Pokretljivost je sposobnost organizama da se samostalno kreće, koristeći metaboličku energiju. Ovaj termin uključuje i pokretljivost unutarćelijskih struktura i organela.
Pokretljivosti može se suprotstaviti sesilnost, stanje organizama koji ne posjeduju sredstva za samopokretljivost i koji su obično nepokretni.
Pokretljivost se razlikuje od kretanja, sposobnosti nečega da se premjesti sa jednog na drugo mjesto. Termin pokretljivost uključuje i pokretljivost i kretanje; sesilni organizmi, uključujući biljke i gljive, često imaju pokretne dijelove poput plodova, sjemena ili spora koje mogu raspršiti drugi agensi poput vjetra, vode ili drugih organizama.[2]
Pored životinjske lokomocije, većina životinja su pokretne, mada su neke i skretanja, opisano kao da imaju pasivnu pokretljivost. Mnoge bakterije i drugi mikroorganizmi i višećelijski organizmi su pokretni; neki mehanizmi protoka tečnosti u višećelijskim organima i tkivima takođe se smatraju primerima pokretljivosti, kao i kod peristaltičkepokretljivosti gastrointestinalnog trakta. Pokretne morske životinje obično se nazivaju slobodno plivajućim,[7][8][9] a pokretni neparazitski organizmi nazivaju se slobodno živećim.[10]
Na ćelijskom nivou postoje različiti načini kretanja:
pokretljivost bičevima, pokreti slični plivanju ( naprimjer kod Spermatozoa, podstaknuto redovitim mahanjem njihovih bičeva, ili kod bakterije E. coli, koja pliva okrećući spiralni prokariotski bič)
Rekordne brzine koje postižu, gepardi duguju u velikoj mjeri pokretljivosti njihovih mišića.
Izdanci biljaka se kreću rastući prema svjetlosti. Ovo je poznato kao pozitivni fototropizam. Korijeni rastu dalje od svetlosti. Ovo je poznato kao negativni fototropizam.
Nüsslein-Volhard, Christiane (2006). "6 Form and Form Changes". Coming to life: how genes drive development. San Diego, California: Kales Press. str.75. ISBN978-0979845604. During development, any change in cell shape is preceded by a change in gene activity. The cell's origin and environment that determine which transcription factors are active within a cell, and, hence, which genes are turned on, and which proteins are produced.
E. Cooper, Chris; C. Brown, Guy (oktobar 2008). "The inhibition of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase by the gases carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, hydrogen cyanide and hydrogen sulfide: chemical mechanism and physiological significance". Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes. 40 (5): 533–539. doi:10.1007/s10863-008-9166-6. PMID18839291.
Cooke, Steven J.; Thorstad, Eva B.; Hinch, Scott G. (mart 2004). "Activity and energetics of free-swimming fish: insights from electromyogram telemetry". Fish and Fisheries. 5 (1): 21–52. doi:10.1111/j.1467-2960.2004.00136.x. We encourage the continued development and refinement of devices for monitoring the activity and energetics of free-swimming fish
Carey, Francis G.; Lawson, Kenneth D. (februar 1973). "Temperature regulation in free-swimming bluefin tuna". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. 44 (2): 375–392. doi:10.1016/0300-9629(73)90490-8. PMID4145757. Acoustic telemetry was used to monitor ambient water temperature and tissue temperature in free-swimming bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus Linneaus [sic], 1758) over periods ranging from a few hours to several days.
"About Parasites". Centers for Disease Control. Pristupljeno 29. 9. 2020. Protozoa are microscopic, one-celled organisms that can be free-living or parasitic in nature.
Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Juian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2008). "16". Molecular biology of the cell (5thizd.). New York: Garland Science. str.965. ISBN978-0-8153-4106-2. For cells to function properly, they must organize themselves in space and interact mechanically with their environment... Eucaryotic cells have developed... the cytoskeleton... pulls the chromosomes apart at mitosis and then splits the dividing cell into two... drives and guides intracellular traffic of organelles... enables cells such as sperm to swim and others, such as fibroblasts and white blood cells, to crawl across surfaces. It exhibits wide range of movement
Parsons, Richard (2009). "Unit 5 Section 1". A2-level biology: the revision guide: exam board: Edexcel. Broughton-in-Furness: Coordination Group Publications. str.50. ISBN978-1-84762-264-8. Skeletal muscle is the type of muscle you use to move, e.g. the bicep and triceps move the lower arm. Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tendons. Ligaments attach bones to other bones, to hold them together. Skeletal muscles contract and relax to move bones at a joint.
Vannini, Vanio; Jolly, Richard T.; Pogliani, Giuliano (1994). The new atlas of the human body: a full color guide to the structure of the body. London: Chancellor Press. str.25. ISBN978-1-85152-984-1. The muscle mass is not just concerned with locomotion. It assists in the circulation of blood and protects and confines the visceral organs. It also provides the main shaping component of the human form.
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