極端民族主義

極端民族主義（英語：Ultranationalism）是一種意識形態，和傳統民族主義的概念完全不同，強調某個國家或民族在政治、經濟和社會領域的利益與統治地位。通常表現為對自己族群的優越感和極端支持，同時將其他國家，種族，宗教或文化社群視為敵對與次等，並加以歧視，排斥和仇恨，進而引發種族主義和迫害等問題。極端民族主義往往伴隨着侵略性和暴力傾向，可能採取戰爭或種族清洗等極端手段以實現政治目標，它與國家復興的概念共同構成了法西斯主義的關鍵基礎。^[1]

加略斯·布加傑斯基（英語：Janusz Bugajski）認為，民族主義在最極端或發展到終極形態時，類似於法西斯主義，其特點是仇外蔑視，支持專制政治並靠近極權主義，強調魅力型領袖，一個組織上無定形的運動型政黨，以及國家之間的「有機統一」。 ^[2]

羅傑·格里芬（英語：Roger Griffin）指出，極端民族主義本質上是仇外的，並且會通過神化自己歷史上的偉大成就，或者強調對歷史宿敵的仇恨來實現自身的合法化。它有時還會利用庸俗的體質人類學、遺傳學和優生學來對種族優越感和種族前途做合理化解釋，並襯托其他種族的墮落和劣等的觀念。 ^[3]

極端民族主義政黨

二戰後被認為過是極端民族主義者的政黨：

•  澳洲: 一國黨^[4]

•  奧地利: 奧地利自由黨^[5][6][7]

•  比利時: 弗拉芒利益^[8][9]

•  保加利亞: 保加利亞復興黨（英語：Revival (Bulgarian political party)）^[10][11][12]、攻擊（英語：Attack (political party))）^[13]、IMRO-保加利亞民族運動（英語：IMRO – Bulgarian National Movement）^[14][15]、拯救保加利亞民族陣線（英語：National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria）^[14]

•  波黑: 塞爾維亞族民主黨^[16][17]

•  柬埔寨: 柬埔寨共產黨^[18]

•  中國：中國共產黨^[19][20][21]

•  克羅地亞: 國土運動（英語：Homeland Movement (Croatia)）^[22]、克羅地亞民主共同體^[23]、克羅地亞純權力黨（英語：Croatian Pure Party of Rights）^[23]、克羅地亞權力黨（英語：Croatian Party of Rights）^[23]
•  塞浦路斯: 埃拉姆語（英語：ELAM (Cyprus)）^[24][25]

•  捷克: 自由和直接民主^[26]

•  丹麥: 丹麥人民黨^[27][28][29]

•  愛沙尼亞: 愛沙尼亞保守人民黨^[30][31][32]

•  法國: 法國國民聯盟^[33]

•  芬蘭: 正統芬蘭人黨^[34]

•  德國: 德國選擇黨^[35][36]

•  希臘: 希臘方案^[37]、人民協會－金色黎明^[38][39][40]

•  匈牙利: 我們的家園運動（英語：Our Homeland Movement）^[41]、尤比克爭取更好的匈牙利運動^[42][43][44]

•  印度: 濕婆軍^[45]、印度人民黨^{[46][47][48][49]}

•  印度尼西亞: 專業集團黨^[50]

•  以色列: 宗教錫安主義者黨^[51]、凱煦^[52]

•  意大利: 意大利兄弟黨^[53][54]

•  日本: 自民黨 ^{[55][56][57][58]}

•  北馬其頓: 馬其頓內部革命組織－馬其頓民族統一民主黨^[59]

•  緬甸: 聯邦鞏固與發展黨^[60][61]

•  菲律賓: 新社會運動黨（英語：Kilusang Bagong Lipunan）^[62]

•  波蘭: 波蘭民族運動黨^[63]

•  中華民國：中國國民黨^[64]、民主進步黨^{[65][66][67][68]}、台灣基進黨^[69][70]

•  羅馬尼亞: 羅馬尼亞人團結聯盟^[71][72]

•  俄羅斯: 俄羅斯自由民主黨^[73]、全俄政黨「祖國」^[74]

•  塞爾維亞: 塞爾維亞誓言者黨（英語：Serbian Party Oathkeepers）^[75][76]、Dveri（英語：Dveri）^[77][78][79]、塞爾維亞復興運動（英語：Serbian Renewal Movement）^[80]、 塞爾維亞激進黨^[81]、塞爾維亞統一黨（英語：Party of Serbian Unity）^[82][83][84]

•  南非: 經濟自由鬥士^[85][86]、國民黨^[87]

•  斯洛伐克: 我們的斯洛伐克人民黨（英語：People's Party Our Slovakia）^[88]、斯洛伐克民族黨^[89][90][91]

•  南韓: 韓國全國青年協會（英語：Korean National Youth Association）^[92]

•  西班牙: 呼聲^[93][94]、傳統主義西班牙國家工團主義進攻委員會方陣^[95]

•  瑞典: 瑞典民主黨^[96][97][98]

•  瑞士: 瑞士人民黨^[99]

•  土耳其: 民族主義行動黨^[100][101]、土耳其大團結黨（英語：Great Unity Party）^[102]

•  烏克蘭: 自由黨^{[103][104][105]}、右區^{[106][107][108]}

參見

• 極右派
• 民族主義
• 超國家主義

參考

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