純素主義或全素主義（英語：Veganism），有時音譯為維根主義，是一種哲學和生活方式，志在盡可能排除對動物的剝削與虐待，反對動物作為商品（英語：Commodity status of animals）的現狀。[c]該主義反對食用動物或動物身上的部分（包含肉類、魚類、甲殼類及昆蟲）、奶製品（如起司）、蛋、蜂蜜、鵝肝醬等；反對購買動物或參與傷害動物的消費行為，如：消費支持海生館、動物園、馬戲團，或其他形式的動物展演；並避免使用來自動物，或會造成動物痛苦的產品，如皮草、皮革、羊毛、羽絨、蠶絲、經動物實驗之產品。
哲學家 Gary Steiner提到「不可能達到完全的純素主義，因動物和他們的產品已深深地交織於人類社會中」，動物產品包括白蛋白、尿囊素、蜂蠟、血液、骨炭、骨瓷器、胭脂紅、酪蛋白、海貍、胭脂蟲、彈性蛋白、鴯鶓油、明膠、蜂蜜、魚膠、角蛋白、乳酸、綿羊霜、豬油、凝乳酶、視黃醛、蟲膠、角鯊烯、動物性脂肪、乳清、黃牛油，其中有些來源也可是化學合成、植物製造或石化提煉，所以像尿囊素、乳酸、視黃醛、角鯊烯等也有可能符合純素主義。素食者會使用動物堆肥為養分，然而純素主義者的食物要求只使用植物堆肥。
Other common but less frequent pronunciations recorded by the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary and the Random House Dictionary are /ˈveɪɡən/ and /ˈvɛdʒən/.[1][2] The word was coined in Britain by Donald Watson, who preferred the pronunciation /ˈviːɡən/,[3] and the 1997 edition of the Random House Dictionary reported that this pronunciation was considered "especially British" and that /ˈvɛdʒən/ was the most frequent and only other common American pronunciation.[4]
"[Al-Maʿarri's] diet was extremely frugal, consisting chiefly of lentils, with figs for sweet; and, very unusually for a Muslim, he was not only a vegetarian, but a vegan who abstained from meat, fish, dairy products, eggs, and honey, because he did not want to kill or hurt animals, or deprive them of their food."[5]
For veganism and animals as commodities:
Helena Pedersen, Vasile Staescu (The Rise of Critical Animal Studies, 2014): "[W]e are vegan because we are ethically opposed to the notion that life (human or otherwise) can, or should, ever be rendered as a buyable or sellable commodity."[12]Gary Steiner (Animals and the Limits of Postmodernism, 2013): " ... ethical veganism, the principle that we ought as far as possible to eschew the use of animals as sources of food, labour, entertainment and the like ... [This means that animals] ... are entitled not to be eaten, used as forced field labor, experimented upon, killed for materials to make clothing and other commodities of use to human beings, or held captive as entertainment."[13]
Gary Francione ("Animal Welfare, Happy Meat and Veganism as the Moral Baseline", 2012): "Ethical veganism is the personal rejection of the commodity status of nonhuman animals ..."[14]
Laura Wright（英語：Laura Wright (academic)） (The Vegan Studies Project, 2015): "【維根協會】的定義過於簡化純素主義，假定了所有純素主義者都是由於倫理原因而選擇純素生活。這可能是大部分的情況，但由於健康和宗教原因選擇純素主義的人也不該被忽略。純素主義作為飲食和生活方式確實是基於是人們消費的物質定義，但背後的原因也是「純素主義者」身份的重要一環。"[15]
Brenda Davis, Vesanto Melina（英語：Vesanto Melina） (Becoming Vegan, 2013): "There are degrees of veganism. A pure vegetarian or dietary vegan is someone who consumes a vegan diet but doesn't lead a vegan lifestyle. Pure vegetarians may use animal products, support the use of animals in research, wear leather clothing, or have no objection to the exploitation of animals for entertainment. They are mostly motivated by personal health concerns rather than by ethical objections. Some may adopt a more vegan lifestyle as they are exposed to vegan philosophy."[16]
Laura H. Kahn, Michael S. Bruner ("Politics on Your Plate", 2012): "A vegetarian is a person who abstains from eating NHA [non-human animal] flesh of any kind. A vegan goes further, abstaining from eating anything made from NHA. Thus, a vegan does not consume eggs and dairy foods. Going beyond dietary veganism, 'lifestyle' vegans also refrain from using leather, wool or any NHA-derived ingredient."[17]
Vegetarian and vegan diets may be referred to as plant-based and vegan diets as entirely plant-based.[18]
Gary Francione (The Animal Rights Debate, 2010): "Although veganism may represent a matter of diet or lifestyle for some, ethical veganism is a profound moral and political commitment to abolition on the individual level and extends not only to matters of food but also to the wearing or using of animal products."[19]:62 This terminology is controversial within the vegan community. While some vegan leaders, such as Karen Dawn, endorse efforts to avoid animal consumption for any reason; others, including Francione, believe that veganism must be part of an holistic ethical and political movement in order to support animal liberation. Accordingly, the latter group rejects the label "dietary vegan", referring instead to "strict vegetarians", "pure vegetarians", or followers of a plant-based diet.[20]
American Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics（英語：Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics） (2009): "It is the position of the American Dietetic Association that appropriately planned vegetarian diets, including total vegetarian or vegan diets, are healthful, nutritionally adequate, and may provide health benefits in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases. Well-planned vegetarian diets are appropriate for individuals during all stages of the life cycle, including pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood, and adolescence, and for athletes."[22]
The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung, 2016: "The DGE does not recommend a vegan diet for pregnant women, lactating women, infants, children or adolescents."[27]
Winston J. Craig (The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition（英語：The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition）, 2009): "Vegan diets are usually higher in dietary fiber, magnesium, folic acid, vitamins C and E, iron, and phytochemicals, and they tend to be lower in calories, saturated fat and cholesterol, long-chain n–3 (omega-3) fatty acids, vitamin D, calcium, zinc, and vitamin B-12. ... A vegan diet appears to be useful for increasing the intake of protective nutrients and phytochemicals and for minimizing the intake of dietary factors implicated in several chronic diseases."[30]
Geert Jan van Gelder, Gregor Schoeler, "Introduction", in Abu l-Ala al-Maarri, The Epistle of Forgiveness Or A Pardon to Enter the Garden, Volume 2, New York and London: New York University Press, 2016, xxvii.
Gary Francione, "Animal Welfare, Happy Meat and Veganism as the Moral Baseline", in David M. Kaplan, The Philosophy of Food, University of California Press, 2012 (169–189) 182.
Laura Wright（英語：Laura Wright (academic)）, The Vegan Studies Project: Food, Animals, and Gender in the Age of Terror, University of Georgia Press, 2015, 2.
Laura H. Kahn, Michael S. Bruner, "Politics on Your Plate: Building and Burning Bridges across Organics, Vegetarian, and Vegan Discourse", in Joshua Frye (ed.), The Rhetoric of Food: Discourse, Materiality, and Power, Routledge, 2012, 46.
Watson, Paul. Sea Shepherd's Paul Watson: 'You don't watch whales die and hold signs and do nothing'. The Guardian. 訪談 with Michael Shapiro. 21 September 2010 [1 March 2018]. （原始內容存檔於1 March 2018）. Stop eating the ocean. Don't eat anything out of the ocean – there is no such thing as a sustainable fishery. If people eat meat, make sure it's organic and isn't contributing to the destruction of the ocean because 40 percent of all the fish that's caught out of the ocean is fed to livestock – chickens on factory farms are fed fish meal. And be cognizant of the fact that if the oceans die, we die. Therefore our ultimate responsibility is to protect biodiversity in our world's oceans.
Matthew Cole, "Veganism", in Margaret Puskar-Pasewicz (ed.), Cultural Encyclopedia of Vegetarianism, ABC-Clio, 2010 (239–241), 241.
Craig, WJ; Mangels, AR; American Dietetic, Association. Position of the American Dietetic Association: Vegetarian Diets. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. July 2009, 109 (7): 1266–1282. PMID 19562864. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2009.05.027.
Garton, Lynne. Food Fact Sheet (Vegetarian Diets)(PDF). British Dietetic Association（英語：British Dietetic Association）. October 2017 [24 February 2018]. （原始內容(PDF)存檔於24 February 2018）. Well-planned vegetarian diets are appropriate for all stages of life and have many benefits.
Healthy Eating Guidelines for Vegans. Dietitians of Canada（英語：Dietitians of Canada）. 27 November 2014 [24 February 2018]. （原始內容存檔於24 February 2018）. A healthy vegan diet can meet all your nutrient needs at any stage of life including when you are pregnant, breastfeeding or for older adults.
Turner-McGrievy, Gabrielle; Harris, Metria. Key Elements of Plant-Based Diets Associated with Reduced Risk of Metabolic Syndrome. Current Diabetes Reports. 2 August 2014, 14 (9): 524. PMID 25084991. S2CID 27455153. doi:10.1007/s11892-014-0524-y.
Craig, Winston J. Health effects of vegan diets. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. May 2009, 89 (5): 1627S–1633S. PMID 19279075. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736N. However, eliminating all animal products from the diet increases the risk of certain nutritional deficiencies.
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