雙帶鰺

雙帶鰺
保護狀況
	; 無危（IUCN 3.1）
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	條鰭魚綱 Actinopteri
目：	鰺形目 Carangiformes
科：	鰺科 Carangidae
屬：	紡綞鰤屬 Elagatis
種：	雙帶鰺 E. bipinnulata
二名法
	Elagatis bipinnulata; (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)
異名
	Seriola bipinnulata; Quoy & Gaimard, 1825; Elagatis bipinnulatus; Quoy & Gaimard, 1825; Irex indicus; Valenciennes, 1862; Seriolichthys bipinnulatus; Quoy & Gaimard, 1825; Micropteryx bipinnulatus; Quoy & Gaimard, 1825;

雙帶鰺（學名：Elagatis bipinnulata），中國大陸俗名纺缍𫚕^[2]，俗名西班牙鰺、虹鰤、夏威夷鮭，為鰺科魚類，廣泛分布於全球熱帶水域。該魚形如紡綞，有兩道橫貫全身的窄帶，背鰭與臀鰭低矮。該魚多棲息於海水中上層，主要以小魚為食，會進行長距離洄游。其成魚的天敵主要為海豚，而幼魚則會面臨諸多大型魚類的捕食。該魚可食用，亦是頗受歡迎的游釣魚。

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雙帶鰺於1825年由法國博物學家讓·勒內·康斯特·蓋伊和約瑟夫·保羅·蓋瑪德（英語：约瑟夫·保罗·盖玛德）正式描述，正模標本產自印度洋馬來群島海域^[3]。彼時命名人認為此種魚應屬於鰤屬，故將其命名為Seriola bipinnulata。1831年，美國博物學家路易·阿加西將其拆至新屬Micropteryx^[4]，但由於此屬名已被用於小翅蛾屬（英語：Micropterix）故未能得到接受^[5]。至1840年，英國生物學家弗雷德里克·德貝爾·本內特（英語：Frederick Debell Bennett）在他的捕鯨航海日誌中將雙帶鰺劃入新創建的雙帶鰺屬Elagatis，此分類維持至今^[6]。該屬名源自希臘語中的「紡綞」一詞^[7]。本內特同時還將該種魚的種加詞改為「bipinnulatus」，但由於該詞與屬名的性不同並未得到採納^[8]。

雙帶鰺為單型種。形態與分子證據均認為雙帶鰺與鰤屬魚類關係密切，二者互為姐妹群^[9]。

雙帶鰺頭部長而尖，尾鰭根部狹窄，形如紡錘^[10]。雙帶鰺背部為深橄欖色至深綠色，向下逐漸變淺，最終在腹部變成純白色。該魚有兩道水平貫穿全身的淺藍色窄帶，這兩道色帶之間為橄欖色至黃色^[11]。該魚有背鰭兩片，第一片一般有6根硬棘，第二片則有1根硬棘和25—30根軟鰭條，其中最後2根軟鰭條特化成獨立的小鰭。約有4%的雙帶鰺孵化時缺少一根硬棘^[12] 。其臀鰭有2根硬棘和18—22根軟條，其中最靠前的1根硬棘和最後方的2根軟條亦特化成獨立的小鰭^[13]。雙帶鰺的背鰭與臀鰭相當低矮，且前者遠大於後者。該魚胸鰭相比其他鰺科魚類而言較小，大約與腹鰭等大，且不呈鐮刀型，共有軟條20根。其腹鰭有1根硬棘和5根分叉的軟條。雙帶鰺尾深叉，有上9下8共17根軟條^[12]。雙帶鰺側線前端略呈拱形，無盾鱗（英語：Scute），其上共有約100枚鱗片^[14]。該魚共有脊椎骨24節^[13]。

雙帶鰺的最大體長目前尚有爭議：大部分資料都認為該魚最大體長在107—120公分之間^[10]^[14]^[13]，但古巴科學院（西班牙語：Academia de Ciencias de Cuba）稱雙帶鰺可長到180公分^[15]。目前雙帶鰺最重的實測記錄為17公斤^[16]。

雙帶鰺廣泛分布於全世界的熱帶水域以及部分亞熱帶水域^[14]：在西大西洋，該魚的分布範圍北至美國麻薩諸塞州，南至巴西東北部，包括墨西哥灣以及巴哈馬群島、百慕達、大安的列斯群島、小安的列斯群島等島礁水域^[13]，向東可達馬卡羅尼西亞^[17]^[18]；該魚在太平洋亦有相當廣泛的分布，但在印度洋安得拉邦近海卻相對罕見^[19]。雙帶鰺在地中海偶有出沒，但無穩定種群。這些個體可能源自馬卡羅尼西亞的種群，或是通過雷賽布遷移自蘇伊士運河進入地中海^[17]^[20]。此外，雙帶鰺亦分佈於臺灣、南海諸島、澎湖群島等海域與廣東省沿岸^[21]。

雙帶鰺會進行長距離洄游。與金槍魚等其他洄游性魚類一樣，雙帶鰺肌肉組織中二十二碳六烯酸含量異常高，這可能是由於該魚一般不在肌肉中儲存脂肪^[22]。其在洄游時常跟隨大團的馬尾藻^[23]。

棲息地

雙帶鰺主要棲息於海洋中上層，深度一般不會超過164公尺^[24]。該魚有時會出沒於開闊水域，但更常見於岩礁和珊瑚礁上方^[19]，且可能在大陸架邊緣形成龐大的魚群^[25]。雙帶鰺的魚苗可能會進入河口灣以躲避天敵^[26]。此外，該魚常跟隨漂浮物活動^[27]。

