List of gomphothere fossils in South America

This is a list of gomphothere fossils found in South America. Gomphotheres were elephant-like mammals that lived from the Middle Miocene (approximately 12 million years ago) to the Holocene (6000 years BP).

Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in South America, modern classification by Mothé et al^[1]
Amahuacatherium peruvium
Cuvieronius hyodon
Notiomastodon platensis
Gomphotheriidae indet.

The following species have been described in twentieth and twenty-first century paleontological literature about South America.^[2] An alternative proposal is considered within the scientific community,^[3][4][5][6] listed below.

Modern classification

• Cuvieronius (Osborn 1923)
  • C. hyodon (Fischer 1814) (type)
• Notiomastodon (Cabrera 1929)
  • N. platensis (Mothé et al. 2012) (type)

Former classification

Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in South America, as reported
Amahuacatherium peruvium
Cuvieronius hyodon
C. tropicus
Haplomastodon sp.
  H. chimborazi
  H. guayasensis
  H. waringi
cf. Notiomastodon (platensis)
Stegomastodon sp.
  S. platensis
  S. superbus
  S. waringi
Haplomastodon & Stegomastodon
Cuvieronius & Haplomastodon
Haplomastodon & Notiomastodon
Cuvieronius, Notiomastodon & Stegomastodon
Gomphotheriidae indet.

Original classification

• Gomphotheriidae
  • Cuvieroniinae
    • Cuvieronius (Osborn 1923)
      • C. arellanoi (Ochoterena & Silva 1970)
      • C. hyodon (=C. humboldti) (Fischer 1814) (type)
      • C. priestleyi (Hay & Cook 1930)
      • C. tarijensis (Cabrera 1929)
      • C. tropicus (Cope 1884) (=C. oligobunis (Cope 1893))
    • Haplomastodon (Hoffstetter 1950)
      • H. chimborazi (Proaño 1922)
      • H. guayasensis (Hoffstetter 1952)
      • H. waringi (Holland 1920) (type)
    • Notiomastodon (Cabrera 1929)
      • N. ornatus (=S. platensis)
      • N. platensis (Mothé et al. 2012) (type)
      • N. vidali (Castellanos 1948)
    • Stegomastodon (Pohlig 1912)
      • S. mirificus (Leidy 1858) (= "S. successor, S. arizonae, S. texanus") (type)
      • S. platensis (Ameghino 1888)
      • S. primitivus (Osborn 1936) (=S. rexroadensis)
      • S. superbus (Casamiguela et al. 1996)
      • S. waringi (Hoffstetter 1950)

Gomphothere fossil finds

Formations are ordered according to their youngest age

Argentina

T

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C

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RD

SC

SN

PP

Q

PdB

RC

Ta

VR

AP

BS

AF

O

Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Argentina
Notiomastodon (cf) platensis
Stegomastodon sp.
  S. platensis (TL)
  S. superbus
  S. waringi
Gomphotheriidae indet.

Age	Formation	Location	Present elevation	Fossils	Notes
Late Pleistocene	Urundel Fm.	Quebrada del Aguay, Salta	596 m (1,955 ft)	Stegomastodon sp.	[7]
		Río Dulce, Santiago del Estero, Santiago del Estero	194 m (636 ft)	Stegomastodon platensis	[8] [note 1]
	Santa Clara Fm.	Santa Clara del Mar, Mar Chiquita Partido, Buenos Aires	1 m (3.3 ft)	Stegomastodon platensis	[9]
		San Nicolás de los Arroyos, Buenos Aires	10 m (33 ft)	Stegomastodon platensis (TL 1)	[9] [note 1]
Mid to Late Pleistocene	Yupoi Fm.	Arroyo Toropí-Level 3, Bellavista, Corrientes	61 m (200 ft)	Stegomastodon sp.	[10][11]
	Luján Fm.	Luján, Buenos Aires	21 m (69 ft)	Stegomastodon superbus	[12][13]
		Playa del Barco, Monte Hermoso, El Conglomerado, Cascada Paleolama, Pehuen Có, Buenos Aires	1 m (3.3 ft)	Stegomastodon platensis (TL 2)	[14][15] [note 1]
		Aviá Terai, Chaco	102 m (335 ft)	Stegomastodon platensis	[16][17]
		Barranqueras, Chaco	49 m (161 ft)	Stegomastodon sp.	[16][18]
		Charata, Chaco	100 m (330 ft)	Stegomastodon sp., Stegomastodon cf. platensis	[16][19]
		Castelli, Chaco	100 m (330 ft)	Stegomastodon cf. platensis	[16][20]
Pleistocene	El Palmar Fm.	Estancia El Palmar, Entre Ríos	29 m (95 ft)	Stegomastodon platensis	[21][22] [23][24]
		Punta Piedras, Punta Indio, Buenos Aires	1 m (3.3 ft)	Stegomastodon sp.	[25]
		Río Carcarañá, Río Tercero, Santa Fe	65 m (213 ft)	Mastodon sp.	[26][27] [note 1]
		Bajada de Santa Fe, Entre Ríos	12 m (39 ft)	Stegomastodon sp.	[27]
		Pampa de Olaen, Córdoba	900 m (3,000 ft)	cf. Notiomastodon platensis	[28]
	Arroyo Feliciano Fm.	San José de Feliciano, Entre Ríos	50 m (160 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi	[22][29]
		Tapalqué, Buenos Aires	95 m (312 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi	[22]
	Arroyo Perucho Verna Fm.	Villa Elisa, Entre Ríos	27 m (89 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi	[22]
	Charbonier Fm.	Valle de Los Reartes, Córdoba	870 m (2,850 ft)	Stegomastodon platensis ("=Notiomastodon sp.")	[30]
	Tafí del Valle Fm.	Tafí del Valle, Tucumán	2,000 m (6,600 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[31]

