紫菀屬(學名:Aster)是菊科下的一個屬,同時也是菊科的模式屬,其模式種為雅美紫菀(Aster amellus)。這個屬曾經包括歐亞大陸及北美洲的近600種植物,但是在經過了20世紀90年代中對於該屬的形態學以及分子生物學研究後,人們認為其中一些來自北美洲的種應該被分入其他的一系列近緣屬裏。[1] 在這次拆分後,這個屬留下了大概180個種,其中除一種外,其餘均原產於歐亞大陸。
名稱
在英文中,紫菀的名字Aster來自於古希臘語的單詞astron,意思是「星」,並經過具有同樣意思的拉丁文單詞astrum而被引入,實際上人們用這個詞是在描述紫菀的花序。
在園藝中,人們通常按照習慣,把分類變更之前及之後的植物都統稱為「紫菀」。
形態
多年生草本,亞灌木或灌木。莖直立。葉互生,有齒或全緣。頭狀花序作傘房狀或圓錐傘房狀排列,或單生,各有多數異形花,放射狀,外圍有1-2層雌花,中央有多數兩性花,都結果實,少有無雌花而呈盤狀。總苞半球狀、鍾狀或倒錐狀;總苞片2至多層,外層漸短,覆瓦狀排列或近等長,草質或革質。花托蜂窩狀,平或稍凸起。雌花花冠舌狀,舌片狹長,白色、淺紅色、紫色或藍色,頂端有2-3個不明顯的齒;兩性花花冠管狀,黃色或頂端紫褐色,通常有5等形的裂片。花葯基部鈍,通常全緣。花柱分枝附片披針形或三角形。冠毛宿存,白色或紅褐色,有多數近等長的細糙毛,或另有一外層極短的毛或膜片。瘦果長圓形或倒卵圓形,扁或兩面稍凸,有2邊肋,通常被毛或有腺。[2]
用途
分佈
在美國紫菀甚至可以在所有的抗寒區生長。但現在,紫菀屬中的種通常僅限於東半球,而新大陸上的物種已經被重新歸於澤菀屬(Almutaster)、沼菀屬(Canadanthus)、東風菜屬(Doellingeria)、麗菀屬(Eucephalus)、綠頂菊屬(Eurybia)、踝菀屬(Ionactis)、白黃花屬(Oligoneuron)、Oreostemma(Oreostemma)、白頂菊屬(Sericocarpus)和捲舌菊屬(Symphyotrichum), [3] 儘管所有的這些屬都屬於紫菀族(Astereae)。
這個屬中只有兩個種是原產於英國的,其中麻菀(Aster linosyris)很稀有,而另一種是海紫菀(Aster tripolium)。高山紫菀(Aster alpinus spp. vierhapperi)則是唯一的北美原生種。[4]
在中國紫菀屬的植物分佈十分廣泛,各地均產。[5]
下屬物種
本屬包括以下物種:[6]
- 三脈紫菀 Aster ageratoides Turcz.
- Aster aitchisonii Boiss.
- 翼柄紫菀 Aster alatipes Hemsl.
- Aster albanicus Degen
- 小舌紫菀 Aster albescens (DC.) Hand.-Mazz.
- 高山紫菀 Aster alpinus Linn.
- 雅美紫菀 Aster amellus L.
- Aster ananthocladus Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
- Aster andicola Hauman
- Aster andohahelensis Humbert
- Aster aragonensis Asso
- Aster arenosus (A. Heller) S.F.Blake
- 銀鱗紫菀 Aster argyropholis Hand.-Mazz.
- 香紫菀 Aster artemisiaodorum X. X. Su, S. P. Chen & L. Ma[7]
- Aster asa-grayi Makino
- 星舌紫菀 Aster asteroides (DC.) O. Ktze.
- 紫背紫菀 Aster atropurpurea W.P. Li & G.X. Chen,發現於湖南湘西世界地質公園吉首德夯風景名勝區[8]
- 耳葉紫菀 Aster auriculatus Franch.
- 白舌紫菀 Aster baccharoides (Benth.) Steetz.
- Aster bakerianus Burtt Davy ex C.A.Sm.
- Aster barbatus (DC.) Harv.
- 髯毛紫菀 Aster barbellatus Griers.
- Aster baronii Humbert
- 巴塘紫菀 Aster batangensis Bur. et Franch.
- 線舌紫菀 Aster bietii Franch.
- 重羽紫菀 Aster bipinnatisectus Ludlow ex Griers.
- Aster blepharophyllus A. Gray
- Aster blepharophyllus A. Gray
- 短毛紫菀 Aster brachytrichus Franch.
- 短莖紫菀 Aster brevis Hand.-Mazz.
