雷巴齐斯龙属

雷巴齐斯龙属; 化石时期：白垩纪晚期; 99–97 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ▼
	正模标本的背椎（A、B）和肩胛骨（C）
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	蜥形纲 Sauropsida
总目：	恐龙总目 Dinosauria
目：	蜥臀目 Saurischia
亚目：	†蜥脚形亚目 Sauropodomorpha
下目：	†蜥脚下目 Sauropoda
科：	†雷巴齐斯龙科 Rebbachisauridae
属：	†雷巴齐斯龙属 Rebbachisaurus; Lavocat, 1954
模式种
	†加拉斯巴雷巴齐斯龙; Rebbachisaurus garasbae; Lavocat, 1954

雷巴齐斯龙属（属名：Rebbachisaurus，意为“柏柏族 Aït Rebbach 群的蜥蜴”），是梁龙超科蜥脚下目的恐龙，生存于白垩纪晚期之初（森诺曼阶，9900万至9700万年前）的北非。归入本属的遗骸已在摩洛哥、尼日、阿尔及利亚、突尼斯等地发现，但只有来自摩洛哥的遗骸确定是属于牠的。在南美洲发现的雷尤守龙几乎与雷巴齐斯龙完全相同，支持了白垩纪早期非洲与南美洲仍有陆桥连接的理论，远比过去普遍认为两个大陆分裂的时间点还晚。^[1]

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发现和历史

1954年，雷内·拉瓦卡特（英语：Rene Lavocat）（Rene Lavocat）在摩洛哥拉希迪耶加拉斯巴的奥佛斯组（英语：Aoufous Formation）发现了雷巴齐斯龙的正模标本，包含十个肋骨、右肩胛骨、十一个脊椎、荐骨、一个肱骨、以及两个可能属于骨盆的骨头。他于同年命名了模式种加拉斯巴雷巴齐斯龙（Rebbachisaurus garasbae），但只对肩胛骨和十一节中的一节脊椎进行了简略的叙述，而且没有插图说明。^[2]剩余未被描述的化石长年来一直被忽略及遗忘，直到2015年杰佛瑞·威尔森（Jeffrey Wilson）和罗南·阿连（Ronan Allain）清修了正模标本并叙述。^[3]第二件归入的标本是个部分脊椎，也发现于奥佛斯组，经测量完整时可达1.45米。

第二个物种塔梅斯雷巴齐斯龙（Rebbachisaurus tamesnensis）由阿尔伯特-菲力克斯·得·拉伯伦（英语：Albert-Félix de Lapparent）于1960年命名，他在伊尔哈泽地层（英语：Irhazer Shale）的Gall地点采集到模式标本，包含两个肱骨和两个股骨，以及第二件标本包含四个单独的牙齿、一个带有牙齿的齿骨碎片、超过一百个脊椎、六个人字骨、12个肋骨、5个肩胛骨、一个髂骨、两个坐骨、还有许多肢骨材料，但是这个分类单元的材料收集自整个撒哈拉的多处地点，例如尼日埃尔哈兹组（英语：Elrhaz Formation）的多处地点，不太能够归入雷巴齐斯龙。^[4]塔梅斯种可能是塔氏尼日龙的异名或嵌合体，^[5]^[6]虽然一些研究人员（例如保罗·赛里诺（英语：Paul Sereno））认为这个种其实属于约巴龙（头拉伦组（英语：Tiourarén Formation）唯一已知的蜥脚类）。^[7]^[8]

第三个物种由卡尔沃和萨尔加多于1995年命名为特氏雷巴齐斯龙（Rebbachisaurus tessonei）。^[9]发现于阿根廷的坎德拉罗斯组（英语：Candeleros Formation），接近卡洛琳南方巨兽龙正模标本的发现地。这个种后来于2004年被建立成独立的属利迈河龙。^[10]

