Wikipedista:Vachovec1/Pískoviště9
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Nobelova cena za literaturu je jednou z pěti Nobelových cen, udělovanou, dle Nobelovy závěti „za nejvýznačnější literární dílo v ideálním směru“. Jediným Čechem, jemuž byla Nobelova cena za literaturu udělena, je Jaroslav Seifert.
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Rok | Portrét | Laureát | Země | Jazyk(y) | Citace | Žánr(y) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1901 | Sully Prudhomme | Francie Francie | francouzština | "in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect"[1] | poezie, eseje | |
1902 | Theodor Mommsen | Německá říše Německá říše | němčina | "the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A dějiny of Rome"[2] | dějiny, právo | |
1903 | Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson | Norsko Norsko | norština | "as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poezie, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit"[3] | poezie, romány, dramata | |
1904 | Frédéric Mistral | Francie Francie | provensálština | "in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist"[4] | poezie, filologie | |
José Echegaray | Španělsko Španělsko | španělština | "in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish dramata"[4] | dramata | ||
1905 | Henryk Sienkiewicz | Polsko Polsko | polština | "because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer"[5] | romány | |
1906 | Giosuè Carducci | Italské království Italské království | italština | "not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces"[6] | poezie | |
1907 | Rudyard Kipling | Spojené království Spojené království | angličtina | "s ohledem na pozorovací talent, originální představivost jakož i mužnou sílu idejí a pozoruhodný talent pro vyprávění, které charakterizují díla tohoto světoznámého autora"[7] | romány, povídky, poezie | |
1908 | Rudolf Christoph Eucken | Německá říše Německá říše | němčina | "in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic filosofie of life"[8] | filosofie | |
1909 | Selma Lagerlöfová | Švédsko Švédsko | švédština | "in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings"[9] | romány, povídky | |
1910 | Paul von Heyse | Německá říše Německá říše | němčina | "as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatatist, rományist and writer of world-renowned short stories"[10] | poezie, dramata, romány, povídky | |
1911 | Maurice Maeterlinck | Belgie Belgie | francouzština | "in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations"[11] | dramata, poezie, eseje | |
1912 | Gerhart Hauptmann | Německá říše Německá říše | němčina | "primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatatic art"[12] | dramata, romány | |
1913 | Rabíndranáth Thákur | Indie Indie | bengálština a angličtina | "because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West"[13] | poezie, romány, dramata, povídky, music, eseje, filosofie, literární kritika, překlady | |
1914 | neuděleno | |||||
1915 | Romain Rolland | Francie Francie | francouzština | "as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings"[14] | romány | |
1916 | Verner von Heidenstam | Švédsko Švédsko | švédština | "in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature"[15] | poezie, romány | |
1917 | Karl Adolph Gjellerup | Dánsko Dánsko | dánština | "for his varied and rich poezie, which is inspired by lofty ideals"[16] | poezie | |
Henrik Pontoppidan | Dánsko Dánsko | dánština | "for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Dánsko"[16] | romány | ||
1918 | neuděleno | |||||
1919 | Carl Spitteler | Švýcarsko Švýcarsko | němčina | "in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring"[17] | poezie | |
1920 | Knut Hamsun | Norsko Norsko | norština | "for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil"[18] | romány | |
1921 | Anatole France | Francie Francie | francouzština | "in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament"[19] | romány, poezie | |
1922 | Jacinto Benavente | Španělsko Španělsko | španělština | "for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish dramata"[20] | dramata | |
1923 | William Butler Yeats | Irsko Irsko | angličtina | "for his always inspired poezie, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation"[21] | poezie | |
1924 | Władysław Reymont | Polsko Polsko | polština | "for his great national epic, The Peasants"[22] | romány | |
1925 | George Bernard Shaw | Irsko Irsko[23] | angličtina | "for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty"[24] | dramata, literární kritika | |
1926 | Grazia Deleddaová | Italské království Italské království | italština | "for her idealistically inspired writings, which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general"[25] | poezie, romány | |
1927 | Henri Bergson | Francie Francie | francouzština | "in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented"[26] | filosofie | |
1928 | Sigrid Undsetová | Norsko Norsko (narozena v Dánsku) |
norština | "principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages"[27] | romány | |