Bolivia

T

RR

U

Ñ

A

B

V

C

VM

Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Bolivia
Cuvieronius hyodon (="C. andinum")
Notiomastodon platensis
Stegomastodon sp.
Cuvieronius, Notiomastodon & Stegomastodon

Age	Formation	Location	Present elevation	Fossils	Notes
Pleistocene		Río Rujero, Tarija	1,718 m (5,636 ft)	Cuvieronius hyodon	[32]
	Ulloma Fm.	Río Desaguadero, Ulloma, Oruro	3,880 m (12,730 ft)	Cuvieronius hyodon	[33][34]
		Anzaldo, Cochabamba	3,038 m (9,967 ft)	Cuvieronius sp.	[35]
		Betanzos Basin, between Potosí and Sucre	3,390 m (11,120 ft)	Cuvieronius hyodon	[33]
		Valle de Carohuaycho, between Camiri and Charagua	1,080 m (3,540 ft)	Cuvieronius "andinum"	[33]
		Chiquitos	167 m (548 ft)	Cuvieronius "andinum"	[36]
		Villa Montes, Tarija	413 m (1,355 ft)	Notiomastodon platensis	[37]
Mid Pleistocene	Ñuapua Fm.	Ñuapua 1, Chuquisaca	595 m (1,952 ft)	Stegomastodon sp.	[38][39]
Early Pleistocene	Tarija Fm.	Tarija, Tarija	973 m (3,192 ft)	Cuvieronius hyodon, C. tropicus, Notiomastodon sp., Stegomastodon sp.	[40] [41][42]

Brazil

BG

JB

G

B

O

S

J

GI

P

LP

LE

JF

TP

I

LG

It

A

TA

SN

SG

T

UR

Ac

Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Brazil
Amahuacatherium peruvium
Haplomastodon sp.
  H. chimborazi
Notiomastodon platensis
Stegomastodon waringi
Haplomastodon & Notiomastodon
Haplomastodon & Stegomastodon
Gomphotheriidae indet.

