1531

Year 1531 (MDXXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	15th century 16th century 17th century
Decades:	1510s 1520s 1530s 1540s 1550s
Years:	1528 1529 1530 1531 1532 1533 1534

August 22: The Battle of Obertyn is fought between Poland and Moldova

1531 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar	1531 MDXXXI
Ab urbe condita	2284
Armenian calendar	980 ԹՎ ՋՁ
Assyrian calendar	6281
Balinese saka calendar	1452–1453
Bengali calendar	938
Berber calendar	2481
English Regnal year	22 Hen. 8 – 23 Hen. 8
Buddhist calendar	2075
Burmese calendar	893
Byzantine calendar	7039–7040
Chinese calendar	庚寅年 (Metal Tiger) 4228 or 4021     — to — 辛卯年 (Metal Rabbit) 4229 or 4022
Coptic calendar	1247–1248
Discordian calendar	2697
Ethiopian calendar	1523–1524
Hebrew calendar	5291–5292
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1587–1588
- Shaka Samvat	1452–1453
- Kali Yuga	4631–4632
Holocene calendar	11531
Igbo calendar	531–532
Iranian calendar	909–910
Islamic calendar	937–938
Japanese calendar	Kyōroku 4 (享禄４年)
Javanese calendar	1449–1450
Julian calendar	1531 MDXXXI
Korean calendar	3864
Minguo calendar	381 before ROC 民前381年
Nanakshahi calendar	63
Thai solar calendar	2073–2074
Tibetan calendar	阳金虎年 (male Iron-Tiger) 1657 or 1276 or 504     — to — 阴金兔年 (female Iron-Rabbit) 1658 or 1277 or 505

Events

October 11: Second War of Kappel

January–March

• January 15 – The third session of the Reformation Parliament of King Henry VIII of England is opened.
• January 26 – 1531 Lisbon earthquake: More than 30,000 people are killed in Portugal in an earthquake and subsequent tsunami.^[1]
• February 27 – Lutheran princes in the Holy Roman Empire form an alliance known as the Schmalkaldic League.^[2][3]
• February or March – Battle of Antukyah: Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi of the Adal Sultanate defeats the Ethiopian army.^[4]
• March 28 – In India, the fortress of Mandu, capital of the Malwa Sultanate, falls as Malwa's Sultan Mahmúd II and his sons surrender to Bahadur Shah of Gujarat.^[5][6]
• March 31 – King Henry VIII gives royal assent to numerous acts at the close of the session of the English Parliament, including the Poisoning Act 1530 (providing for boiling to death people convicted of poisioning other persons); the Vagabonds Act 1530 (permitting licensed begging by certified disabled and elderly people); the Egyptians Act 1530 to allow the expulsion of gypsies; and the Bridges Act 1530 for maintenance of bridges.^[7]

April–June

• April 12 – In the Songhai Empire that rules most of West Africa and the Niger River valley, the Emperor Askiya Musa is assassinated by his brothers after less than two years on the throne. Askia Mohammad Benkan is enthroned the same day.^[8]
• April 16 – The city of Puebla, Mexico, is founded.^[9]
• April – Battle of Puná: Francisco Pizarro defeats the native inhabitants of the island of Puná, off of the coast of what is now the South American nation of Ecuador.^[10]
• May 18 – The third Dalecarlian rebellion in Sweden is settled on St. Eric's Day at Arboga in Denmark when King Christian II returns church bells, confiscated earlier to pay Denmark's debts, to the villages in rebellion.^[11][12]
• May 27 – (11th waxing of Nayon 893 ME) Minkhaung of Mrauk-U, the Burmese King of Arakan since 1521, is killed in a coup d'etat by the rebellious Governor of Thandwe, Min Pa.^{[13] [14]}
• June 24 – The city of San Juan del Río, Mexico, is founded.^[15]

July–September

• July 25 – The city of Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico is founded.^[16]
• August 22 – Battle of Obertyn: The Moldavians are defeated by Polish forces under Jan Tarnowski, allowing the Poles to recapture Pokucie.^[17]
• August 26 – Comet Halley achieves its perihelion.^[18]
• September 15 – The first Parliament of Ireland in more than nine years is opened at Kilkea Castle, near Castledermot, County Kildare, and continues until its adjournment on October 31.^[19]
• September 16 – (5th waxing of Thadingyut 893 ME) In Burma (now Myanmar), the formal coronation of General Min Pa as King Min Bin of Arakan takes place in the Arakan capital, Mrauk U.^[20]
• September 24 – At the age of 35, King Gustav I Vasa of Sweden is married for the first time, taking Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg as his bride on her 18th birthday.^[21]