1929 | Thomas Mann | Německá říše Německá říše | němčina | "principally for his great romány, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature"[28] | romány, povídky, eseje | |
1930 | Sinclair Lewis | Spojené státy americké Spojené státy americké | angličtina | "for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters"[29] | romány, povídky, dramata | |
1931 | Erik Axel Karlfeldt | Švédsko Švédsko | švédština | "The poezie of Erik Axel Karlfeldt"[30] | poezie | |
1932 | John Galsworthy | Spojené království Spojené království | angličtina | "for his distinguished art of narration, which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga"[31] | romány | |
1933 | Ivan Bunin | Francie Francie (narozen v Ruském impériu) |
ruština | "for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing"[32] | povídky, poezie, romány | |
1934 | Luigi Pirandello | Itálie Itálie | italština | "for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatatic and scenic art"[33] | dramata, romány, povídky | |
1935 | neuděleno | |||||
1936 | Eugene O'Neill | Spojené státy americké Spojené státy americké | angličtina | "for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy"[34] | dramata | |
1937 | Roger Martin du Gard | Francie Francie | francouzština | "for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his romány cycle Les Thibault"[35] | romány | |
1938 | Pearl S. Bucková | Spojené státy americké Spojené státy americké | angličtina | "for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces"[36] | romány, životopisy | |
1939 | Frans Eemil Sillanpää | Finsko Finsko | finština | "for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature"[37] | romány | |
1940 | neuděleno | |||||
1941 | neuděleno | |||||
1942 | neuděleno | |||||
1943 | neuděleno | |||||
1944 | Johannes Vilhelm Jensen | Dánsko Dánsko | dánština | "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style"[38] | romány, povídky | |
1945 | Gabriela Mistralová | Chile Chile | španělština | "for her lyric poezie, which inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world"[39] | poezie | |
1946 | Hermann Hesse | Švýcarsko Švýcarsko (narozen v Německém císařství) |
němčina | "for his inspired writings, which while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style"[40] | romány, poezie | |
1947 | André Gide | Francie Francie | francouzština | "for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight"[41] | romány, eseje | |
1948 | T. S. Eliot | Spojené království Spojené království (narozen v USA) |
angličtina | "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poezie"[42] | poezie | |
1949 | William Faulkner | Spojené státy americké Spojené státy americké | angličtina | "for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American romány"[43] | romány, povídky | |
1950 | Bertrand Russell | Spojené království Spojené království | angličtina | "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought"[44] | filosofie | |
1951 | Pär Lagerkvist | Švédsko Švédsko | švédština | "for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poezie to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind"[45] | poezie, romány, povídky, dramata | |
1952 | François Mauriac | Francie Francie | francouzština | "for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his románys penetrated the dramata of human life"[46] | romány, povídky | |
1953 | Winston Churchill | Spojené království Spojené království | angličtina | "for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values"[47] | dějiny, eseje, paměti | |
1954 | Ernest Hemingway | Spojené státy americké Spojené státy americké | angličtina | "for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style"[48] | romány, povídky, scénáře | |
1955 | Halldór Laxness | Island Island | islandština | "for his vivid epic power, which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland"[49] | romány, povídky, dramata, poezie | |
1956 | Juan Ramón Jiménez | Španělský stát Španělský stát | španělština | "for his lyrical poezie, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity"[50] | poezie | |
1957 | Albert Camus | Francie Francie (narozen ve Francouzském Alžírsku) |
francouzština | "for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times"[51] | romány, povídky, dramata, filosofie, eseje | |
1958 | Boris Pasternak | Sovětský svaz Sovětský svaz | ruština | "for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poezie and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition"[52] | romány, poezie, překlady | |
1959 | Salvatore Quasimodo | Itálie Itálie | italština | "for his lyrical poezie, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times"[53] | poezie | |
1960 | Saint-John Perse | Francie Francie (narozen na Guadeloupe) |
francouzština | "for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poezie, which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time"[54] | poezie | |
1961 | Ivo Andrić | Jugoslávie Jugoslávie (narozen v Rakousku-Uhersku) |
Serbo-Croatian | "for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the dějiny of his country"[55] | romány, povídky | |
1962 | John Steinbeck | Spojené státy americké Spojené státy americké | angličtina | "for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception"[56] | romány, povídky, scénáře | |
