農業對環境的影響(英語:Environmental impact of agriculture)中所談論的是由不同的耕作方式對周圍生態系統所產生的影響,以及根據影響狀況,可追溯到採用的耕作方式。.[1]這類影響會因農民的做法及其規模,而有很大差異。若要減緩影響,可採用可持續性農業的做法達到目的。農業對環境產生負面影響是個由來已久的問題,縱然有專家設計創新手段來減少破壞和提高生態效率,但仍然令人擔憂。[2]雖然遊牧式畜牧(英语:pastoralism)對環境較為有利,但現代肉類生產對環境的影響(英语:environmental impact of meat production)程度仍高於著重生產水果、蔬菜和其他生物質的農業活動。由牛糞中氨的排放而造成的環境污染,一直是人們關注的問題。[3]
在種植供人類和動物食用的作物之間,存在對土地等資源的競爭,[24][25][26]其中“全球搶用土地趨勢(global land squeeze)”[27]也會影響到糧食安全。[28]肉類生產,尤其是牛肉的,是導致熱帶雨林遭到砍伐的主要驅動力,[22]其中大約80%轉化的土地是為飼養牛隻而用,[29][30]而自1970年以來,亞馬遜盆地所發生的森林砍伐,其中有91%的土地是為轉化作養牛之用。[31][32]
農藥的負面影響不僅發生在其應用的地區。地表徑流和農藥漂移會把農藥帶入遙遠的水生環境或其他領域、放牧區、人類定居點和未開發地區。其他問題還有對農藥不良的生產、運輸、儲存和棄置的做法。[42]長期重複使用農藥會增加害蟲的抵抗力,而其對其他物種(例如害蟲的天敵)的影響會讓害蟲問題死灰復燃。[43]替代大量使用農藥的做法,例如綜合蟲害管理(英语:integrated pest management)和可持續農業技術(例如混養),可將這些後果減輕,又無須使用有害的毒性化學物質。
農業污染物會進入湖泊、河流、濕地、河口和地下水中,嚴重影響到水質。污染物包括沉積物、營養物質、病原體、農藥、金屬和鹽。[66]畜牧業會產生不成比率的巨量污染物,釋放進入環境(參見畜牧業對環境的影響)。如果放牧、把動物糞便儲存於處理池中以及使用糞便當做田地的肥料,會導致糞便中的細菌和病原體會進入溪流和地下水。[67]因為土地利用變化(例如砍伐森林來開闢油棕種植園)和畜牧業而造成的空氣污染,對氣候變化產生巨大影響(參見農業產生的溫室氣體排放),而在聯合國所屬的政府間氣候變化專門委員會氣候變化和土地特別報告(IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land)中的重點就是如何解決前述的問題。[68]
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Waterlog.info (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Website with free articles and software on environmental impacts of irrigated agriculture like waterlogging and salinization