根瘤菌

根瘤菌主要指與豆類作物根部共生形成根瘤並能固氮的細菌，一般指根瘤菌屬和慢生根瘤菌屬；兩屬都屬於根瘤菌目。

根瘤菌屬
瓊脂平皿上的熱帶根瘤箘。
科學分類
域：	細菌域 Bacteria
門：	假單胞菌門 Pseudomonadota
綱：	α-變形菌綱 Alphaproteobacteria
目：	根瘤菌目 Rhizobiales
科：	根瘤菌科 Rhizobiaceae
屬：	根瘤菌屬 Rhizobium Frank, 1889
模式種
Rhizobium leguminosarum (Frank, 1879) Frank, 1889
Species [1]
See text.

大豆的根瘤，每一個都含有數十億根瘤菌（Bradyrhizobium）。

根瘤菌侵入寄主根內，刺激根部皮層和中柱鞘的某些細胞，引起這些細胞的強烈生長，使根的局部膨大形成根瘤；根瘤菌在根內定居，植物供給根瘤菌以礦物養料和能源，根瘤菌固定大氣中游離氮氣，為植物提供氮素養料，兩者在拮抗寄生關係中處於均衡狀態而表現共生現象。

根瘤菌細胞呈杆狀，有鞭毛和莢膜，鞭毛為正常的活動器官，無芽孢，革蘭氏染色陰性，屬需氧型。在根瘤中生活的菌體形式多種多樣，有梨形、棍棒型或T、X、Y等型，這種變形的菌體成為類菌體；類菌體在豆科植物體內不生長繁殖，卻能與豆科植物共同固氮，對豆科植物有良好作用。

每種根瘤菌只能與一種或幾種植物建立共生關係，如下表：

根瘤菌種類	對應共生植物
苜蓿根瘤菌	苜蓿、草木樨
三葉草根瘤菌	三葉草
豌豆根瘤菌	豌豆、蠶豆
菜豆根瘤菌	菜豆
紫雲英根瘤菌	紫雲英
大豆根瘤菌	大豆
豇豆根瘤菌	豇豆、花生、綠豆、赤豆、檉麻、扁豆、刀豆等

