m (46 ft) | Cuvieronius hyodon | |||
Río Bueno, Valdivia | 10 m (33 ft) | Cuvieronius hyodon | |||
Paredones & Colchagua | 55 m (180 ft) | Cuvieronius hyodon | |||
Alto de Boroa, Temuco | 131 m (430 ft) | Cuvieronius hyodon | |||
Limahuida, Río Choapa | 282 m (925 ft) | Cuvieronius hyodon | |||
Casablanca | 313 m (1,027 ft) | Cuvieronius hyodon | |||
Chillán | 138 m (453 ft) | Cuvieronius hyodon | |||
Monte Verde | 59 m (194 ft) | C. hyodon (rev. Stegomastodon sp.) | |||
Lagunillas, Valparaíso | 212 m (696 ft) | cf. hyodon | |||
Catapilco, La Ligua | 103 m (338 ft) | cf. hyodon | |||
Marchigüe, Colchagua | 170 m (560 ft) | Stegomastodon sp. | |||
El Trebal 1, Padre Hurtado, Metropolitan Region | 424 m (1,391 ft) | Stegomastodon platensis | |||
Río Salado 1, Chiu Chiu | 3,012 m (9,882 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
Quebrada Quereo Fm. | Quereo | 20 m (66 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | ||
Malloco, Santiago | 482 m (1,581 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
Algarrobo | 5 m (16 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
Melipilla | 269 m (883 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
Cerrillos, Santiago | 516 m (1,693 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
Chorro de la Vieja, Colchagua | 1,813 m (5,948 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
Cachagua | 5 m (16 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
Estero de Coyanco, Laja | 121 m (397 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
Pliocene | Las Pozas/Chacabuco | 695 m (2,280 ft) | C. tropicus (rev. Stegomastodon sp.) | ||
Age | Formation | Location | Present elevation | Fossils | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mid to Late Pleistocene | Tablazo Fm. | Río Cañas, Montecristi, Manabí | 100 m (330 ft) | Haplomastodon chimborazi | |
Pleistocene | Imbabura, Imbabura | 3,200 m (10,500 ft) | Cuvieronius hyodon (TL) | ||
Region de La Paz, Carchi | 2,690 m (8,830 ft) | Haplomastodon chimborazi | |||
Hacienca Pucará, Carchi | 3,000 m (9,800 ft) | Haplomastodon chimborazi | |||
Calderón/Carapungo, Quito, Pichincha | 2,630 m (8,630 ft) | Haplomastodon chimborazi | |||
Alangasí, Quito, Pichincha | 2,539 m (8,330 ft) | Haplomastodon chimborazi | |||
Punín, Chalán, Chimborazo | 2,994 m (9,823 ft) | Haplomastodon chimborazi | |||
Tumbaco, Pichincha | 2,360 m (7,740 ft) | Haplomastodon chimborazi | |||
Llano Chico, Quito, Pichincha | 2,610 m (8,560 ft) | Haplomastodon chimborazi | |||
Quebrada La Tola, Quito, Pichincha | 2,343 m (7,687 ft) | Haplomastodon chimborazi | |||
Checa, Pichincha | 2,520 m (8,270 ft) | Haplomastodon chimborazi | |||
La Carolina, Santa Elena | 5 m (16 ft) | Haplomastodon guayasensis | |||
Tanque Loma, Santa Elena | 21 m (69 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. (cf. N. platensis) | |||
Quebrada Pistud, Bolívar, Carchi | 2,760 m (9,060 ft) | Haplomastodon chimborazi | |||
Baños, Cuenca | 2,760 m (9,060 ft) | Cuvieronius hyodon | |||
Age | Formation | Location | Present elevation | Fossils | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pleistocene | General Bruguer/Riacho Negro, Presidente Hayes | 55 m (180 ft) | Stegomastodon sp. | ||
Puerto Santa Rosa, San Pedro | 72 m (236 ft) | cf. Notiomastodon | |||
Age | Formation | Location | Present elevation | Fossils | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Late Pleistocene | La Brea, Talara, Piura | 3 m (9.8 ft) | Stegomastodon sp. | ||
Cupinisque Desert, La Libertad | 2 m (6.6 ft) | Stegomastodon sp. | |||
Ocucaje, Ica | 500 m (1,600 ft) | Stegomastodon sp. | |||