叙述

2010年葛瑞格利·保罗（英语：Gregory S. Paul）测量雷巴齐斯龙长14米及重7吨。^[11]托马斯·霍茨（英语：Thomas R. Holtz Jr.）给出了较大的估计值20米长。^[12]2020年莫里纳-佩雷兹和拉腊曼迪给出更大的测量值26米长及40吨重。^[13]牠具有小头、长而纤巧的颈部以及一个鞭状的尾部。雷巴齐斯龙的鉴定特征为异常高而棱脊的背部以及背上的棘刺或帆状物，可由正模标本和其他标本保存下来的背椎显示出高的棱脊观察到。^[14]

分类

以下演化树根据芬蒂和同僚于2013年的分析，确认雷巴齐斯龙位于雷巴齐斯龙科的基础位置。^[15]

雷巴齐斯龙科
Rebbachisauridae

亚马逊龙
Amazonsaurus

伊斯的利亚龙
Histriasaurus

萨帕拉龙
Zapalasaurus

科马约龙
Comahuesaurus

利迈河龙亚科
Limaysaurinae

雷尤守龙
Rayososaurus

雷巴琪龙
Rebbachisaurus

	鹫龙 Cathartesaura

	利迈河龙 Limaysaurus

尼日龙亚科（英语：Rebbachisaurinae）
Nigersaurinae

尼日龙
Nigersaurus

	德曼达龙 Demandasaurus

	泰塔温龙 Tataouinea

一个2015年由威尔森娜和法国古生物学家罗南·阿连的亲缘支序分析发现雷巴齐斯龙与尼日龙亚科一同组成类群，这使得尼日龙亚科将成为雷巴齐斯龙亚科（有优先权）的异名。^[16]

古生态学

在奥佛斯组与加拉斯巴雷巴齐斯龙最常见的脊椎动物遗骸是板鳃亚纲的帆锯鳐属。其他七种板鳃亚纲也被报导：Asteracanthus aegyptiacus、Distobatus nutiae、Tribodus未命名种、滑齿鲨属未命名种、白垩刺甲鲨未定种、以及Marckgrafia lybica。肺鱼化石被归入Ceratodus humei和Neoceratodus africanus。腔棘鱼遗骸属于莫森氏鱼属和Axelrodichthys（英语：Axelrodichthys）。在肯肯地层发现许多腕鳍鱼纲物种和seminiomorphs的两个物种（一种未命名的鳞齿鱼（英语：Lepidotes）似物种和Oniichthys falipoui）。辐鳍鱼以Cladocyclus pankowskii、Palaeonotopterus greenwoodi、Erfoudichthys rosae和Concavotectum moroccensis为代表。还有两栖动物Kababisha未命名种、有毒蛙类Oumtkoutia anae和无毒蛙类。乌龟包含：Dirqadim schaefferi、podocnemidids的Hamadachelys escuilliei、bothremydids的Galianemys whitei和G. emringeri以及araripemydids的Araripemys未命名种。鳄目也十分丰富，有四属：埃罗鳄、一种Trematochampsidae（英语：Trematochampsidae）、阿拉利坡鳄、薄煎饼鳄属。

加拉斯巴雷巴齐斯龙与许多恐龙共存，包括一种鸟臀目和一种未命名基础兽脚类，两者所知仅来自脚印。^[17]兽脚类有两种鲨齿龙科（撒哈拉鲨齿龙和厚顶索伦眼龙）、一种棘龙科（埃及棘龙）、一种虚骨龙类（敏捷三角洲奔龙）、一种未命名的阿贝力龙科和一种未命名的奔龙科。^[17]

也有翼龙目，虽然牠们的化石极度稀少且神秘。一种神龙翼龙科、一种鸟掌翼龙科、一种古神翼龙科、一种无齿翼龙科与雷巴齐斯龙共存。^[17]