October–December

• October 11 – Battle of Kappel: The forces of Zürich are defeated by the Catholic cantons. Huldrych Zwingli, the Swiss religious reformer, is killed.^[22]
• October 28 – Battle of Amba Sel: Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi again defeats the army of Dawit II, Emperor of Ethiopia. The southern part of Ethiopia thus falls under Imam Ahmad's control.
• November 5 – Christian II`s invasion force arrives in Oslo.^[23][24]
• December 9 – The Virgin of Guadalupe first appears to Juan Diego at Tepeyac, Mexico City.^[25][26]
• December 12 – Mary, mother of Jesus, in the guise of Our Lady of Guadalupe, appears imprinted on the tilmàtli of Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin, an Aztec convert to Catholicism, in Tepeyac near Mexico City.^[27]

Date unknown

• Andrea Alciato publishes Emblemata.^[28]
• Conquistador Francisco de Montejo claims Chichen Itza as capital of Spanish-ruled Yucatán.^[29]
• The University of Sarajevo is founded by Gazi Husrev-beg based on Sufi philosophy.^[30]
• Kõpu Lighthouse is completed.^[31][32]
• A severe drought in Henan province, China, coupled with a gigantic swarm of locusts in the summer, forces many in destitute agricultural communities to turn to cannibalism to avoid dying by starvation.^[33]
• Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor abolishes the worst abuses of the encomienda system, by pressure of Bartolomé de las Casas.
• A witch-hunt is conducted in the town of Schiltach, Germany.

• In present-day Czech Republic, the Zástřizl family held Bohdalice and Pavlovice from 1413 until 1531.^[34][35]

Births

Maria of Austria, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg

Anna d'Este

• January 26 – Jens Bille, Danish servant and poet (d. 1575)^[36]
• April 6 – Wolfgang, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (d. 1595)^[37]
• May 15 – Maria of Austria, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, daughter of Emperor Ferdinand I (d. 1581)^[38]
• May 20 – Viceroy Thado Minsaw of Ava (d. 1584)
• June 1 – János Zsámboky, Hungarian scholar (d. 1584)^[39]
• July 17 – Antoine de Créqui Canaples, French Catholic cardinal (d. 1574)^[40]
• July 22 – Leonhard Thurneysser, German scholar and quack at the court of John George, Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1595)^[41]
• September 2 – Francesco Cattani da Diacceto, Bishop of Fiesole (d. 1595)^[42]
• September 4 – Hans Fugger, German businessman (d. 1598)^[43]
• September 14 – Philipp Apian, German mathematician and medic (d. 1589)^[44]
• Late September – Henry Stanley, 4th Earl of Derby, English noble and diplomat (d. 1594)^[45]
• October 7 – Scipione Ammirato, Italian historian (d. 1601)^[46]
• October 12 – Jacques de Savoie, 2nd Duc de Nemours (d. 1585)^[47]
• October 25 – Matthew Wesenbeck, Belgian jurist (d. 1586)^[48]
• October 27 – Herbert Duifhuis, Dutch minister (d. 1581)^[49]
• November 14 – Richard Topcliffe, English torturer (d. 1604)^[50]
• November 16 – Anna d'Este, duchess consort of Nemours (d. 1607)^[51]
• November 18 – Roberto di Ridolfi, Italian conspirator against Elizabeth I of England (d. 1612)^[52]
• November 29 – Johannes Letzner, German Protestant priest and historian (d. 1613)^[53]
• December – Hendrick van Brederode, Dutch noble (d. 1568)^[54]
• December 6 – Vespasiano I Gonzaga, Italian noble and diplomat (d. 1591)^[55]
• December 10 – Henry IX, Count of Waldeck (d. 1577)
• date unknown
  • Akiyama Nobutomo, Japanese nobleman (d. 1575)^[56]
  • António, Prior of Crato, claimant to the throne of Portugal (d. 1595)
  • John Popham, Lord Chief Justice of England (d. 1607)^[57]
  • Şehzade Cihangir, Ottoman prince (d. 1553)^[58]