Age	Formation	Location	Present elevation	Fossils	Notes
Holocene		Lagoa do Rumo/Chapada Diamantina, Baixa Grande, Bahia	400 m (1,300 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi	[43][44] [45]
Late Pleistocene		Garrincho, São Raimundo Nonato, Piauí	390 m (1,280 ft)	Haplomastodon chimborazi	[46] [note 1]
		Toca da Janela da Barra do Antoniao, São Raimundo Nonato, Piauí	300 m (980 ft)	Haplomastodon sp.	[47][48] [note 1]
		Gruta dos Brejões, Morro do Chapéu, Bahia	500 m (1,600 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi	[49][50]
		Toca dos Ossos, Ourolândia, Bahia	770 m (2,530 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi	[49][51]
		Fazenda Suse II, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia	900 m (3,000 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi	[52]
		Janaúba, Minas Gerais	580 m (1,900 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi	[49][53]
		Gruta do Ingá, Pains, Minas Gerais	700 m (2,300 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi	[54][55] [56] [note 1]
		Poté, Minas Gerais	560 m (1,840 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi	[49][57]
		Lapa do Caetano, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais	685 m (2,247 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi	[58] [59][60] [note 1]
		Lajedo de Escada, Apodi, Rio Grande do Norte	122 m (400 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi ("= Notiomastodon platensis")	[61][62]
		Caverna do Japonês & Nascente do Formoso, Serra da Bodoquena, Bonito, Mato Grosso do Sul	373 m (1,224 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi	[49][63] [64]
		Picos II, Piranhas, Alagoas	255 m (837 ft)	Notiomastodon platensis	[65]
	Touro Passo Fm.	Touro Passo Creek, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul	52 m (171 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[66]
Pleistocene		Aguas do Araxá, Minas Gerais	973 m (3,192 ft)	Haplomastodon waringi, Stegomastodon waringi	[67] [68][69] [note 1]
	Inajá Fm.	Inajá, Pernambuco	355 m (1,165 ft)	Haplomastodon chimborazi	[70]
		Lage Grande, Pesqueira, Pernambuco	740 m (2,430 ft)	Haplomastodon chimborazi, Notiomastodon vidali	[71][72] [73][74] [note 1]
		Roçado & Quixabinha, Petrolândia, Pernambuco	320 m (1,050 ft)	Haplomastodon sp.	[71]
		Santa Cruz do Capibaribe & Panelas, Pernambuco	440 m (1,440 ft)	Haplomastodon sp. (="Stegomastodon")	[71][75]
		Águas Belas & Santa Maria da Boa Vista, Pernambuco	360 m (1,180 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[72]
		Lagoa das Pedras, Salgueiro, Pernambuco	430 m (1,410 ft)	Haplomastodon waringi	[72][76]
		Lagoa Lajinha, Petrolina, Pernambuco	390 m (1,280 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi "(=H. waringi)"	[72]
		Fazenda Nova, Brejo da Madre de Deus, Pernambuco	470 m (1,540 ft)	Stegomastodon sp. "(=Haplomastodon sp.)", S. waringi, Notiomastodon platensis	[77][78] [79]
		Jirau & João Cativo, Itapipoca, Ceará	65 m (213 ft)	Notiomastodon platensis	[78]
		Taguara/Araras, Nova Mamoré & Porto Velho, Rondônia	150 m (490 ft)	Notiomastodon platensis	[78] [note 1]
		Sitio Novo, Matina, Bahia	490 m (1,610 ft)	Notiomastodon platensis	[44]
		Vitória da Conquista, Bahia	950 m (3,120 ft)	Notiomastodon platensis	[44]
		Fazenda Caraíba, Coronel João Sá, Bahia	266 m (873 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi, Notiomastodon platensis	[80][81]
		Serro do Gronda, Espírito Santo	25 m (82 ft)	Haplomastodon chimborazi	[82]
		Taperoá, Paraíba	530 m (1,740 ft)	Haplomastodon sp.	[83]
		Upper Ribeira, São Paulo	360 m (1,180 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi	[84][85]
Tortonian	Solimões Fm.	Río Acre, Acre	274 m (899 ft)	Amahuacatherium peruvium	[86]

Chile

RS

E

T

TB

P

O

RB

C

Pa

Te

Li

M

La

LP

Ch

T

Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Chile
Cuvieronius hyodon
Stegomastodon sp.
Gomphotheriidae indet.