此外，還有些微生物能同非豆類植物共同形成根瘤固氮，主要是一些放線菌（如：小頭木麻黃、赤楊、楊梅）、藍綠菌（如：蘇鐵、竹柏、滿江紅）。

下屬物種

根瘤菌屬 包括以下物種：

• Rhizobium acaciae Hsouna et al. 2023^[2]
• Rhizobium acidisoli Román-Ponce et al. 2016
• 埃及根瘤菌 Rhizobium aegyptiacum Shamseldin et al. 2017
• Rhizobium aethiopicum Aserse et al. 2017
• Rhizobium aggregatum (Hirsch and Müller 1986) Kaur et al. 2011
• Rhizobium alamii Berge et al. 2009
• Rhizobium alkalisoli Lu et al. 2009，為Neorhizobium alkalisoli (Lu et al. 2009) Mousavi et al. 2015的異名
• Rhizobium altiplani Baraúna et al. 2016
• Rhizobium alvei Sheu et al. 2015
• 安徽根瘤菌 Rhizobium anhuiense Zhang et al. 2015
• Rhizobium aquaticum Máthé et al. 2019
• Rhizobium arenae Zhang et al. 2017
• Rhizobium arsenicireducens Mohapatra et al. 2020
• Rhizobium azibense Mnasri et al. 2014
• Rhizobium azooxidifex Behrendt et al. 2016
• Rhizobium bangladeshense Rashid et al. 2015
• Rhizobium beringeri Young et al. 2023^[3]
• Rhizobium binae Rashid et al. 2015
• Rhizobium borbori Zhang et al. 2011，為Allorhizobium borbori (Zhang et al. 2011) Mousavi et al. 2016的異名
• Rhizobium brockwellii Young et al. 2023^[4]
• Rhizobium calliandrae Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013
• Rhizobium capsici Lin et al. 2015
• Rhizobium cauense Liu et al. 2015
• Rhizobium cellulosilyticum García-Fraile et al. 2007
• Rhizobium chutanense Huo et al. 2019
• Rhizobium ciceri Nour et al. 1994，為Mesorhizobium ciceri (Nour et al. 1994) Jarvis et al. 1997的異名
• Rhizobium croatiense Rajnovic et al. 2023^[5]
• 大田根瘤菌 Rhizobium daejeonense Quan et al. 2005^[6]
• Rhizobium dioscoreae Ouyabe et al. 2020
• Rhizobium ecuadorense Ribeiro et al. 2015
• Rhizobium endolithicum Parag et al. 2014
• Rhizobium endophyticum López-López et al. 2011
• Rhizobium esperanzae Cordeiro et al. 2017
• Rhizobium etli Segovia et al. 1993
• Rhizobium fabae Tian et al. 2008
• Rhizobium favelukesii Torres Tejerizo et al. 2016
• Rhizobium flavum Gu et al. 2014
• Rhizobium fredii Scholla and Elkan 1984，為Ensifer fredii (Scholla and Elkan 1984) Young 2003的異名
• Rhizobium freirei Dall'Agnol et al. 2013
• Rhizobium galegae Lindström 1989，為Neorhizobium galegae (Lindström 1989) Mousavi et al. 2015的異名
• Rhizobium gallicum Amarger et al. 1997
• 格氏根瘤菌 Rhizobium gei Shi et al. 2016
• Rhizobium giardinii Amarger et al. 1997
• Rhizobium grahamii López-López et al. 2012
• 海南根瘤菌 Rhizobium hainanense Chen et al. 1997
• Rhizobium halophytocola Bibi et al. 2012
• Rhizobium helianthi Wei et al. 2015
• Rhizobium herbae Ren et al. 2011，為Pararhizobium herbae (Ren et al. 2011) Mousavi et al. 2016的異名
• Rhizobium hidalgonense Yan et al. 2020
• 華氏根瘤菌 Rhizobium huakuii Chen et al. 1991，為Mesorhizobium huakuii (Chen et al. 1991) Jarvis et al. 1997的異名
• Rhizobium huautlense Wang et al. 1998，為Neorhizobium huautlense (Wang et al. 1998) Mousavi et al. 2015的異名
• Rhizobium indigoferae Wei et al. 2002
• Rhizobium ipomoeae Sheu et al. 2016
• Rhizobium jaguaris Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013
• 日本根瘤菌 Rhizobium japonicum (Kirchner 1896) Buchanan 1926，為Bradyrhizobium japonicum (Kirchner 1896) Jordan 1982的異名
• Rhizobium johnstonii Young et al. 2023^[7]
• Rhizobium laguerreae Saïdi et al. 2014
• Rhizobium larrymoorei (Bouzar and Jones 2001) Young 2004，為Agrobacterium larrymoorei Bouzar and Jones 2001的異名
• 豌豆根瘤菌 Rhizobium leguminosarum (Frank 1879) Frank 1889
• Rhizobium lemnae Kittiwongwattana and Thawai 2014
• Rhizobium lentis Rashid et al. 2015
• Rhizobium leucaenae Ribeiro et al. 2012
• Rhizobium loessense Wei et al. 2003，為Rhizobium mongolense subsp. loessense (Wei et al. 2003) Hördt et al. 2020的異名
• Rhizobium loti Jarvis et al. 1982，為Mesorhizobium loti (Jarvis et al. 1982) Jarvis et al. 1997的異名
• Rhizobium lupini (Schroeter 1886) Eckhardt et al. 1931，基異名：Phytomyxa lupini Schroeter 1886
• Rhizobium lusitanum Valverde et al. 2006
• Rhizobium marinum Liu et al. 2015
• Rhizobium mayense Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013