Deaths

Huldrych Zwingli

Johannes Oecolampadius

• January 14 – Walraven II van Brederode, Dutch noble (b. 1462)^[59]
• January 31 – Edward Sutton, 2nd Baron Dudley (b. 1460)^[60]
• February 16 – Johannes Stöffler, German mathematician (b. 1452)^[61]
• March – María Pacheco, Spanish heroine and defender of Toledo (b. 1496)^[62]
• March 6 – Pedrarias Dávila, Spanish colonial administrator (b. c. 1440)^[63]
• May 19 – Jan Łaski, Polish statesman and diplomat (b. 1456)^[64]
• May 20 – Guy XVI, Count of Laval (b. 1476)^[65]
• May 10 – George I, Duke of Pomerania from the House of Griffins (b. 1493)^[66]
• July 7 – Tilman Riemenschneider, German sculptor (b. 1460)^[67]
• July 17 – Hosokawa Takakuni, Japanese military commander (b. 1484)
• July 23 – Louis de Brézé, seigneur d'Anet, Marshal of Normandy and husband of Diane de Poitiers^[68]
• August 30 – Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, 3rd Duke of the Infantado, Spanish noble (b. 1461)^[69]
• September 18 – Lorenzo Pucci, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1458)^[70]
• September 22 – Louise of Savoy, French regent (b. 1476)^[71]
• October 11 – Huldrych Zwingli, Swiss reformer (in battle) (b. 1484)^[22]
• November 24 – Johannes Oecolampadius, German religious reformer (b. 1482)^[72]
• November 28 – Hedwig of Münsterberg-Oels, German noble (b. 1508)^[73]
• December 1 – Maud Green, English noble (b. 1492)^[74]
• date unknown
  • Henrique of Kongo, bishop (b. 1495)^[75]
  • Eva von Isenburg, sovereign Princess Abbess of Thorn Abbey
  • Bars Bolud Jinong, Mongol khan (b. 1490)
  • Vallabha Acharya, Indian founder of the Hindu Vallabha sect (b. 1479)^[76]
  • Gerónimo de Aguilar, Spanish Franciscan friar who participated in the Spanish conquest of Mexico (b. 1489)^[77]
• probable
  • Fernán Pérez de Oliva, Spanish man of letters (b. 1492)^[78]
  • Antonio Pigafetta, Italian navigator (b. 1491)

