碳捕集與利用（Carbon capture and utilization，簡稱CCU）和CCS有時被統稱為「碳捕獲、利用和截存」（carbon capture, utilization, and sequestration，簡稱CCUS）。因為CCS是種成本相對昂貴的工藝，其生產出來的東西往往又過於便宜，[9]這使得在碳定價足夠高的地方（例如在歐洲大部分地區）進行碳捕集才具有經濟上的意義，[5]或者是加以利用，讓廉價的二氧化碳能用於生產高價值的化學品，以抵消捕集作業所花費的成本。[10]
二氧化碳可儲存在深層地質結構中，或是轉化為礦物碳酸鹽的形式後再儲存。有種熱裂解碳捕集和儲存（英語：Pyrogenic carbon capture and storage）（簡稱PyCCS，參見#Technology部分）工藝也在研究之中。[11]深層地質結構目前被認為是最具前景的封存地點。美國國家能源技術實驗室（NETL）稱，按照目前的生產速度，在北美洲可供儲存二氧化碳的地點足以應付900多年的產量。[12]而對這種儲存技術，普遍會產生的問題是這類在海底或是地下儲存的做法，其長期安全性難以預測，而且有不確定性，因為仍存在一些二氧化碳會洩漏的風險。[13][14][15]儘管如此，最近發佈的報導及研究報告估計大量洩漏的風險相對不高，且基於緩解氣候變化的理由，CCS仍值得進行。[16][17][何時？]
所謂碳捕集與封存這一用語，也稱為二氧化碳捕集與封存（carbon dioxide capture and storage），後者是國際標準化組織（ISO）所推薦的用法，（參見ISO 27917，[18]）因為它更準確：目標是捕集二氧化碳，而非捕集碳。此用語的定義是："將相關工業和能源來源產生相對純淨的二氧化碳 (CO2) 流分離（捕集）、調整、壓縮，並運送到適當地點儲存，以長期與大氣隔離的過程。"[2]（p. 2221）CCS的用語及概念與生物能源與碳捕獲和儲存（簡稱BECCS）、碳截存（Carbon sequestration）和二氧化碳移除（也稱為負排放）有關聯。
無法開採的煤層可作為儲存二氧化碳之用，二氧化碳分子會附着在煤碳表面。如此做的技術可行性取決於煤層的滲透性。在吸收過程中，煤碳會釋放出先前吸收的甲烷，因此可採收甲烷（提高煤層甲烷回收率法（英語：Enhanced coal bed methane recovery））。甲烷收入可抵消一部分作業成本，但甲烷是種強大的溫室氣體，在採收的過程中要避免其洩漏進入大氣。[58]
有項透過國際機構支持CCS的方案 - 通過《京都議定書》的清潔發展機制。在2010年聯合國氣候變化大會（COP16）過程中，附屬科學技術諮詢機構（Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice）第三十三屆會議發佈一份文件草案，建議將CCS納入清潔發展機制項目活動的地質構造章節中。[92]之後在南非德班舉行的2011年聯合國氣候變化大會（COP17）時達成最終協議，CCS納入清潔發展機制，因而得到支持。[93]
能源經濟與金融分析研究所（Institute for Energy Economics & Financial Analysis）[96]批評一些公司並未報告使用其產品過程中會產生的溫室氣體排放量。[5]（p. 33）天然氣加工中產生的二氧化碳通常在捕集後，用於提高原油/天然氣採收率（EOR）。[5]有人建議在提高採收率時只能使用使用人為二氧化碳，並且只在能產生負排放的情況下才能獲得財政激勵（例如稅收抵免），這類財政激勵通常只會發生在項目的最初幾年。[97]
燃氣和燃煤發電廠
全球依賴燃燒化石燃料的發電廠所排放的二氧化碳總量非常巨大，燃煤發電廠煙氣中通常含有10-14%的二氧化碳，而燃氣發電廠的則含有4-5%的二氧化碳。[5]（p. 37）每噸二氧化碳的成本會因容量因子降低而隨之增加（例如尖峰負載發電廠或緊急發電系統（英語：emergency power system）使用的機會通常較常規的電廠為少）。[5]（p. 42）
對於超臨界高壓蒸氣燃煤（PC）發電廠，CCS的能源需求範圍為24%至40%，而對於整體煤氣化聯合循環（IGCC）系統則為14%至25%。[98]開採煤炭所帶來的燃料使用和環境問題也隨之增加。配備用於控制二氧化硫的煙氣脫硫 (FGD) 系統的工廠需要使用更多的石灰石，而針對燃燒過程中產生氮氧化物的選擇性催化還原法的系統則需要使用更多的氨。截至2022年，位於加拿大的邊界大壩發電廠（英語：Boundary Dam Power Station）是世界唯一採用燃燒後捕集二氧化碳設施的燃煤發電廠。[5]（p. 42）
Abdulla, Ahmed; Hanna, Ryan; Schell, Kristen R.; Babacan, Oytun; et al. Explaining successful and failed investments in U.S. carbon capture and storage using empirical and expert assessments. Environmental Research Letters. 2020-12-29, 16 (1): 014036. Bibcode:2021ERL....16a4036A. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abd19e.