- 扁毛紫菀 Aster bulleyanus J. F. Jeffr.
- Aster blepharophyllus A. Gray
- Aster chimanimaniensis W. Lippert,見於津巴布韋Chimanimani山
- Aster colchicus Albov
- Aster comptonii W. Lippert
- Aster confertifolius Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
- Aster creticus (Gand.) Rech. f.
- Aster curtus Cronquist
- 重冠紫菀 Aster diplostephioides (DC.) C. B. Clarke
- 長葉紫菀 Aster dolichophyllus Ling
- 長梗紫菀 Aster dolichopodus Ling
- Aster erucifolius (Thell.) W. Lippert
- 鐮葉紫菀 Aster falcifolius Hand.-Mazz.
- Aster falconeri (C.B. Clarke) Hutch.
- Aster fanjingshanicus Y.L. Chen & D.J. Liu
- 狹苞紫菀 Aster farreri W. W. Sm. et J. F. Jeffr.
- Aster filipes J.Q. Fu
- 萎軟紫菀 Aster flaccidus Bge.
- 臺灣山白蘭 Aster formosanus Hayata
- Aster frutescens S. Watson
- 輝葉紫菀 Aster fulgidulus Griers.
- 褐毛紫菀 Aster fuscescens Burr. et Franch.
- 秦中紫菀 Aster giraldii Diels
- Aster glehnii F. Schmidt
- 細莖紫菀 Aster gracilicaulis Ling
- Aster grisebachii Britton
- Aster gymnocephalus (DC.) A. Gray
- 紅冠紫菀 Aster handelii Onno
- Aster harveyanus Kuntze
- Aster hayatae H. Lév. & Vaniot
- Aster heliopsis Grierson
- 橫斜紫菀 Aster hersileoides Schneid.
- 異苞紫菀 Aster heterolepis Hand.-Mazz.
- 須彌紫菀 Aster himalaicus C. B. Clarke
- 全茸紫菀 Aster hololachnus Ling
- 等苞紫菀 Aster homochlamydeus Hand.-Mazz.
- 湖南紫菀 Aster hunanensis Hand.-Mazz.
- 白背紫菀 Aster hypoleucus Hand.-Mazz.
- Aster iinumae Kitam. ex H.Hara
- 葉苞紫菀 Aster indamellus Griers.
- Aster intricatus (A. Gray) S.F. Blake
- 堇舌紫菀 Aster ionoglossus Ling
- 大武山紫菀 Aster itsunboshi Kitam.
- 滇西北紫菀 Aster jeffreyanus Diels
- Aster juchaihu Z.Y. Zhu & B.Q. Min
- Aster kantoensis Kitam.
- Aster koraiensis Nakai
- Aster laevigatus (Sond.) Kuntze
- Aster laka C.B. Clarke
- Aster langaoensis J.Q. Fu
- 棉毛紫菀 Aster lanuginosus (J. Small) Ling
- 寬苞紫菀 Aster latibracteatus Franch.
- 線葉紫菀 Aster lavanduliifolius Hand.-Mazz.
- 麗江紫菀 Aster likiangensis Franch.
- 濕生紫菀 Aster limosus Hemsl.
- 舌葉紫菀 Aster lingulatus Franch.
- 麻菀 Aster linosyris (L.) Bernh.
- 青海紫菀 Aster lipskyi Komar.
- 盧氏紫菀 Aster lushiensis (J.Q.Fu) Brouillet, Semple & Y.L.Chen,盧氏裸菀[9]
- 呂宋紫菀 Aster luzonensis Elmer
- Aster lydenburgensis W. Lippert
- 圓苞紫菀 Aster maackii Regel
- Aster madagascariensis Humbert
- Aster magnus Y.N. Lee & C. Kim
- Aster mandrarensis Humbert
- 莽山紫菀 Aster mangshanensis Ling
- 大花紫菀 Aster megalanthus Ling
- 黔中紫菀 Aster menelii Lévl.
- Aster microcephalus (Miq.) Franch. & Sav.
- Aster milanjiensis S. Moore
- Aster miyagii Koidz.
- 軟毛紫菀 Aster molliusculus (DC.) C. B. Clarke
- 玉山紫菀 Aster morrisonensis Hayata
- Aster motuoensis Y.L. Chen
- 川鄂紫菀 Aster moupinsensis (Franch.) Hand.-Mazz.
- 新雅紫菀 Aster neo-elegans Griers.
- 黑山紫菀 Aster nigromontanus Dunn
- 亮葉紫菀 Aster nitidus Chang
- 荷蘭菊 Aster novi-belgii
- Aster nubimontis W. Lippert
- Aster oleifolius (Lam.) Wagenitz
- 石生紫菀 Aster oreophilus Franch.