Age	Formation	Location	Present elevation	Fossils	Notes
Pleistocene		Taguatagua, O'Higgins	206 m (676 ft)	C. hyodon (rev. Stegomastodon sp.)	[87][88] [note 1]
		Tierras Blancas & Los Vilos, La Ligua, Valparaíso	943 m (3,094 ft)	C. hyodon (rev. Stegomastodon sp.)	[87][88] [note 1]
		Parral, Cauquenes, Maule	150 m (490 ft)	Cuvieronius hyodon	[87]
		San Pablo de Tramalhué, Pilauco Bajo, Osorno	14 m (46 ft)	Cuvieronius hyodon	[87] [note 1]
		Río Bueno, Valdivia	10 m (33 ft)	Cuvieronius hyodon	[87]
		Paredones & Colchagua	55 m (180 ft)	Cuvieronius hyodon	[87]
		Alto de Boroa, Temuco	131 m (430 ft)	Cuvieronius hyodon	[87]
		Limahuida, Río Choapa	282 m (925 ft)	Cuvieronius hyodon	[87]
		Casablanca	313 m (1,027 ft)	Cuvieronius hyodon	[87]
		Chillán	138 m (453 ft)	Cuvieronius hyodon	[89]
		Monte Verde	59 m (194 ft)	C. hyodon (rev. Stegomastodon sp.)	[87][88] [note 1]
		Lagunillas, Valparaíso	212 m (696 ft)	cf. hyodon	[87]
		Catapilco, La Ligua	103 m (338 ft)	cf. hyodon	[87]
		Marchigüe, Colchagua	170 m (560 ft)	Stegomastodon sp.	[88] [note 1]
		El Trebal 1, Padre Hurtado, Metropolitan Region	424 m (1,391 ft)	Stegomastodon platensis	[90]
		Río Salado 1, Chiu Chiu	3,012 m (9,882 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[91]
	Quebrada Quereo Fm.	Quereo	20 m (66 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[87][92]
		Malloco, Santiago	482 m (1,581 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[87]
		Algarrobo	5 m (16 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[87]
		Melipilla	269 m (883 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[87]
		Cerrillos, Santiago	516 m (1,693 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[87]
		Chorro de la Vieja, Colchagua	1,813 m (5,948 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[87]
		Cachagua	5 m (16 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[87]
		Estero de Coyanco, Laja	121 m (397 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[87]
Pliocene		Las Pozas/Chacabuco	695 m (2,280 ft)	C. tropicus (rev. Stegomastodon sp.)	[88][93] [note 1]

Colombia

M

Sa

Ca

V

Cú

Y

Tu

R

Ti

C

S

To

A

M

Ta

Tr

Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Colombia
Haplomastodon sp.
  H. chimborazi
  H. waringi
Stegomastodon sp.
  S. waringi
Cuvieronius & Haplomastodon
Gomphotheriidae indet.

Age	Formation	Location	Present elevation	Fossils	Notes
Holocene	Quaternary alluvium	Yumbo, Valle del Cauca	855 m (2,805 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi	[94][95]
		Turbaná, Bolívar	80 m (260 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi	[96][97] [note 1]
Late Pleistocene (Lujanian)	Sabana Fm.	Tibitó, Checua, Bosa, Guasca, Guatavita, Soacha, Tunjuelito, Pubenza & Mosquera, Tocancipá, Bogotá savanna, Cundinamarca	2,600 m (8,500 ft)	Cuvieronius hyodon, Haplomastodon waringi or H. chimborazi	[94][98] [99][100] [note 1]
		Curití, Santander	1,400 m (4,600 ft)	Haplomastodon chimborazi	[98][101]
	Soatá Fm.	Soatá, Boyacá	1,950 m (6,400 ft)	Haplomastodon waringi	[102][103] [104][105]
	Rotinet Fm.	Rotinet, Repelón, Atlántico	8 m (26 ft)	Haplomastodon waringi	[106][107] [108]
Middle Pleistocene		Tocaima, Cundinamarca	432 m (1,417 ft)	Haplomastodon waringi	[109][110] [note 1]
Pleistocene		Arboleda, Nariño	2,170 m (7,120 ft)	Haplomastodon sp.	[94] [note 1]
		Mercaderes, Cauca	1,170 m (3,840 ft)	Haplomastodon sp.	[94]
		El Remolino, Taminango, Nariño	1,470 m (4,820 ft)	Haplomastodon sp.	[94] [note 1]
		Toro, Valle del Cauca	970 m (3,180 ft)	Stegomastodon sp.	[94]
		Medellín, Antioquia	1,500 m (4,900 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[94]
		El Cocuy, Boyacá	2,750 m (9,020 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[94]
		Duitama, Boyacá	2,600 m (8,500 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[94]
		Sáchica, Boyacá	2,150 m (7,050 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[111]
		Socotá, Boyacá	2,440 m (8,010 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[94]
		Tunja, Boyacá	2,820 m (9,250 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[94]
		Villa de Leyva, Boyacá	2,150 m (7,050 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[94]
		Salamina, Caldas	1,820 m (5,970 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[94]
		Fusagasugá, Cundinamarca	1,750 m (5,740 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[112]
		Carrizal, Uribia, La Guajira	53 m (174 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[94]
		Cabrera & San Alfonso, Villavieja, Huila	430 m (1,410 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[94]
		Cúcuta, Norte de Santander	320 m (1,050 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[113]
		Pamplona, Norte de Santander	2,340 m (7,680 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[94]
		Agualinda, Lebrija, Santander	1,050 m (3,440 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[111]
		Vélez, Santander	2,050 m (6,730 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[94]
		Ibagué, Tolima	1,280 m (4,200 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[94]
		Ortega, Tolima	2,680 m (8,790 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[94]
		La Victoria, Valle del Cauca	900 m (3,000 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[94]
		Zarzal, Valle del Cauca	900 m (3,000 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[94]

Ecuador

I

B

M

LP

H

P

Q

TL

LC

QP

Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Ecuador
Cuvieronius hyodon (TL)
Haplomastodon chimborazi
H. guayasensis
Gomphotheriidae indet.