Werner, C; Schmidt, H-P; Gerten, D; Lucht, W; Kammann, C. Biogeochemical potential of biomass pyrolysis systems for limiting global warming to 1.5 °C. Environmental Research Letters. 2018-04-01, 13 (4): 044036. Bibcode:2018ERL....13d4036W. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aabb0e.
Phelps, Jack J.C.; Blackford, Jerry C.; Holt, Jason T.; Polton, Jeff A. Modelling large-scale CO2 leakages in the North Sea. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. 2015-07, 38: 210–220. doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2014.10.013.
Vinca, Adriano; Emmerling, Johannes; Tavoni, Massimo. Bearing the Cost of Stored Carbon Leakage. Frontiers in Energy Research. 2018, 6. doi:10.3389/fenrg.2018.00040.
Cuéllar-Franca, Rosa M.; Azapagic, Adisa. Carbon capture, storage and utilisation technologies: A critical analysis and comparison of their life cycle environmental impacts. Journal of CO2 Utilization. 2015-03, 9: 82–102. doi:10.1016/j.jcou.2014.12.001.
De Ras, Kevin; Van de Vijver, Ruben; Galvita, Vladimir V; Marin, Guy B; Van Geem, Kevin M. Carbon capture and utilization in the steel industry: challenges and opportunities for chemical engineering. Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering. 2019-12-01, 26: 81–87. S2CID 210619173. doi:10.1016/j.coche.2019.09.001.
Sumida, Kenji; Rogow, David L.; Mason, Jarad A.; McDonald, Thomas M.; Bloch, Eric D.; Herm, Zoey R.; Bae, Tae-Hyun; Long, Jeffrey R. CO2 Capture in Metal–Organic Frameworks. Chemical Reviews. 2011-12-28, 112 (2): 724–781. PMID 22204561. doi:10.1021/cr2003272.
Bryngelsson, Mårten; Westermark, Mats. CO2 capture pilot test at a pressurized coal fired CHP plant. Energy Procedia. 2009, 1: 1403–10. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2009.01.184.
Jensen, Mark J.; Russell, Christopher S.; Bergeson, David; Hoeger, Christopher D.; Frankman, David J.; Bence, Christopher S.; Baxter, Larry L. Prediction and validation of external cooling loop cryogenic carbon capture (CCC-ECL) for full-scale coal-fired power plant retrofit. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. 2015-11, 42: 200–212. doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2015.04.009（英語）.
Kulkarni, Ambarish R.; Sholl, David S. Analysis of Equilibrium-Based TSA Processes for Direct Capture of CO2 from Air. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 2012-06-18, 51 (25): 8631–8645. doi:10.1021/ie300691c.
(Eric) van Dijk, H. A. J.; Cobden, Paul D.; Lukashuk, Liliana; de Water, Leon van; Lundqvist, Magnus; Manzolini, Giampaolo; Cormos, Calin-Cristian; van Dijk, Camiel; Mancuso, Luca; Johns, Jeremy; Bellqvist, David. STEPWISE Project: Sorption-Enhanced Water-Gas Shift Technology to Reduce Carbon Footprint in the Iron and Steel Industry. Johnson Matthey Technology Review. 2018-10-01, 62 (4): 395–402. S2CID 139928989. doi:10.1595/205651318X15268923666410. hdl:11311/1079169.
CO2 Capture, transport and storage(PDF). Postnote (Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology). 2009-06, 335 [2019-08-10]. Since 2008 Norway's Statoil has been transporting CO2 (obtained from natural gas extraction) through a 160 km seabed pipeline
Simeski, Filip; Ihme, Matthias. Corrosive Influence of Carbon Dioxide on Crack Initiation in Quartz: Comparison with Liquid Water and Vacuum Environments. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 2023-01-13, 128 (1). Bibcode:2023JGRB..12825624S. S2CID 255922362. doi:10.1029/2022JB025624.
Viebahn, Peter; Nitsch, Joachim; Fischedick, Manfred; Esken, Andrea; Schüwer, Dietmar; Supersberger, Nikolaus; Zuberbühler, Ulrich; Edenhofer, Ottmar. Comparison of carbon capture and storage with renewable energy technologies regarding structural, economic, and ecological aspects in Germany. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. 2007-04, 1 (1): 121–133. doi:10.1016/S1750-5836(07)00024-2.
