一项在2016年所做的系统评价和整合分析发现,在乙醇消费方面,与终生禁酒的人相比,适当的消费不会延长寿命。[16]在疾病对全球负担(Global Burden of Disease)的研究数据所做的系统分析发现,乙醇的摄取会增加罹患癌症的风险,并提高全因死亡率的风险,结论是,让疾病数量达到最小化的乙醇摄取量,是零饮用。[17]
在美国进行的一项国民健康与营养检定调查(英语:National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey)(NHANES)得出的结论是:"轻度至中度饮酒与代谢症候群的患病率较低有关,对脂肪、腰围、和空腹胰岛素产生有利影响。这种关系在白人中,以及喝啤酒及葡萄酒的人最为明显。[132]同样,在韩国进行的一项全国调查显示,酒精摄取与代谢症候群之间存在J形曲线关联:"本研究的结果显示,代谢症候群与轻度饮酒呈负相关(韩国成年人每天饮酒1–15公克)",但在饮酒量大的人,则危险会增加。[133]
据估计,2006年"全世界中有3.6%的癌症病例与饮酒有关,因此导致的死亡占所有癌症死亡的3.5%。" [186]在2011年所做的一项欧洲研究发现,男性癌症的10分之1,与女性癌症的33分之1,是由于过去或现在的酒精摄取所引起。[187][188]世界癌症研究基金会(英语:World Cancer Research Fund International)小组的报告《“食物、营养、体育活动、和癌症预防:全球视野”》发现 "有说服力"的证据,显示酒精饮料会增加以下癌症的风险:嘴巴、咽和喉、食道、大肠癌(男性)、乳癌(更年期前后)。[189]
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