1963 | Giorgos Seferis | Řecko Řecko (narozen v Osmanské říši) |
řečtina | "for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture"[57] | poezie, eseje, paměti | |
1964 | Jean-Paul Sartre | Francie Francie | francouzština | "for his work, which rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age"[58] | romány, povídky, filosofie, dramata, literární kritika, scénáře | |
1965 | Michail Šolochov | Sovětský svaz Sovětský svaz | ruština | "for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people"[59] | romány | |
1966 | Šmu'el Josef Agnon | Izrael Izrael (narozen v Rakousku-Uhersku) |
hebrejština | "for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people"[60] | romány, povídky | |
Nelly Sachsová | Švédsko Švédsko (narozena v Německém císařství) |
němčina | "for her outstanding lyrical and dramatatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength"[60] | poezie, dramata | ||
1967 | Miguel Ángel Asturias | Guatemala Guatemala | španělština | "for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America"[61] | romány, poezie | |
1968 | Yasunari Kawabata | Japonsko Japonsko | japonština | "for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind"[62] | romány, povídky | |
1969 | Samuel Beckett | Irsko Irsko | angličtina and francouzština | "for his writing, which - in new forms for the romány and dramata - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation"[63] | romány, dramata, poezie | |
1970 | Alexandr Solženicyn | Sovětský svaz Sovětský svaz | ruština | "for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature"[64] | romány | |
1971 | Pablo Neruda | Chile Chile | španělština | "for a poezie that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams"[65] | poezie | |
1972 | Heinrich Böll | Západní Německo Západní Německo | němčina | "for his writing, which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature"[66] | romány, povídky | |
1973 | Patrick White | Austrálie Austrálie (narozen ve Spojeném království) |
angličtina | "for an epic and psychological narrative art, which has introduced a new continent into literature"[67] | romány, povídky, dramata | |
1974 | Eyvind Johnson | Švédsko Švédsko | švédština | "for a narrative art, farseeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom"[68] | romány | |
Harry Martinson | Švédsko Švédsko | švédština | "for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos"[68] | poezie, romány, dramata | ||
1975 | Eugenio Montale | Itálie Itálie | italština | "for his distinctive poezie, which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions"[69] | poezie | |
1976 | Saul Bellow | Spojené státy americké Spojené státy americké (narozen v Kanadě) |
angličtina | "for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work"[70] | romány, povídky | |
1977 | Vicente Aleixandre | Španělsko Španělsko | španělština | "for a creative poetic writing, which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poezie between the wars"[71] | poezie | |
1978 | Isaac Bashevis Singer | Spojené státy americké Spojené státy americké Polsko Polsko |
jidiš | "for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life"[72] | romány, povídky, paměti | |
1979 | Odysseas Elytis | Řecko Řecko | řečtina | "for his poezie, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness"[73] | poezie, eseje | |
1980 | Soubor:Czesprávo Milosz 3 ap.tif | Czesław Miłosz | Polsko Polsko | polština | "who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts"[74] | poezie, eseje |
1981 | Elias Canetti | Spojené království Spojené království (narozen v Bulharském knížectví) |
němčina | "for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power"[75] | romány, dramata, paměti, eseje | |
1982 | Gabriel García Márquez | Kolumbie Kolumbie | španělština | "for his románys and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts"[76] | romány, povídky, scénáře | |
1983 | William Golding | Spojené království Spojené království | angličtina | "for his románys, which with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today"[77] | romány, poezie, dramata | |
1984 | Jaroslav Seifert | Československo Československo (narozen v Rakousku-Uhersku) |
čeština | "for his poezie, which endowed with freshness, and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man"[78] | poezie | |
1985 | Claude Simon | Francie Francie (narozen ve Francouzském Madagaskaru) |
francouzština | "who in his romány combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition"[79] | romány | |
1986 | Wole Soyinka | Nigérie Nigérie | angličtina | "who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the dramata of existence"[80] | dramata, romány, poezie | |
1987 | Joseph Brodsky | Spojené státy americké Spojené státy americké (narozen v SSSR) |
ruština and angličtina | "for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity"[81] | poezie, eseje | |
1988 | Naguib Mahfouz | Egypt Egypt | arabština | "who, through works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind"[82] | romány, povídky | |
1989 | Camilo José Cela | Španělsko Španělsko | španělština | "for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability"[83] | romány, povídky | |
