學習嘅現象展現咗認知科學上先天定後天(nature versus nurture)爭論:一方面,人有好多行為都係天生嘅,多數嘅性格特質同智商等嘅個體特性都經已證實咗,起碼局部係天生嘅[37];另一方面,人又好明顯具有學習嘅能力,曉按照自己經歷過嘅嘢改變自己嘅行為[36]。例如係根據研究,五大性格特質(一套廿一世紀初常用嘅性格理論)當中嘅外向度(外向嘅人鍾意講嘢同交際)就有成 54% 係受遺傳因素影響嘅-簡單啲講,有啲人天生就外向,又有啲人係後天學到咁外向嘅,更多人身處呢兩個極端之間[38]。到咗廿一世紀,主流科學界都認同行為係同時受到先天同後天因素影響嘅,但仲係會對「呢個行為係先天因素多定後天因素多」有所爭論[37]。
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