参考资料

[1]
Bonaparte, J. (1996). "Cretaceous tetrapods of Argentina". Münchner Geowissenschaften Abhandlungen 30: 73-130.
[2]
Lavocat R (1954) "Sur les dinosauriens du Continental Intercalaire des Kem-Kem de la Daoura" (On the dinosaurs from the Continental Intercalaire of the Kem Kem of the Doura). Comptes Rendus 19th International Geological Congress, 1952, 1: 65-68.
[3]
Wilson, Jeffrey A.; Allain, Ronan. Osteology of Rebbachisaurus garasbae (Lavocat, 1954), a diplodocoid (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the early Late Cretaceous–aged Kem Kem beds of southeastern Morocco. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2015-06-23, 35 (4): e1000701. ISSN 0272-4634. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.1000701.
[4]
de Lapparent A. F. (1960) "The dinosaurs of the “Continental Intercalaire” of the central Sahara". Memoirs of the Geological Society of France - Vol. 39 - 1-6.
[5]
Upchurch, P., Barrett, P.M., and Dodson, P. (2004). "Sauropoda". In D. B. Weishampel, H. Osmolska, and P. Dodson (eds.), The Dinosauria (2nd edition). University of California Press, Berkeley 259–322.
[6]
Mannion PD., Barrett PM. 2013. Additions to the sauropod dinosaur fauna of the Cenomanian (early Late Cretaceous) Kem Kem beds of Morocco: Palaeobiogeographical implications of the mid-Cretaceous African sauropod fossil record. Cretaceous Research 45:49–59.
[7]
Sereno PC. 1999. Cretaceous Sauropods from the Sahara and the Uneven Rate of Skeletal Evolution Among Dinosaurs. Science 286:1342–1347.
[8]
Sereno PC., Wilson J a., Larsson HC., Dutheil DB., Sues HD. 1994. Early cretaceous dinosaurs from the sahara. Science 266:267–271.
[9]
Calvo G. O. and Salgado L (1995) "Rebbachisaurus tessonei sp. nov. A new sauropod from the Albian-Cenomanian of Argentina; new evidence on the origin of the Diplodocidae". GAlA No 11, pp. 13-33.
[10]
Salgado, L., Garrido, A., Cocca, S. E., and Cocca, J. R. (2004). "Lower Cretaceous rebbachisaurid sauropods from Cerro Aguada Del León, Neuquén Province, northwestern Patagonia, Argentina." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24(4): 903-912, December 2004.
[11]
Paul, G.S., 2010, The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs, Princeton University Press p. 186
[12]
Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2011) Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages, Winter 2010 Appendix. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
[13]
Molina-Pérez & Larramendi. Dinosaur Facts and Figures: The Sauropods and Other Sauropodomorphs. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 2020: 255.
[14]
Apesteguía S, Gallina PA and Haluza A (2010) "Not just a pretty face: anatomical peculiarities in the postcranium of Rebbachisaurids (Sauropoda: Diplodocoidea)". Historical Biology, Volume 22, Issue 1-3: Proceedings of the First International Congress on North African Vertebrate Palaeontology.
[15]
Fanti, F.; Cau, A.; Hassine, M.; Contessi, M. A new sauropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Tunisia with extreme avian-like pneumatization. Nature Communications. 2013, 4: 2080. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.2080F. PMID 23836048. doi:10.1038/ncomms3080.
[16]
Wilson, J. A.; Allain, R. Osteology of Rebbachisaurus garasbae Lavocat, 1954, a diplodocoid (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the early Late Cretaceous–aged Kem Kem beds of southeastern Morocco. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2015, 35 (4): e1000701. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.1000701.
[17]
L. Cavin, H. Tong, L. Boudad, C. Meister, A. Piuz, J. Tabouelle, M. Aarab, R. Amiot, E. Buffetaut, G. Dyke, S. Hua and J. Le Loeuff. 2010. Vertebrate assemblages from the early Late Cretaceous of southeastern Morocco: An overview. Journal of African Earth Sciences 57:391-412

[1] [1]
Bonaparte, J. (1996). "Cretaceous tetrapods of Argentina". Münchner Geowissenschaften Abhandlungen 30: 73-130.