Age	Formation	Location	Present elevation	Fossils	Notes
Mid to Late Pleistocene	Tablazo Fm.	Río Cañas, Montecristi, Manabí	100 m (330 ft)	Haplomastodon chimborazi	[114][115]
Pleistocene		Imbabura, Imbabura	3,200 m (10,500 ft)	Cuvieronius hyodon (TL)	[116]
		Region de La Paz, Carchi	2,690 m (8,830 ft)	Haplomastodon chimborazi	[117][118]
		Hacienca Pucará, Carchi	3,000 m (9,800 ft)	Haplomastodon chimborazi	[117][119]
		Calderón/Carapungo, Quito, Pichincha	2,630 m (8,630 ft)	Haplomastodon chimborazi	[117][120]
		Alangasí, Quito, Pichincha	2,539 m (8,330 ft)	Haplomastodon chimborazi	[117][121] [note 1]
		Punín, Chalán, Chimborazo	2,994 m (9,823 ft)	Haplomastodon chimborazi	[117][122] [note 1]
		Tumbaco, Pichincha	2,360 m (7,740 ft)	Haplomastodon chimborazi	[117][123]
		Llano Chico, Quito, Pichincha	2,610 m (8,560 ft)	Haplomastodon chimborazi	[117][124]
		Quebrada La Tola, Quito, Pichincha	2,343 m (7,687 ft)	Haplomastodon chimborazi	[117][125]
		Checa, Pichincha	2,520 m (8,270 ft)	Haplomastodon chimborazi	[117][126]
		La Carolina, Santa Elena	5 m (16 ft)	Haplomastodon guayasensis	[117][127] [note 1]
		Tanque Loma, Santa Elena	21 m (69 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet. (cf. N. platensis)	[128]
		Quebrada Pistud, Bolívar, Carchi	2,760 m (9,060 ft)	Haplomastodon chimborazi	[129] [note 1]
		Baños, Cuenca	2,760 m (9,060 ft)	Cuvieronius hyodon	[130]

Paraguay

G

P

Location of gomphothere fossil finds in Paraguay
cf. Notiomastodon
Stegomastodon sp.

Age	Formation	Location	Present elevation	Fossils	Notes
Pleistocene		General Bruguer/Riacho Negro, Presidente Hayes	55 m (180 ft)	Stegomastodon sp.	[131][132] [133][134] [note 1]
		Puerto Santa Rosa, San Pedro	72 m (236 ft)	cf. Notiomastodon	[135]

Peru

CC

S

T

H

Ce

Cu

O

J

A

Q

P

Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Peru
Amahuacatherium peruvium
Cuvieronius hyodon
Stegomastodon sp. "=Haplomastodon"^[136]
  S. waringi

Age	Formation	Location	Present elevation	Fossils	Notes
Late Pleistocene		La Brea, Talara, Piura	3 m (9.8 ft)	Stegomastodon sp.	[136][137]
		Cupinisque Desert, La Libertad	2 m (6.6 ft)	Stegomastodon sp.	[136]
		Ocucaje, Ica	500 m (1,600 ft)	Stegomastodon sp.	[136]
		Quebrada El Jahuay, Arequipa	1 m (3.3 ft)	Stegomastodon sp.	[136] [note 1]
		La Huaca, Piura	17 m (56 ft)	Stegomastodon sp.	[136] [note 1]
		Ayusbamba, Cuzco	3,500 m (11,500 ft)	Cuvieronius hyodon	[138]
		Quipan, Canta, Lima	2,200 m (7,200 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi	[139] [note 1]
		Pasamayo Quarry, Lima	10 m (33 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi	[140]
Pleistocene		Sacaco 2, Arequipa	750 m (2,460 ft)	Stegomastodon sp.	[141][142]
		Celendín, Cajamarca	2,500 m (8,200 ft)	Stegomastodon sp.	[136][143]
Tortonian	Madre de Dios Fm.	Cerro Colorado, Madre de Dios	300 m (980 ft)	Amahuacatherium peruvium	[144]

