運籌學（英語：Operations Research，又被稱作作業研究），是一門應用數學學科，利用統計學， 數學模型和資料科學等方法，去尋找複雜問題中的最佳或近似最佳的解答。運籌學經常用於解決現實生活中的複雜問題，特別是改善或最佳化現有系統的效率。研究最佳化模型的規劃論，研究排隊（或服務）模型的排隊論，及研究博弈模型的博弈論是運籌學最早的三個重要分支，通常稱為運籌學早期的三大支柱。隨着學科的發展和計算機的出現，現在分支更細，名義更多。
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歷史
學界通常將運籌學（英語：Operations research）在英國稱為 英語：Operational research 或 OR/MS, management science）的起源定為第二次世界大戰期間，英美兩國為有效地配置各項資源，因而召集科學家成立專門針對軍事作業規劃進行研究的團隊。這些團隊的研究成果幫助聯軍打贏了不列顛空戰、北大西洋戰爭、太平洋戰爭。例如在不列顛空戰中，英國軍方指派帕特里克·布萊克特（1948年諾貝爾物理獎得主）所成立的Blackett Circus，就探討應如何部署與應用所擁有的雷達系統，才能更有效地偵測德軍戰機的攻擊。
美國運籌學會創始人之一的菲利普·M·摩士在1950年代初給運籌學做出了如下定義:「運籌學是為領導機構對其控制下的業務活動作決策時提供定量依據的科學方法」，它反映出運籌學初期的主要作用。
1947年查爾斯·基泰爾發表文章建議將戰時以科學技術與方法協助進行軍事與政策規劃的成果轉移到和平用途，並鼓勵成立運籌學團隊以協助政府部門與企業。這篇文章開始了「運籌學」一詞，可惜這用詞卻誤導了一些初學者，使他們誤以為這領域的技術與方法只適用於操作性的事務（Operational tasks）。為避免造成誤解，目前有許多學者儘量改以「管理科學」（Management Sciences）稱呼這個學術領域。
「運籌」一詞，本指運用算籌，後引申為謀略之意，最早出自於漢高祖劉邦對張良的評價：「運籌帷幄之中，決勝千里之外。」中國在1956年曾用過「運用學」的名字，並於1957年由許國志和周華章正式定名為「運籌學」，於1980年成立中國運籌學會（ORSC），隨後於1982年加入國際運籌學聯合會（IFORS）。
分支
相關學術機構
- 國立東華大學管理學院 運籌管理研究所 [1]
- 國防大學管理學院 運籌管理學系 [2]
延伸閱讀
- R. E. Bellman, Dynamic Programming, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1957
- Abraham Charnes, William W. Cooper, Management Models and Industrial Applications of Linear Programming, Volumes I and II, New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1961
- Abraham Charnes, William W. Cooper, A. Henderson, An Introduction to Linear Programming, New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1953
- C. West Churchman, Russell L. Ackoff & E. L. Arnoff, Introduction to Operations Research, New York: J. Wiley and Sons, 1957
- George B. Dantzig, Linear Programming and Extensions, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1963
- Lester K. Ford, Jr., D. Ray Fulkerson, Flows in Networks, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1962
- Jay W. Forrester, Industrial Dynamics, Cambridge, MIT Press, 1961
- L. V. Kantorovich, "Mathematical Methods of Organizing and Planning Production" Management Science, 4, 1960, 266–422
- Ralph Keeney, Howard Raiffa, Decisions with Multiple Objectives: Preferences and Value Tradeoffs, New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1976
- H. W. Kuhn, "The Hungarian Method for the Assignment Problem," Naval Research Logistics Quarterly, 1–2, 1955, 83–97
- H. W. Kuhn, A. W. Tucker, "Nonlinear Programming," pp. 481–492 in Proceedings of the Second Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability
- B. O. Koopman, Search and Screening: General Principles and Historical Applications, New York, Pergamon Press, 1980
- Tjalling C. Koopmans, editor, Activity Analysis of Production and Allocation, New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1951
- Charles C. Holt, Franco Modigliani, John F. Muth, Herbert A. Simon, Planning Production, Inventories, and Work Force, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, 1960
- Philip M. Morse, George E. Kimball, Methods of Operations Research, New York, MIT Press and John Wiley & Sons, 1951
- Robert O. Schlaifer, Howard Raiffa, Applied Statistical Decision Theory, Cambridge, Division of Research, Harvard Business School, 1961
- Frederick S. Hillier & Gerald J. Lieberman, Introduction to Operations Research, McGraw-Hill: Boston MA; 10th Edition, 2014
- Taha, Hamdy A., "Operations Research: An Introduction", Pearson, 10th Edition, 2016
- Robert J. Thierauf & Richard A. Grosse, "Decision Making Through Operations Research", John Wiley & Sons, INC, 1970
- Harvey M. Wagner, Principles of Operations Research, Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall, 1969
- Saul I. Gass, Arjang A. Assad, An Annotated Timeline of Operations Research: An Informal History. New York, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2005.
- Saul I. Gass (Editor), Arjang A. Assad (Editor), Profiles in Operations Research: Pioneers and Innovators. Springer, 2011
- Maurice W. Kirby (Operational Research Society (Great Britain)). Operational Research in War and Peace: The British Experience from the 1930s to 1970, Imperial College Press, 2003. ISBN 1-86094-366-7, ISBN 978-1-86094-366-9
- J. K. Lenstra, A. H. G. Rinnooy Kan, A. Schrijver (editors) History of Mathematical Programming: A Collection of Personal Reminiscences, North-Holland, 1991
- Charles W. McArthur, Operations Analysis in the U.S. Army Eighth Air Force in World War II, History of Mathematics, Vol. 4, Providence, American Mathematical Society, 1990
- C. H. Waddington, O. R. in World War 2: Operational Research Against the U-boat, London, Elek Science, 1973.
外部連結
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