极右翼

极右派（英语：Far-right politics），又称极右翼，是指其政治立场位于政治光谱最右端的人士或组织。“极右”也常被许多政治评论家用来描述一些难以归入传统右派的政治团体、运动和政党。^[1]促进和持有极端保守主义、极端民族主义和威权主义的立场或言论的运动或政党也被描述为极右翼。 ^[2]

一些学者使用“极端右派”（Extreme Right）或“偏激右派”（Ultra Right）来讨论位于传统选举政治范围以外的右派政治团体，通常有革命右派份子、好战的种族至上主义者和宗教极端主义者、新法西斯主义者、新纳粹主义者和三K党员等。在这种用法中，该名词与不好战的极右派或右派民粹主义者等其他形式的极右派有所区别。^[1]^[3]

倾向改革的右派运动或保守派政党中的右翼派系，他们常被称为“不同政见的右派”（Dissident Right）、“行动主义右派”（Activist Right）或“右翼民粹主义”（Right-wing Populism）。他们的立场介于传统保守派和极端右派之间。这些人士位于主流选举政治之外，但他们一般是发起改革运动，而非革命。一些被认为的“极右派”的政党则是因为与原主流中间偏右保守主义政党意见不合，认为他们的政策和理念已偏离原来的右派路线，如英国独立党。

新法西斯主义者与新纳粹主义者时常被视为“极右派”或“偏激右派”。这些团体通常具有反革命性质。新法西斯和新纳粹也意指他们来自二战之后的时代。

由于这些分类尚未普遍被接受，以及还有其他的用法存在，因此让“极右派”的用法较为复杂。

用法

19世纪末期，法国政治光谱可分为极左派（社会主义激进派）、左派（社会主义者与进步主义者）、中间偏左（自由派共和党人）、中间派（温和派、保守派共和党人）、中间偏右（君主立宪支持者、奥尔良派、保守派共和党人、波拿巴主义者）、右派（保守主义者）和极右派（保守主义激进派、极端民族主义者、保皇派和正统派）。

不同学者在“极右派”的使用上有着冲突的用法。^[3] 历史上，极右翼被用来描述法西斯主义和纳粹主义的意识形态，今天的极右翼政治包括新法西斯主义、新纳粹主义、第三位置、另类右翼、种族至上主义，以及其他意识形态或组织，这些意识形态或组织具有极端民族主义、沙文主义、仇外主义、神权主义、种族主义、恐同主义、恐跨性别者，或者其他反动观点。 ^[4]

荷兰已故极右派政治家皮姆·富图恩，因他的反移民和反穆斯林政策而被英国广播公司称为极右派。^[5]全国公共广播电台等曾使用“极右派”来描述一些宣扬自由市场资本主义的威权独裁政府，像是智利的奥古斯托·皮诺切特。^[6]^[7]

左派刊物《新左派评论》曾称雷根的政策是“激进右派”（Radical Right）。^[8]“激进右派”也被用来表示“视个人为核心的自由意志主义运动”。^[9]

美国国土安全部将右派极端主义定义为目标放在激进、种族或宗教少数份子的仇恨团体，而且仇恨团体可能致力于某项单一议题，如反堕胎、反犹太主义、反共主义、反同性恋和反移民等等。^[10]

一些左翼人士及政治人物会以极右派来称呼一些强硬和保守的右翼政治人物，这些政治人物会涉及种族歧视、性别歧视及恐同的言论。现时许多人所认为的“极右派”政党实际上是右派民粹主义政党，虽然这些右翼政党抱持着民族主义，加上在社会政策上属于右翼保守派如反对堕胎，但亦支持保障社会福利及政府干预市场经济、集体主义或民族社会主义的经济政策，欧洲的右派民粹政党便一直主张强调保护本国工人权益，反对引入外国移民进入劳动市场，近年欧洲移民危机，欧洲的右派民粹政党便主张反对来自伊斯兰教国家为主的移民及难民进入欧洲，作为主要政纲。