References

1. Thomas Downing Kendrick (1957). The Lisbon Earthquake. Lippincott. p. 144.
2. McEntegart, Rory (2002). Henry VIII, the League of Schmalkalden, and the English Reformation. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-86193-255-9. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
3. Herzog, Johann Jakob (1857). Real-encyklopädie für protestantische theologie und kirche: In verbindung mit vielen protestantischen theologen und gelehrten (in German). R. Besser. p. 390. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
4. The Asiatic Quarterly Review. Oriental Institute. 1905. p. 445. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
5. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: James Macnabb Campbell, ed. (1896). "II. ÁHMEDÁBÁD KINGS. (A. D. 1403–1573.)". History of Gujarát. Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency. Vol. I(II). The Government Central Press. pp. 254–257. Archived from the original on September 19, 2018. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
6. Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). The Mughul Empire, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, ISBN 81-7276-407-1, pp.391-398
7. Raithby, John, ed. (1811). The statutes at large, of England and of Great Britain: from Magna Carta to the union of the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. III. From Hen.VIII.A.D.1509-10.—To 7 Edw.VI.1553. George Eyre and Andrew Strahan. p. 89.
8. Hunwick, John O. (January 1, 2003). Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Saʿdi's Taʾrīkh Al-Sūdān Down to 1613, and Other Contemporary Documents. BRILL. p. 124. ISBN 978-90-04-12822-4. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
9. Marley, David F. (September 12, 2005). Historic Cities of the Americas. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 288. ISBN 978-1-57607-574-6. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
10. Burr Cartwright Brundage (1963). Empire of the Inca. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 378. ISBN 978-0-8061-1924-3.
11. The Historians' History of the World, Volume 11, ed. by Henry Smith Williams (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1926) pp.286-287
12. Linder, Nils; Rosén, John; Westrin, Theodor; Olsson, Bror Ferdinand; Meijer, Bernhard (1880). Nordisk familjebok: konversationslexikon och realencyklopedi, innehållande upplysningar och förklaringar om märkvärdiga namn, föremål och begrepp (in Swedish). Expeditionen af Nordisk familjebok. pp. 816–817. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
13. Rakhine Razawin Thit (Sandamala Linkara Vol. 2 1999: 29)
14. Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. p. 140.
15. "Historia". www.sanjuandelrio.gob.mx. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
16. Cubas, Antonio García (1890). Diccionario geográfico, histórico y biográfico de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (in Spanish). Murguia. p. 400. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
17. Constantin C. Giurescu; Horia C. Matei; Marcel D. Popa (1972). Chronological History of Romania. Editura enciclopedică română, National Commission of the Socialist Republic of Romania for UNESCO. p. 100.
18. Ganganatha Jha Research Institute (1946). The Journal of the Ganganatha Jha Research Institute. Honorary Secretary, Ganganatha Jha Research Institute. p. 20.
19. Curtis, Edmund; McDowell, Robert Brendan (1968). Irish historical documents, 1172-1922. Barnes & Noble. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-416-03360-1.
20. Sandamala Linkara, Ashin (1931). Rakhine Yazawinthit Kyan (in Burmese). Vol. 1–2 (1997–1999 ed.). Yangon: Tetlan Sarpay.
21. Katarina, urn:sbl:12404, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Ivan Svalenius), hämtad 2016-12-26.
22. B. J. Van der Walt (1991). Anatomy of Reformation: Flashes and Fragments of a Reformational Worldview. Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-86822-036-6.
23. Heise, Arnold (1916). "Christian II". Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon. 4 (2 ed.): 886–890.
24. Lockhart, Paul Douglas (August 23, 2007). Denmark, 1513-1660: The Rise and Decline of a Renaissance Monarchy. OUP Oxford. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-19-153382-2. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
25. Hastings, Adrian (July 5, 2000). A World History of Christianity. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 342. ISBN 978-0-8028-4875-8. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
26. Mong, Ambrose (January 2, 2018). "Our Lady of Guadalupe: model of inculturation". International Journal for the Study of the Christian Church. 18 (1): 67–83. doi:10.1080/1474225X.2018.1493764. ISSN 1474-225X. S2CID 149488177. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
27. Literatura mexicana (in Spanish). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, Centro de Estudios Literarios. 1990. p. 16. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
28. "Alciato at Glasgow: Alciato, Andrea: Emblematum liber (1531)". www.emblems.arts.gla.ac.uk. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
29. The Rough Guide to Cancun and the Yucatan: Includes the Maya Sites of Tabasco & Chiapas. Penguin. September 1, 2011. p. 275. ISBN 978-1-4053-8260-1. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
30. Dizdar, Srebren (1998). A Development and Perspectives of Teacher Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Ministry of Education, Science, Culture and Sports. p. 2. ISBN 978-9958-11-061-0. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
31. "Kõpu Lighthouse". IALA Heritage. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
32. Ebelt, Thomas (November 15, 2018). Lighthouses of Europe. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-4729-5875-4. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
33. Brook, Timothy (1998). The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China. University of California Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-520-22154-3. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
34. Maňhalová, Dagmar (2003). Z dějin Bohdalic - 666. let od první písemné zmínky o obci (in Czech). OÚ Bohdalice.
35. Noga, Karel (January 1, 2001). "Z minulosti tvrze a zámku v Bohdalicích". Vyškovský sborník II (in Czech). pp. 71–72. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
36. Bricka, Carl Frederik (1888). Dansk biografisk lexikon: tillige omfattende Norge for tidsrummet 1537-1814 (in Danish). F. Hegel & Søn. p. 232. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
37. Ersch, Johann Samuel; Gruber, Johann Gottfried (1992). Allgemeine Enzyklopädie Der Wissenschaften und Künste: In Alphabetischer Folge Von Genannten Schriftstellern (in German). Akademische Druck-u. Verlagstalt. p. 42. ISBN 978-3-201-00093-2. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
38. Beiträge zur Geschichte des Niederrheins: Jahrbuch des Düsseldorfer Geschichtsvereins (in German). Der Verein. 1895. p. 32. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
39. Sgarbi, Marco (October 27, 2022). Encyclopedia of Renaissance Philosophy. Springer Nature. p. 3578. ISBN 978-3-319-14169-5. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