• 地中海根瘤菌 Rhizobium mediterraneum Nour et al. 1995，為Mesorhizobium mediterraneum (Nour et al. 1995) Jarvis et al. 1997的異名
• Rhizobium meliloti Dangeard 1926，為Ensifer meliloti (Dangeard 1926) Young 2003的異名
• Rhizobium mesoamericanum López-López et al. 2012
• Rhizobium mesosinicum Lin et al. 2009
• Rhizobium metallidurans Grison et al. 2015
• Rhizobium miluonense Gu et al. 2008
• 內蒙根瘤菌 Rhizobium mongolense Van Berkum et al. 1998
• Rhizobium multihospitium Han et al. 2008
• Rhizobium naphthalenivorans Kaiya et al. 2018
• Rhizobium nepotum Puławska et al. 2012，為Agrobacterium nepotum (Puławska et al. 2012) Mousavi et al. 2016的異名
• Rhizobium oryzae Peng et al. 2008，為Allorhizobium oryzae (Peng et al. 2008) Mousavi et al. 2016的異名
• 稻生根瘤菌 Rhizobium oryzicola Zhang et al. 2015
• Rhizobium oryziradicis Zhao et al. 2017，為Allorhizobium oryziradicis (Zhao et al. 2017) Lin et al. 2020的異名
• 巴基斯坦根瘤菌 Rhizobium pakistanense Khalid et al. 2015，也拼作：Rhizobium pakistanensis
• Rhizobium paknamense Kittiwongwattana and Thawai 2013
• Rhizobium paranaense Dall'Agnol et al. 2014
• Rhizobium petrolearium Zhang et al. 2012
• Rhizobium phaseoli Dangeard 1926
• Rhizobium pisi Ramírez-Bahena et al. 2008
• Rhizobium populi Rozahon et al. 2014
• Rhizobium populisoli Shen et al. 2022^[8]
• Rhizobium pseudoryzae Zhang et al. 2011，為Allorhizobium pseudoryzae (Zhang et al. 2011) Mousavi et al. 2016的異名
• Rhizobium puerariae Boonsnongcheep et al. 2016
• Rhizobium pusense Panday et al. 2011，為Agrobacterium pusense (Panday et al. 2011) Mousavi et al. 2016的異名
• Rhizobium radiobacter (Beijerinck and van Delden 1902) Young et al. 2001，為Agrobacterium radiobacter (Beijerinck and van Delden 1902) Conn, 1942 的異名
• Rhizobium redzepovicii Rajnovic et al. 2023^[9]
• Rhizobium rhizogenes (Riker et al. 1930) Young et al. 2001
• Rhizobium rhizophilum Gao et al. 2020
• Rhizobium rhizoryzae Zhang et al. 2014
• Rhizobium rhododendri Kuzmanović et al. 2023^[10]
• Rhizobium rosettiformans Kaur et al. 2011
• Rhizobium rubi (Hildebrand 1940) Young et al. 2001，為Agrobacterium rubi (Hildebrand 1940) Starr and Weiss 1943的異名
• Rhizobium ruizarguesonis Jorrin et al. 2020
• Rhizobium selenitireducens Hunter et al. 2008，也拼作：Rhizobium selenireducens
• Rhizobium setariae Kang and Seo 2023
• Rhizobium skierniewicense Puławska et al. 2012
• Rhizobium smilacinae Zhang et al. 2015
• 土壤根瘤菌 Rhizobium soli Yoon et al. 2010
• Rhizobium sophorae Jiao et al. 2015
• Rhizobium sophoriradicis Jiao et al. 2015
• Rhizobium sphaerophysae Xu et al. 2012
• Rhizobium straminoryzae Lin et al. 2014
• Rhizobium subbaraonis Ramana et al. 2013
• Rhizobium sullae Squartini et al. 2002
• 太白山根瘤菌 Rhizobium taibaishanense Yao et al. 2012，為Allorhizobium taibaishanense (Yao et al. 2012) Hördt et al. 2020的異名
• Rhizobium tarimense Turdahon et al. 2013
• 土生根瘤菌 Rhizobium terricola Dahal et al. 2023^[11]
• 天山根瘤菌 Rhizobium tianshanense Chen et al. 1995，為Mesorhizobium tianshanense (Chen et al. 1995) Jarvis et al. 1997的異名
• 西藏根瘤菌 Rhizobium tibeticum Hou et al. 2009
• Rhizobium trifolii Dangeard 1926，為Rhizobium leguminosarum (Frank 1879) Frank 1889的異名
• Rhizobium tropici Martínez-Romero et al. 1991
• Rhizobium tubonense Zhang et al. 2011
• Rhizobium tumorigenes Kuzmanović et al. 2019
• Rhizobium undicola (de Lajudie et al. 1998) Young et al. 2001，為Allorhizobium undicola de Lajudie et al. 1998的異名
• Rhizobium vallis Wang et al. 2011
• Rhizobium vignae Ren et al. 2011，為Neorhizobium vignae (Ren et al. 2011) Hördt et al. 2020的異名
• Rhizobium viscosum (Gasdorf et al. 1965) Flores-Félix et al. 2017
• Rhizobium vitis (Ophel and Kerr 1990) Young et al. 2001，為Allorhizobium vitis (Ophel and Kerr 1990) Mousavi et al. 2016的異名
• 文新根瘤菌 Rhizobium wenxiniae Gao et al. 2017，以土壤微生物及細菌分類學家、中國科學院院士陳文新的名字命名
• 梧州根瘤菌 Rhizobium wuzhouense Yuan et al. 2018^[12]
• 楊凌根瘤菌 Rhizobium yanglingense Tan et al. 2001
• 鹽亭根瘤菌 Rhizobium yantingense Chen et al. 2015
• Rhizobium zeae Celador-Lera et al. 2017