食性

雙帶鰺為追擊捕食者，其主要獵物為小型魚類，也會捕食頭足類、甲殼類以及海黽（英語：Halobates）^[28]^[29]。西太平洋水域的個體最常取食細鱗圓鰺^[30]，加勒比海和中大西洋水域的個體分別偏好寬帶任氏鯡^[31]和黑鰭飛魚^[32]，而幾內亞灣的個體則主要捕食短體小沙丁魚和對蝦^[33]。此外，該魚有時會與其他掠食性魚類一同捕食成群的獵物^[34]

天敵

砂拉越海豚會捕食成年的雙帶鰺^[35]。雙帶鰺的魚苗則是諸多大型魚類的獵物，包括鐮狀真鯊、黃鰭金槍魚、西福氏石斑魚、條斑鱗鮨、黃敏尾笛鯛、喬氏笛鯛、長鰭鰤、闊步鰺、帶紋普提魚和海鱔^[34]。

生命周期

不同水域的雙帶鰺繁殖季節略有不同，古巴水域的個體在每年春季至早秋繁殖^[36]，而在水溫高於27℃水域的個體則全年均可繁殖，但仍存在一定季節性，如西太平洋水域的個體主要在5月和12月至次年1月繁殖^[30]。該魚一般會洄游至赤道附近水域繁殖^[37]。繁殖時，雙帶鰺會將精子和卵子灑在海水中令其受精^[38]。雙帶鰺的魚苗隨後會借洋流洄游至沿岸地區^[37]。雌性雙帶鰺大約在體長65公分時性成熟^[30]，而雄性雙帶鰺的性成熟體長則由於其性腺發育情況複雜而難以得出定論^[39]。

作為食用魚

雙帶鰺可食用^[10]。密克羅尼西亞卡平阿馬朗伊環礁和努庫奧羅環礁的島民早在3000年前就已開始通過魚叉和圍網捕捉雙帶鰺，但由於其捕撈難度極大該魚並非當地人的主要漁獲。即便如此，該魚仍在當地文化中有重要地位，許多民謠和傳說均以捕捉雙帶鰺為主題^[40]。針對雙帶鰺的商業捕撈稀少，但捕撈金槍魚或鯊魚的漁船常意外捕獲此魚^[41]。菲律賓、哥倫比亞等國也有針對雙帶鰺的小規模捕撈作業^[1]^[42]。捕得的雙帶鰺一般直接出售，也可製成醃魚以及凍魚^[10]。雙帶鰺肉為淡粉色，肉質硬而油膩^[43]。維京群島曾有一例因食用此魚導致西加魚毒中毒的病例^[10]。

作為游釣魚

雙帶鰺可作游釣魚，在美國西海岸近海頗受歡迎^[44]。小魚、魷魚、章魚或切片魚肉均可作為魚餌^[45]，而潛餌、浮餌和飛蠅餌等各種路亞也有效^[46]。雙帶鰺本身亦可作為垂釣旗魚或是金槍魚的餌料^[47]。

種群現狀

目前雙帶鰺種群龐大，在許多熱帶水域均極為常見，加之缺少大規模的商業捕撈，該魚所面臨的風險極低，IUCN將其評為無危^[1]。

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[iucn-1] [1]
Smith-Vaniz, W.F.; Williams, J.T.; Pina Amargos, F.; Curtis, M.; Brown, J. Elagatis bipinnulata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015, 2015: e.T16440027A16510157 [2021-11-19]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T16440027A16510157.en .

[2] [2]
Elagatis bipinnulata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825). 臺灣魚類資料庫. [2024-10-11].

[Zoocat-3] [3]
Hosese, D.F.; Bray, D.J.; Paxton, J.R.; Alen, G.R. Zoological Catalogue of Australia Vol. 35 (2) Fishes. Sydney: CSIRO. 2007: 1150. ISBN 978-0-643-09334-8.

[4] [4]
Micropteryx. WoRMS. [2024-07-04]. （原始內容存檔於2023-05-27）.

[5] [5]
Gray, John Edward. List of the Specimens of British Animals in the Collection of the British Museum: Part VII - Lepidoptera. London: British Museum of Natural History. 1852: 24–25.

[6] [6]
Meek, Seth E.; Bollman, Charles H. Note on Elagatis bipinnulatus. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (Academy of Natural Sciences). 1889, 41: 42–44.

[fb-7] [7]
Elagatis biinnulata, Rainbow runner. Fishbase. [2024-07-22]. （原始內容存檔於2024-07-26）.

[Lin1999-8] [8]
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[9] [9]
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棲息地

食性

天敵

生命周期

作為食用魚

作為游釣魚

種群現狀

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雙帶鰺

棲息地

食性

天敵

生命周期

作為食用魚

作為游釣魚

種群現狀

Wikiwand in your browser!

物種命名

物種分類

外貌描述

分布

生態與習性

與人類的關係

參考文獻

雙帶鰺

保護狀況
無危（IUCN 3.1）^[1]
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	條鰭魚綱 Actinopteri
目：	鰺形目 Carangiformes
科：	鰺科 Carangidae
屬：	紡綞鰤屬 Elagatis
種：	雙帶鰺 E. bipinnulata
二名法
*Elagatis bipinnulata* (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)

異名
Seriola bipinnulata Quoy & Gaimard, 1825 Elagatis bipinnulatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1825 Irex indicus Valenciennes, 1862 Seriolichthys bipinnulatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1825 Micropteryx bipinnulatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1825