pastoralism

2017]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-02-02）.  A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa, I. M. Lewis

游牧（nomadic pastoralism）是指通过不确定周期的游居迁徙的方式反复更换牧地，管理一种或几种食草牲畜而获得生活资源的畜牧生产方式。牧民、畜群和天然牧草是形成游牧的基本要素，移动则是游牧自成体系的联系纽带。真正的游牧民族不遵循规则的运动方式，这一点区别于有固定的季节性牧场的移牧。但是

171897. （原始内容存档于2022-10-24） （英语）.  Homewood, Katherine; Rodgers, W.A., Pastoralism, conservation and the overgrazing controversy, Conservation in Africa

Cemeteries on a moving frontier: Mortuary practices and the spread of pastoralism from the Sahara into eastern Africa. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology

describes four stages of culture transition: 1. Hunting and Fishing 2. Pastoralism 3. Agriculture 4. Civilization Skandinaviska Nordens urinvånare (1862-1866)