- 卵葉紫菀 Aster ovalifolius Kitam.
- 琴葉紫菀 Aster panduratus Nees ex Walper
- Aster patulus Lam.
- Aster peduncularis Wall. ex Nees
- Aster peglerae Bolus
- Aster perfoliatus Oliv.
- Aster philippinensis S. Moore
- Aster platylepis Y.L. Chen
- Aster pleiocephalus (Harv.) Hutch.
- 灰枝紫菀 Aster poliothamnus Diels
- 灰毛紫菀 Aster polius Schneid.
- 厚棉紫菀 Aster prainii (Drumm.) Y. L. Chen
- 高莖紫菀 Aster prorerus Hemsl.
- Aster pseudobakerianus W. Lippert
- Aster pubentior Cronquist
- Aster punctatus Waldst. & Kit.
- 密葉紫菀 Aster pycnophyllus W. W. Smith
- Aster pyrenaeus Desf. ex DC.
- 泉州紫菀 Aster quanzhouensis M.Tang, G.J.Yan & W.P.Li[10]
- Aster quitensis Willd. ex Spreng.
- 凹葉紫菀 Aster retusus Ludlow
- Aster riparius Kunth
- 騰越紫菀 Aster rockianus Hand.-Mazz.
- Aster saboureaui Humbert
- 怒江紫菀 Aster salwinensis Onno
- 短舌紫菀 Aster sampsonii (Hance) Hemsl.
- 三清山紫菀 Aster sanqingshanica J.W. Xiao & W.P. Li[11]
- Aster satsumensis Soejima
- Aster savatieri Makino
- Aster sedifolius L.
- Aster semiamplexicaulis Makino ex Koidz.
- 狗舌紫菀 Aster senecioides Franch.
- Aster shastensis (A. Gray) A. Gray
- 錫金紫菀 Aster sikkimensis Hook.
- 西固紫菀 Aster sikuensis W. W. Smith et Farr.
- 嶽麓紫菀 Aster sinianus Hand.-Mazz.
- 甘川紫菀 Aster smithianus Hand.-Mazz.
- Aster sodiroi Hieron.
- 緣毛紫菀 Aster souliei Franch.
- Aster spathulifolius Maxim.
- 圓耳紫菀 Aster sphaerotus Ling
- Aster steeleorum Shinners
- 匍生紫菀 Aster stracheyi Hook. f.
- Aster sugimotoi Kitam.
- 四川紫菀 Aster sutchuenensis Franch.
- 山紫菀 Aster tagasagomontanus Sasaki.,雪山馬蘭
- 台灣紫菀 Aster taiwanensis Kitam.
- 涼山紫菀 Aster taliangshanensis Ling
- Aster tansaniensis W. Lippert
- Aster tarbagatensis (K. Koch) Merxm.
- 紫菀 Aster tataricus Linn. f.
- 德欽紫菀 Aster techinensis Ling
- Aster tenuipes Makino
- Aster thomsonii C.B. Clarke
- 天全紫菀 Aster tientschuanensis Hand.-Mazz.
- Aster tolmatschevii Tamamsch.
- Aster tonglingensis G.J. Zhang & T.G. Gao[12]
- 東俄洛紫菀 Aster tongolensis Franch.
- 三頭紫菀 Aster tricephalus C. B. Clarke
- 毛脈紫菀 Aster trichoneurus Ling
- 三基脈紫菀 Aster trinervius D. Don
- 海紫菀 Aster tripolium L.
- 察瓦龍紫菀 Aster tsarungensis (Griers.) Ling
- 陀螺紫菀 Aster turbinatus S. Moore
- 仙白草 Aster turbinatus var. chekiangensis C. Ling ex Ling
- 峨眉紫菀 Aster veitchianus Hutch. et Drumm.
- 氈毛紫菀 Aster velutinosus Ling
- 密毛紫菀 Aster vestitus Franch.
- Aster viscidulus (Makino) Makino
- Aster vvedenskyi Bondarenko
- Aster willkommii Sch.Bip.
- Aster woroschilowii Zdor. & Schapoval
- 屋久島紫菀 Aster yakushimensis (Kitam.) Soejima & Yahara
- Aster yomena (Kitam.) Honda
- 吉永紫菀 Aster yoshinaganus (Kitam.) Mot. Ito & Soejima
- 雲南紫菀 Aster yunnanensis Franch.
- 察隅紫菀 Aster zayuensis Y.L. Chen
- Aster zuluensis W. Lippert
- Aster x dumosus
參考文獻
外部連結
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