[2] [2]
Lavocat R (1954) "Sur les dinosauriens du Continental Intercalaire des Kem-Kem de la Daoura" (On the dinosaurs from the Continental Intercalaire of the Kem Kem of the Doura). Comptes Rendus 19th International Geological Congress, 1952, 1: 65-68.

[3] [3]
Wilson, Jeffrey A.; Allain, Ronan. Osteology of Rebbachisaurus garasbae (Lavocat, 1954), a diplodocoid (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the early Late Cretaceous–aged Kem Kem beds of southeastern Morocco. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2015-06-23, 35 (4): e1000701. ISSN 0272-4634. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.1000701.

[4] [4]
de Lapparent A. F. (1960) "The dinosaurs of the “Continental Intercalaire” of the central Sahara". Memoirs of the Geological Society of France - Vol. 39 - 1-6.

[5] [5]
Upchurch, P., Barrett, P.M., and Dodson, P. (2004). "Sauropoda". In D. B. Weishampel, H. Osmolska, and P. Dodson (eds.), The Dinosauria (2nd edition). University of California Press, Berkeley 259–322.

[6] [6]
Mannion PD., Barrett PM. 2013. Additions to the sauropod dinosaur fauna of the Cenomanian (early Late Cretaceous) Kem Kem beds of Morocco: Palaeobiogeographical implications of the mid-Cretaceous African sauropod fossil record. Cretaceous Research 45:49–59.

[7] [7]
Sereno PC. 1999. Cretaceous Sauropods from the Sahara and the Uneven Rate of Skeletal Evolution Among Dinosaurs. Science 286:1342–1347.

[8] [8]
Sereno PC., Wilson J a., Larsson HC., Dutheil DB., Sues HD. 1994. Early cretaceous dinosaurs from the sahara. Science 266:267–271.

[9] [9]
Calvo G. O. and Salgado L (1995) "Rebbachisaurus tessonei sp. nov. A new sauropod from the Albian-Cenomanian of Argentina; new evidence on the origin of the Diplodocidae". GAlA No 11, pp. 13-33.

[10] [10]
Salgado, L., Garrido, A., Cocca, S. E., and Cocca, J. R. (2004). "Lower Cretaceous rebbachisaurid sauropods from Cerro Aguada Del León, Neuquén Province, northwestern Patagonia, Argentina." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24(4): 903-912, December 2004.

[G.S.Paul2010-11] [11]
Paul, G.S., 2010, The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs, Princeton University Press p. 186

[Holtz2008-12] [12]
Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2011) Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages, Winter 2010 Appendix. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[13] [13]
Molina-Pérez & Larramendi. Dinosaur Facts and Figures: The Sauropods and Other Sauropodomorphs. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 2020: 255.

[14] [14]
Apesteguía S, Gallina PA and Haluza A (2010) "Not just a pretty face: anatomical peculiarities in the postcranium of Rebbachisaurids (Sauropoda: Diplodocoidea)". Historical Biology, Volume 22, Issue 1-3: Proceedings of the First International Congress on North African Vertebrate Palaeontology.

[Tataouinea-15] [15]
Fanti, F.; Cau, A.; Hassine, M.; Contessi, M. A new sauropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Tunisia with extreme avian-like pneumatization. Nature Communications. 2013, 4: 2080. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.2080F. PMID 23836048. doi:10.1038/ncomms3080.

[Rebbachisaurus-16] [16]
Wilson, J. A.; Allain, R. Osteology of Rebbachisaurus garasbae Lavocat, 1954, a diplodocoid (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the early Late Cretaceous–aged Kem Kem beds of southeastern Morocco. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2015, 35 (4): e1000701. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.1000701.

[Cavin2010-17] [17]
L. Cavin, H. Tong, L. Boudad, C. Meister, A. Piuz, J. Tabouelle, M. Aarab, R. Amiot, E. Buffetaut, G. Dyke, S. Hua and J. Le Loeuff. 2010. Vertebrate assemblages from the early Late Cretaceous of southeastern Morocco: An overview. Journal of African Earth Sciences 57:391-412

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