參考資料

1. J.P. Euzéby. Rhizobium. List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). [2012-05-02]. （原始內容存檔於2012年5月23日）.
2. Hsouna J, Ilahi H, Han JC, Gritli T, Ellouze W, Zhang XX, Mansouri M, Rahi P, El Idrissi MM, Lamrabet M, et al. Rhizobium acaciae sp. nov., a new nitrogen-fixing symbiovar isolated from root nodules of Acacia saligna in Tunisia. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73:5900.
3. Young JPW, Jorrin B, Moeskjaer S, James EK. Rhizobium brockwellii sp. nov., Rhizobium johnstonii sp. nov. and Rhizobium beringeri sp. nov., three genospecies within the Rhizobium leguminosarum species complex. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73:5979.
4. Young JPW, Jorrin B, Moeskjaer S, James EK. Rhizobium brockwellii sp. nov., Rhizobium johnstonii sp. nov. and Rhizobium beringeri sp. nov., three genospecies within the Rhizobium leguminosarum species complex. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73:5979.
5. Rajnovic I, Ramirez-Bahena MH, Kajic S, Igual JM, Peix A, Velazquez E, Sikora S. Rhizobium croatiense sp. nov. and Rhizobium redzepovicii sp. nov., two new species isolated from nodules of Phaseolus vulgaris in Croatia. Syst Appl Microbiol 2022; 45:126317.
6. Quan, Z. X., Bae, H. S., Baek, J. H., Chen, W. F., Im, W. T., Lee, S. T. (2005). Rhizobium daejeonense sp. nov., isolated from a cyanide treatment bioreactor. Int.J.Syst.Evol.Microbiol. 55 : 2543-2549 . http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16280524
7. Young JPW, Jorrin B, Moeskjaer S, James EK. Rhizobium brockwellii sp. nov., Rhizobium johnstonii sp. nov. and Rhizobium beringeri sp. nov., three genospecies within the Rhizobium leguminosarum species complex. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73:5979.
8. Shen L, Liu JJ, Liu PX, An MM, He XW, Zhao GZ. A non-symbiotic novel species, Rhizobium populisoli sp. nov., isolated from rhizosphere soil of Populus popularis. Arch Microbiol 2021; 204:50.
9. Rajnovic I, Ramirez-Bahena MH, Kajic S, Igual JM, Peix A, Velazquez E, Sikora S. Rhizobium croatiense sp. nov. and Rhizobium redzepovicii sp. nov., two new species isolated from nodules of Phaseolus vulgaris in Croatia. Syst Appl Microbiol 2022; 45:126317.
10. Kuzmanovic N, diCenzo GC, Bunk B, Sproer C, Fruhling A, Neumann-Schaal M, Overmann J, Smalla K. Genomics of the "tumorigenes" clade of the family Rhizobiaceae and description of Rhizobium rhododendri sp. nov. Microbiologyopen 2023; 12:e1352.
11. Dahal RH, Chaudhary DK, Kim J, Kim D-U, Kim J. Genome insight and description of previously uncultured N2-fixing bacterium Rhizobium terricola sp. nov., isolated from forest rhizospheric soil by using modified culture method. Diversity 2022; 14:733.
12. Yuan T , Liu L , Huang S ,et al.Rhizobium wuzhouense sp. Nov. isolated from roots of Oryza officinalis[J].International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 2018, 68(9):51.DOI:10.1099/ijsem.0.002921.

外部連結

• Current research on Rhizobium leguminosarum （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） at the Norwich Research Park
• Video and commentary on root nodules and Rhizobium in White Clover （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）