Uruguay

V

C

Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Uruguay
Stegomastodon waringi

Age	Formation	Location	Present elevation	Fossils	Notes
Late Pleistocene	Dolores Fm.	Campo Viñoles, Cerro Largo	105 m (344 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi	[145][146] [note 1]
Mid to Late Pleistocene		Casil Quarry, Montevideo	17 m (56 ft)	Stegomastodon waringi	[147][148] [149]

Venezuela

MG

Gu

Z

PN

Co

Ca

EA

M

MN

O

Cm

SP

GS

Q

G

SJ

LG

C

T

Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Venezuela
?Cuvieronius sp.
Haplomastodon chimborazi
H. sp. &/= Stegomastodon waringi
Stegomastodon sp.
Gomphotheriidae indet.

Age	Formation	Location	Present elevation	Fossils	Notes
Late Pleistocene		Cucuruchú, Barquisimeto	566 m (1,857 ft)	Haplomastodon chimborazi ("=Stegomastodon")	[150][151]
		Taima-Taima, Falcón	40 m (130 ft)	Haplomastodon sp., (=)Stegomastodon waringi	[151][152] [153] [154][155] [note 1]
		San Miguel, Lara	998 m (3,274 ft)	?Stegomastodon sp.	[151]
		Quíbor, Lara	694 m (2,277 ft)	?Stegomastodon sp.	[151]
		Quebrada de Guadalupe, Lara	590 m (1,940 ft)	Stegomastodon sp.	[151]
		San Juan de los Morros, Guárico	450 m (1,480 ft)	Stegomastodon sp.	[151] [note 1]
		Los Guamos, Trujillo	1,200 m (3,900 ft)	?Cuvieronius sp.	[151]
		Minas de Guaniamo, Cedeño, Bolívar	250 m (820 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[151]
		Los Guayos, Guacara, Carabobo	440 m (1,440 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[151]
		Zanja de Lira, Cojedes	70 m (230 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[151]
		La Ciénega, Pueblo Nuevo [es], Falcón	60 m (200 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[151]
		Coro, Falcón	28 m (92 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[151]
		Camaguán, Guárico	50 m (160 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[151]
		Barbacoas, Lara	1,500 m (4,900 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[151]
		Carora, Lara	425 m (1,394 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[151]
		La Cruz, Guardagallos, Quebrada del Totumo, Urdaneta, Lara	185 m (607 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[151]
		El Anís, Mérida	499 m (1,637 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[151]
		Maturín, Monagas	90 m (300 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[151]
		Mundo Nuevo, Monagas	900 m (3,000 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[151]
		Orocual, Monagas	145 m (476 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[151]
		Cumanacoa, Sucre	231 m (758 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[151]
		Agua Viva, Trujillo	120 m (390 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[151]
		Serranía del Perijá, Zulia	175 m (574 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[151]
		Minas de Guasare-Socuy, Zulia	26 m (85 ft)	Gomphotheriidae indet.	[151]

Proposed reclassification

Some authors, Lucas, Mothé, Avilla et al., propose a reclassification of the South American gomphotheres as follows:^[3][4][5][6]

• Stegomastodon (Pohlig, 1912) is an exclusively North American genus
• Haplomastodon (Hoffstetter 1950) is a South American genus, but synonymous with Notiomastodon (Cabrera 1929)
• as Notiomastodon was defined earlier, all Haplomastodon species should be considered part of Notiomastodon
• all formerly described species as Stegomastodon sp., Haplomastodon sp. and Notiomastodon sp. belong to a single species; Notiomastodon platensis
• Cuvieronius is the only remaining South American genus outside of Notiomastodon, containing the single local species C. hyodon

Other researchers as Labarca, Prado and Alberdi agree with the placement of species into Notiomastodon, but reject the idea of a single species. They continue to use Stegomastodon waringi for South American gomphotheres from Chile.^[90]

Evolution

• Lucas (2010, 2013) proposes that Notiomastodon evolved from Cuvieronius inside South America^[3]
• Mothé et al. (2012, 2015, 2016) propose that Notiomastodon and Cuvieronius reached South America in two separate migration waves^[156]

Gallery

• 
  Global distribution Gomphotheriidae
• 
  Cuvieronius hyodon
• 
  Notiomastodon
• 
  Notiomastodon
• 
  Notiomastodon and Stegomastodon
• 
  Reconstructed gomphotheres, Osorno, Chile

See also

• Gomphothere
• Great American Biotic Interchange
• South American land mammal ages
• List of fossil primates of South America