各地组织

大洋洲

澳大利亚
- 澳大利亚第一党（英语：Australia's First Party）^[58]
- 公民选举委员会^[59]^[60]
- 一国党

北美洲

美国
- 共和党（部分派系）
- 美国第一党
- 宪法党
- 美国人党
- 美国的党
- 美国独立党^[61]
- 美国爱国党^[62]
- 独立美国党
- 美国纳粹党
- 美国阵线（英语：American Front）
- 骄傲男孩
- 三K党
- 布加洛运动
- 民族社会主义运动（美国）（英语：National Socialist Movement (United States)）
加拿大
- 加拿大民族-社会党
- 加拿大民族主义党
- 西部党
- 加拿大人民党

南美洲

阿根廷
- 自由意志党
- 联邦主义联盟党
- 门多萨民主党
巴西
- 社会自由党
- 工党
- 爱国者
- 自由党
- 为了巴西联盟（英语：Alliance for Brazil）^[63]
- 巴西民主运动（部分派别）
哥伦比亚
- 民主中心^[64]
- 公民选择^[65]
秘鲁
- 人民力量^[66]

原各地组织

亚洲

大日本帝国
日本
- 希望之党
满洲国
- 满洲国协和会
- 俄罗斯法西斯党
汪精卫国民政府
- 中国国民党 (汪精卫政权)
中华民国
中华民国
- 宗社党
东突厥斯坦伊斯兰共和国
- 青年喀什噶尔党
越南共和国
- 勤劳人为革命党
马来西亚
- 伊斯兰党
大韩民国（南韩）
伊朗
- 民族复兴党（英语：Rastakhiz Party）
- 伊朗纳粹党（英语：Iran's Nazi Party）
菲律宾
- 新社会运动（菲律宾）（英语：Kilusang Bagong Lipunan）
土耳其
- 美德党
香港

欧洲

俄罗斯帝国
- 黑色百人团
- 俄罗斯人民联盟（英语：Union of the Russian People）
苏联
- 苏联自由民主党（英语：Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union）
乌克兰
- 乌克兰民族主义者组织
- 乌克兰反抗军
- 乌克兰爱国者
纳粹德国
- 德国工人党
- 德国国家人民党
- 纳粹党
- 国家社会主义革命战斗联盟
奥地利
- 祖国阵线 (奥地利)
意大利
- 意大利战斗者法西斯
- 国家法西斯党
- 意大利民族主义协会
- 共和法西斯党
- 民主法西斯党
西班牙
- 西班牙长枪党
- 传统主义西班牙国家工团主义进攻委员会方阵
- 共和社会运动（英语：Republican Social Movement）
葡萄牙
- 国民联盟
- 国家工团（葡萄牙）（英语：National Syndicalists (Portugal)）
- 民族复兴独立运动/葡萄牙右翼党（英语：Independent Movement for the National Reconstruction / Party of the Portuguese Right）
希腊
- 自由思想党
罗马尼亚
- 铁卫团
匈牙利
- 箭十字党
- 统一党
芬兰
- 爱国人民运动
荷兰
- 荷兰国家社会主义运动
瑞典
- 北欧帝国党
- 民族民主人士（英语：National Democrats (Sweden)）
立陶宛
- 秩序与正义
圣马力诺
- 圣马力诺法西斯党
比利时
- 雷克斯党
法国
- 火十字团
- 法兰西运动
- 法国民众党（英语：French Popular Party）
西德
- 社会主义帝国党
- 德意志权利党（英语：Deutsche Rechtspartei）
- 德意志帝国党（英语：Deutsche Reichspartei）
克罗地亚
- 乌斯塔沙
英国
- 不列颠法西斯联盟
阿尔巴尼亚
- 阿尔巴尼亚法西斯党（英语：Albanian Fascist Party）
欧洲联盟
- 民族和自由欧洲
爱尔兰
- 蓝衫党

非洲

扎伊尔
- 革命人民运动
苏丹
- 全国大会党（苏丹）
南非
- 国民党
- 保守党（南非）（英语：Conservative Party (South Africa)）
罗得西亚
- 罗得西亚阵线
卢旺达
- 民族革命发展运动

大洋洲

澳大利亚
- 澳大利亚国家社会主义党（英语：Australian National Socialist Party）

北美洲

美国
加拿大
- 加拿大纳粹党（英语：Canadian Nazi Party）
多米尼加
- 多米尼加党（英语：Dominican Party）
海地
- 民族团结党（海地）（英语：National Unity Party (Haiti)）

南美洲

巴西
- 巴西整合运动
- 国家秩序重建党（英语：Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order）
- 国家革新联盟

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