1990 | Octavio Paz | Mexiko Mexiko | španělština | "for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity"[84] | poezie, eseje | |
1991 | Nadine Gordimerová | Jižní Afrika Jižní Afrika | angličtina | "who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity"[85] | romány, povídky, eseje | |
1992 | Derek Walcott | Svatá Lucie Svatá Lucie | angličtina | "for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment"[86] | poezie, dramata | |
1993 | Toni Morrisonová | Spojené státy americké Spojené státy americké | angličtina | "who in románys characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality"[87] | romány | |
1994 | Kenzaburó Óe | Japonsko Japonsko | japonština | "who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today"[88] | romány, povídky | |
1995 | Seamus Heaney | Irsko Irsko (narozen v Severním Irsku) |
angličtina | "for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past"[89] | poezie | |
1996 | Wisława Szymborská | Polsko Polsko | polština | "for poezie that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality"[90] | poezie | |
1997 | Dario Fo | Itálie Itálie | italština | "who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden"[91] | dramata | |
1998 | José Saramago | Portugalsko Portugalsko | portugalština | "who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality"[92] | romány, dramata, poezie | |
1999 | Günter Grass | Německo Německo | němčina | "whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of dějiny"[93] | romány, dramata, poezie | |
2000 | Kao Sing-ťien | Francie Francie (od 1998) Čína Čína (1940–1998) |
Chinese | "for an oeuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese romány and dramata"[94] | romány, dramata, literární kritika | |
2001 | V. S. Naipaul | Spojené království Spojené království (narozen v Trinidadu a Tobagu) |
angličtina | "for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories"[95] | romány, eseje | |
2002 | Imre Kertész | Maďarsko Maďarsko | maďarština | "for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of dějiny"[96] | romány | |
2003 | J. M. Coetzee | Austrálie Austrálie Jižní Afrika Jižní Afrika |
angličtina | "who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider"[97] | romány, eseje, překlady | |
2004 | Elfriede Jelineková | Rakousko Rakousko | němčina | "for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in románys and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power"[98] | romány, dramata | |
2005 | Harold Pinter | Spojené království Spojené království | angličtina | "who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms"[99] | dramata, scénáře | |
2006 | Orhan Pamuk | Turecko Turecko | turečtina | "who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures"[100] | romány, scénáře, eseje | |
2007 | Doris Lessingová | Spojené království Spojené království Zimbabwe Zimbabwe (narozena v Persii) |
angličtina | "that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny"[101] | romány, dramata, poezie, povídky, paměti | |
2008 | J. M. G. Le Clézio | Francie Francie Mauricius Mauricius |
francouzština | "author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization"[102] | romány, povídky, eseje, překlady | |
2009 | Herta Müllerová | Německo Německo (narozena v Rumunsku) |
němčina | "who, with the concentration of poezie and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed"[103] | romány, povídky, poezie | |
2010 | Mario Vargas Llosa | Peru Peru Španělsko Španělsko |
španělština | "for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat"[104] | romány, povídky, eseje, dramata, paměti | |
2011 | Tomas Tranströmer | Švédsko Švédsko | švédština | "because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality"[105] | poezie, překlady | |
2012 | Mo Jen | Čína Čína | čínština | "who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, dějiny and the contemporary"[106] | romány, povídky | |
2013 | Alice Munroová | Kanada Kanada | angličtina | "master of the contemporary povídky"[107] | povídky | |
2014 | Patrick Modiano | Francie Francie | francouzština | "for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the occupation"[108] | romány | |
2015 | Světlana Alexijevičová | Bělorusko Bělorusko (narozena v SSSR) |
ruština | "for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time" [109] | dějiny, eseje | |
2016 | Bob Dylan | Spojené státy americké Spojené státy americké | angličtina | "for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition"[110] | poezie, songwriting | |
2017 | Kazuo Ishiguro | Spojené království Spojené království (narozen v Japonsku) | angličtina | "who, in románys of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world"[111] | romány | |
2018 (awarded 2019) | Olga Tokarczuková | Polsko Polsko | polština | “for a narrative imagination that with encyclopedic passion represents the crossing of boundaries as a form of life”[112] | romány, povídky, poezie, eseje | |
2019 | Peter Handke | Rakousko Rakousko | němčina | "for an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience."[113] | romány, povídky, dramata |
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