40. "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of March 12, 1565". cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
41. Der Bär von Berlin: Jahrbuch des Vereins für die Geschichte Berlins (in German). Verein für die Geschichte Berlins. 1963. p. 29. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
42. "CATTANI DA DIACCETO, Francesco". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved August 12, 2023.
43. Lieb, Norbert (1958). Die Fugger und die kunst: Im zeitalter der hohen renaissance (in German). Schnell & Steiner. p. 69. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
44. Günther, Siegmund (1882). Peter und Philipp Apian, zwei deutsche Mathematiker u. Kartographen: Ein Beitrag zur Gelehrten-Geschichte des xvi. Jahrhunderts (in German). Verlag der Kön. Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften. p. 81. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
45. "Stanley, Henry, fourth earl of Derby". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26272. Retrieved August 8, 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
46. Baudrillart, Alfred; Meyer, Albert de; Aubert, Roger (1914). Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques (in French). Letouzey et Ané. p. 1307. ISBN 978-2-7063-0157-5. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
47. Vester, Matthew Allen (2008). Jacques de Savoie-Nemours: l'apanage du Genevois au cœur de la puissance dynastique savoyarde au XVIe siècle (in French). Librairie Droz. p. 42. ISBN 978-2-600-01211-9. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
48. Feenstra, R. (2011). "Portretten van juristen uit de oude Nederlanden". Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis. 79: 129–135. doi:10.1163/157181911X563084. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
49. Van der Aa, A.J. (1858). Biographical dictionary of the Netherlands (in Dutch). Vol. 4. Harlem: J.J. van Brederode. p. 379. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
50. "TOPCLIFFE, Richard (1531-1604), of Somerby, Lincs. and Westminster. | History of Parliament Online". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved October 26, 2021.
51. Coester, Christiane (August 19, 2014). Schön wie Venus, mutig wie Mars: Anna d'Este, Herzogin von Guise und von Nemours (1531-1607) (in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 56. ISBN 978-3-486-84058-2. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
52. Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sir Sidney (1909). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 16. Oxford University Press. p. 1176. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
53. Kirstan, Ralf (January 5, 2015). Die Welt des Johannes Letzner: Ein lutherischer Landpfarrer und Geschichtsschreiber des 16. Jahrhunderts (in German). Wallstein Verlag. p. 51. ISBN 978-3-8353-2734-4. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
54. Aa, Abraham Jacob van der (1855). Biographisch woordenboek der Nederlanden (in Dutch). Vol. 2. Haarlem: J.J. van Brederode. p. 1249. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
55. Le Tombe Ed I Monumenti Illustri D'Italia (in Italian). Milan: Bettoni. 1822. p. 146. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
56. 戦国人名辞典 (in Japanese). 吉川弘文館. 1973. p. 8. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
57. "Popham, Sir John". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/22543. Retrieved August 8, 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
58. Peirce, Leslie P. (2017). Empress of the east : how a European slave girl became queen of the Ottoman Empire. New York: Basic Books. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-465-03251-8. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
59. Kronijk van het Historisch Genootschap gevestigd te Utrecht (in Dutch). Kemink en Zoon. 1876. p. 415. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
60. The Ancestry of Allen Grinnell Cleaver and Martha Irene Jessup: 172 Allied Families. Gateway Press. 1989. p. 986. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
61. Allgemeine deutsche Biographie: Steinmetz - Stürenburg. 36 (in German). Duncker & Humblot. 1893. p. 317. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
62. Lafuente, Modesto (1888). Historia general de España: desde los tiempos primitivos hasta la muerte de Fernando VII (in Spanish). Montaner y Simón, Editores. p. 132. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
63. Burguet, José Luis; Barquilla, José Barrado; Suárez, Bernardo Fueyo (2006). Influencia lascasiana en el siglo XVI (in Spanish). Editorial San Esteban. p. 220. ISBN 978-84-8260-178-6. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
64. Szymanowski, Wojciech (1851). Dykcyonarz biograficzny powszechny (in Polish). Glücksberg. p. 45. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
65. de La Trémoille, François (1887). Inventaire de François de La Trémoille, 1542: et comptes d'Anne de Laval, publiés d'après les originaux (in French). E. Grimaud. p. 188. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
66. Plantiko, Otto (1922). Pommersche Reformationsgeschichte (in German). L. Bamberg. p. 38. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
67. "Rimenschneider [Rimschneider], Tilman". Grove Art Online. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
68. DEVILLE, Jean Achille (1833). Tombeaux de la cathédrale de Rouen (in French). Nicetas Periaux. p. 123. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
69. Sliwa, Krzysztof (2006). Vida de Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (in Spanish). Edition Reichenberger. p. 147. ISBN 978-3-937734-13-2. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
70. "PUCCI, Lorenzo". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved August 13, 2023.
71. "Louise Of Savoy | French regent". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
72. Herbermann, Charles George (1913). The Catholic Encyclopedia. Encyclopedia Press. p. 213. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
73. Brann, Marcus (1896). Geschichte der Juden in Schlesien: I -VI (in German). W. Jacobsohn. p. 161. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
74. James, Susan E. (2009). Catherine Parr : Henry VIII's last love. Stroud: The History Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-7524-4853-4. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
75. LaGamma, Alisa (September 16, 2015). Kongo: Power and Majesty. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-58839-575-7. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
76. Flood, Gavin (May 13, 2022). The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. John Wiley & Sons. p. 235. ISBN 978-1-119-14488-5. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
77. McClure, Julia (November 30, 2016). The Franciscan Invention of the New World. Springer. p. 101. ISBN 978-3-319-43023-2. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
78. Bleiberg, Germán; Ihrie, Maureen; Pérez, Janet (1993). Dictionary of the Literature of the Iberian Peninsula. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 1263. ISBN 978-0-313-28732-9. Retrieved August 13, 2023.