Holloway, S., A. Karimjee, M. Akai, R. Pipatti, and K. Rypdal, 2006–2011. CO2 Transport, Injection and Geological Storage, in Eggleston H.S., Buendia L., Miwa K., Ngara T., and Tanabe K. (Eds.), IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, WMO/UNEP
Miles, Natasha L.; Davis, Kenneth J.; Wyngaard, John C. Detecting Leaks from Belowground CO2 Reservoirs Using Eddy Covariance. CO2 Capture for Storage in Deep Geologic Formations. Elsevier Science. 2005: 1031–1044. ISBN 978-0-08-044570-0. doi:10.1016/B978-008044570-0/50149-5.
Thorbjörnsson, Anders; Wachtmeister, Henrik; Wang, Jianliang; Höök, Mikael. Carbon capture and coal consumption: Implications of energy penalties and large scale deployment. Energy Strategy Reviews. 2015-04, 7: 18–28. doi:10.1016/j.esr.2014.12.001.
Rubin, Edward S.; Mantripragada, Hari; Marks, Aaron; Versteeg, Peter; Kitchin, John. The outlook for improved carbon capture technology. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science. 2012-10, 38 (5): 630–671. doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2012.03.003.
[IPCC, 2005] IPCC special report on CO2 Capture and Storage. Prepared by working group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Metz, B., O. Davidson, H. C. de Coninck, M. Loos, and L.A. Meyer (eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 442 pp. Available in full at www.ipcc.ch互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2010-02-10. (PDF - 22.8MB)
Smit, Berend; Reimer, Jeffery A.; Oldenburg, Curtis M.; Bourg, Ian C. Introduction to Carbon Capture and Sequestration The Berkeley Lectures on Energy - Vol. 1. Imperial College Press.
Trautz, Robert C.; Pugh, John D.; Varadharajan, Charuleka; Zheng, Liange; Bianchi, Marco; Nico, Peter S.; Spycher, Nicolas F.; Newell, Dennis L.; Esposito, Richard A.; Wu, Yuxin; Dafflon, Baptiste; Hubbard, Susan S.; Birkholzer, Jens T. Effect of Dissolved CO2 on a Shallow Groundwater System: A Controlled Release Field Experiment. Environmental Science & Technology. 2012-09-20, 47 (1): 298–305. PMID 22950750. S2CID 7382685. doi:10.1021/es301280t.
L׳Orange Seigo, Selma; Dohle, Simone; Siegrist, Michael. Public perception of carbon capture and storage (CCS): A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2014-10, 38: 848–863. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.017.
Poumadère, Marc; Bertoldo, Raquel; Samadi, Jaleh. Public perceptions and governance of controversial technologies to tackle climate change: nuclear power, carbon capture and storage, wind, and geoengineering: Public perceptions and governance of controversial technologies to tackle CC. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change. 2011-09, 2 (5): 712–727. doi:10.1002/wcc.134.
Anderson, Carmel; Schirmer, Jacki; Abjorensen, Norman. Exploring CCS community acceptance and public participation from a human and social capital perspective. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change. 2012-08, 17 (6): 687–706. S2CID 153912327. doi:10.1007/s11027-011-9312-z.
L'Orange Seigo, Selma; Wallquist, Lasse; Dohle, Simone; Siegrist, Michael. Communication of CCS monitoring activities may not have a reassuring effect on the public. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. 2011-11, 5 (6): 1674–1679. doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2011.05.040.
Anderson, Jason; Chiavari, Joana. Understanding and improving NGO position on CCS. Energy Procedia. 2009-02, 1 (1): 4811–4817. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2009.02.308.
Carton, Wim; Asiyanbi, Adeniyi; Beck, Silke; Buck, Holly J.; Lund, Jens F. Negative emissions and the long history of carbon removal. WIREs Climate Change. 2020-11, 11 (6). doi:10.1002/wcc.671.
Røttereng, Jo-Kristian S. When climate policy meets foreign policy: Pioneering and national interest in Norway's mitigation strategy. Energy Research & Social Science. 2018-05, 39: 216–225. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2017.11.024.
Cuéllar-Franca, Rosa M.; Azapagic, Adisa. Carbon capture, storage and utilisation technologies: A critical analysis and comparison of their life cycle environmental impacts. Journal of CO2 Utilization. 2015-03, 9: 82–102. doi:10.1016/j.jcou.2014.12.001.
Keith, David W.; Holmes, Geoffrey; St. Angelo, David; Heide, Kenton. A Process for Capturing CO2 from the Atmosphere. Joule. 2018-06-07, 2 (8): 1573–1594. doi:10.1016/j.joule.2018.05.006.
Beuttler, Christoph; Charles, Louise; Wurzbacher, Jan. The Role of Direct Air Capture in Mitigation of Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Frontiers in Climate. 2019-11-21, 1: 10. doi:10.3389/fclim.2019.00010.
.jpg)
.jpg)