Quebrada El Jahuay, Arequipa | 1 m (3.3 ft) | Stegomastodon sp. | |||
La Huaca, Piura | 17 m (56 ft) | Stegomastodon sp. | |||
Ayusbamba, Cuzco | 3,500 m (11,500 ft) | Cuvieronius hyodon | |||
Quipan, Canta, Lima | 2,200 m (7,200 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi | |||
Pasamayo Quarry, Lima | 10 m (33 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi | |||
Pleistocene | Sacaco 2, Arequipa | 750 m (2,460 ft) | Stegomastodon sp. | ||
Celendín, Cajamarca | 2,500 m (8,200 ft) | Stegomastodon sp. | |||
Tortonian | Madre de Dios Fm. | Cerro Colorado, Madre de Dios | 300 m (980 ft) | Amahuacatherium peruvium | |
Age | Formation | Location | Present elevation | Fossils | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Late Pleistocene | Dolores Fm. | Campo Viñoles, Cerro Largo | 105 m (344 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi | |
Mid to Late Pleistocene | Casil Quarry, Montevideo | 17 m (56 ft) | Stegomastodon waringi | ||
Age | Formation | Location | Present elevation | Fossils | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Late Pleistocene | Cucuruchú, Barquisimeto | 566 m (1,857 ft) | Haplomastodon chimborazi ("=Stegomastodon") | ||
Taima-Taima, Falcón | 40 m (130 ft) | Haplomastodon sp., (=)Stegomastodon waringi | |||
San Miguel, Lara | 998 m (3,274 ft) | ?Stegomastodon sp. | |||
Quíbor, Lara | 694 m (2,277 ft) | ?Stegomastodon sp. | |||
Quebrada de Guadalupe, Lara | 590 m (1,940 ft) | Stegomastodon sp. | |||
San Juan de los Morros, Guárico | 450 m (1,480 ft) | Stegomastodon sp. | |||
Los Guamos, Trujillo | 1,200 m (3,900 ft) | ?Cuvieronius sp. | |||
Minas de Guaniamo, Cedeño, Bolívar | 250 m (820 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
Los Guayos, Guacara, Carabobo | 440 m (1,440 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
Zanja de Lira, Cojedes | 70 m (230 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
La Ciénega, Pueblo Nuevo , Falcón | 60 m (200 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
Coro, Falcón | 28 m (92 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
Camaguán, Guárico | 50 m (160 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
Barbacoas, Lara | 1,500 m (4,900 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
Carora, Lara | 425 m (1,394 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
La Cruz, Guardagallos, Quebrada del Totumo, Urdaneta, Lara | 185 m (607 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
El Anís, Mérida | 499 m (1,637 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
Maturín, Monagas | 90 m (300 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
Mundo Nuevo, Monagas | 900 m (3,000 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
Orocual, Monagas | 145 m (476 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
Cumanacoa, Sucre | 231 m (758 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
Agua Viva, Trujillo | 120 m (390 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
Serranía del Perijá, Zulia | 175 m (574 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
Minas de Guasare-Socuy, Zulia | 26 m (85 ft) | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||
Some authors, Lucas, Mothé, Avilla et al., propose a reclassification of the South American gomphotheres as follows:[3][4][5][6]
Other researchers as Labarca, Prado and Alberdi agree with the placement of species into Notiomastodon, but reject the idea of a single species. They continue to use Stegomastodon waringi for South American gomphotheres from Chile.[90]
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