附加符号或稱變音符號(diacritic、diacritical mark、diacritical point、diacritical sign),是指添加在字母上面的符號,以更改字母的發音或者以區分拼寫相似詞語。例如汉语拼音字母「ü」上面的两个小点,或「á」、「à」字母上面的标调符。
附加符号 | |
变音符号可以放在字母的上方或下方,也可以放在其他的位置。但是注意,並不是所有這些符號都是变音符号。例如字母i和j上面的點是字母本身的一部分,而不是变音符号。另外,在一種語言中,一個符號是变音符号,但是在另外一種語言中則不是。例如,在加泰罗尼亚语、葡萄牙语和西班牙语中,「u」和「ü」是相同的字母,但是在德语、爱沙尼亚语、匈牙利语、土耳其语、波兰语、维吾尔语和阿塞拜疆语中,它們表示不同的字母。
拉丁字母变音符号
主要用作变音符号的标记:
- 重音符號:
- ( ´ )尖音符、銳音符、čárka, dĺžeň, kreska
- 例如á
- ( ˋ )重音符、鈍音符、抑音符
- 例如à
- ( ˆ )扬抑符、折音符、vokáň
- 例如â
- ( ˝ )雙銳音符
- 例如ű
- ( ̏ )雙重音符
- 例如ȁ
- ( ´ )尖音符、銳音符、čárka, dĺžeň, kreska
- ( ¨ )元音變化符、分音符
- 例如ä
- ( ˇ )抑扬符、倒折音符、háček, mäkčeň
- 例如ǎ
- ( ˘ )短音符
- 例如ă
- ( ¯ )長音符、kahakō
- 例如ā
- ( ˍ )
- 例如ṯ
- ( ˚ )上圓圈
- 例如å
- ( ¸ )軟音符
- 例如ç
- ( ˛ )反尾形符
- 例如ą
- (˙),上句點(變音符號),例如 ȧ
- (◌̣),下句點(變音符號),例如 ạ
有些变音符号亦有其他用途:
非拉丁字母的变音符号
- Hamza
- Harakat
- Shadda
- ( ̔ )
- ( ̓ )
- Dagesh
- Mappiq
日語假名:
汉字:
Unicode支援
參考文獻
- Henry Sweet (1877) A Handbook of Phonetics, p 174–175: "Even letters with accents and diacritics [...] being only cast for a few founts, act practically as new letters. [...] We may consider the h in sh and th simply as a diacritic written for convenience on a line with the letter it modifies."
- Nestle, Eberhard (1888). Syrische Grammatik mit Litteratur, Chrestomathie und Glossar. Berlin: H. Reuther's Verlagsbuchhandlung. [translated to English as Syriac grammar with bibliography, chrestomathy and glossary, by R. S. Kennedy. London: Williams & Norgate 1889].
- Coakley, J. F. (2002). Robinson's Paradigms and Exercises in Syriac Grammar (5th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-926129-1.
- Michaelis, Ioannis Davidis (1784). Grammatica Syriaca.
- S.P. Brock, "An Introduction to Syriac Studies", in J.H. Eaton (Ed.,), Horizons in Semitic Studies (1980)
参閲
外部連結
- Context of Diacritics | A research project (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Diacritics Project (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Unicode (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Orthographic diacritics and multilingual computing, by J. C. Wells (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Notes on the use of the diacritics, by Markus Lång (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Entering International Characters (in Linux, KDE)
- Standard Character Set for Macintosh (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) PDF at Adobe.com
- Keyboard Help (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)—Learn how to create world language accent marks and other diacriticals on a computer
- Diacritical marks organized by language (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) and code page.
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