社會無政府主義（英語：Social anarchism或Socialist anarchism[1]），也稱無政府社會主義（Anarcho-socialism或Anarchist socialism）[2]、社群無政府主義（Communitarian anarchism）[3]（可與自由意志社會主義[1]、左翼自由意志主義[4]、左翼無政府主義[5]交替使用），是用來區分兩大類無政府主義的一種總稱，一類是集體主義，另一類是個人無政府主義。個人主義型式的無政府主義強調個人自治和人類的理性，社會無政府主義者「將個人自由視為與社會平等在概念上的連結，強調社會公眾和互助」。[6] 不同於個人無政府主義着重在私有財產或財物的重要性，社會無政府主義反對私有財產，視為是社會不平等的來源。[7]
社會無政府主義[8][9][10][11][12]作為無政府主義的一個分支，認為個人自由與互助相聯繫[13]。其理論強調共同體和平等原則是對自主權和公民自由的補充，它試圖通過在地方分權的聯邦制中保持言論自由，思想自由和輔助性原則來達到這種平衡。輔助性原則的最佳定義是「一個人不應該超出個人的範圍，並向共同體承諾可以通過他們自己擁有的企業和工廠完成工作」並且「每一種社會機構都應該具有向社會成員提供幫助的性質，而不是統治或兼併他們」，最明顯地表達這種特徵的口號或許是「不要將自治的機構從人們手中奪走。」[13][14]
社會無政府主義一直是無政府主義的主要流派。從術語上講，強調社群主義和合作社主義的社會無政府主義與個人無政府主義形成鮮明對比，同時與後者一樣作為無政府主義，反對與集體思維和從眾行為相關的威權共產主義，這有利於個人與社會之間的和諧。同時社會無政府主義通過人民自決，工人自治，教育，賦權並基於反權威的檢查和警惕來抵制權威。儘管「檢查」這一概念可能顯得與無政府主義原則相違背，但實際上無政府主義的檢查所指向的是個體對個人自由的捍衛和非強制：DIY的思想方法與社會領域的教育相結合[15]。最重要的是，社會無政府主義還主張將現在和未來的私有生產資料轉換成公有制[16][17][18]，它認為這麼做可以通過更輕鬆地使用生產資料來保持對個人財產的尊重並通過共享公共資源來保護個人權利[19]。
社會無政府主義被認為是一個籠統的術語，因為它通常指代着諸如無政府共產主義、集體無政府主義以及互助主義等概念，有時也可以包括由非國家控制的行會社會主義聯盟，基於企業內雙重權力的產業民主和經濟民主，甚至是主張由工人委員會聯盟，工人委員會取代國家並保留大部分基本權利的派系。此外，它還包括無政府工團主義的工會理論，Platformism和specifism的社會鬥爭策略以及社會生態學。作為一個術語，隨着社會無政府主義的語義與發生重疊，在19世紀末與個人無政府主義相區別開後，以無政府共產主義取代「集體無政府主義」成為主要趨勢[來源請求]。
社會無政府主義屬於自由意志主義[20]，自由意志社會主義[1]，左翼自由主義。它在十九世紀末興起並與個人無政府主義相區別[21]。
社會無政府主義被描述為無政府主義的集體主義或共產主義流派，並代表了與社會主義相適應的無政府主義形式，這令其與以個人無政府主義為代表的自由社會主義派形成鮮明對比。[22][23][24][25]但是，一些集體或無政府共產主義者在激進的個人主義理論上建立了他們的理論[26]，將集體主義或共產主義視為實現個人自由的最佳社會制度。[27] 個人主義-社會主義之間的區分也受到質疑，因為個人無政府主義在很大程度上是社會主義的，並且相互影響。[24][28]
在美國，「社會無政府主義」是指出版《社會無政府主義》這本刊物的圈子，之後由默里·布克欽所宣揚。布克金將社會無政府主義結合「左翼」，他在當中提到了「人類團結的優秀傳統與人性潛力的信念」、國際主義和邦聯主義、民主精神、反軍國主義和理性的世俗主義。然而，宗教無政府主義和宗教左翼則反對左翼與「理性世俗主義」的合作，並發起了多次左翼宗教運動，如解放神學和民權運動。社會無政府主義致力於「自由結交的人們在自由社區內居住並合作」。[29]
Ostergaard, Geoffrey. "Anarchism". The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought. Blackwell Publishing. p. 14.
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph (1893). What is Property?, p. 118
Morris, Christopher W. 1998. An Essay on the Modern State. Cambridge University Press. p. 74
Bookchin, Murray. Social Anarchism Or Lifestyle Anarchism: An Unbridgeable Chasm. AK Press. 1995.
Thagard, Paul. 2002. Coherence in Thought and Action. MIT Press. p. 153
Suissa, Judith(2001) "Anarchism, Utopias and Philosophy of Education" Journal of Philosophy of Education 35 (4), 627–646. doi:10.1111/1467-9752.00249
Ostergaard, Geoffrey. "Anarchism". A Dictionary of Marxist Thought. Blackwell Publishing, 1991. p. 21.
Suissa, Judith (2001). "Anarchism, Utopias and Philosophy of Education". Journal of Philosophy of Education 35 (4). pp. 627–646. doi:10.1111/1467-9752.00249. Ostergaard, Geoffrey (1991). "Anarchism". A Dictionary of Marxist Thought. Blackwell Publishing. p. 21.
Peacock, Adrian (1999). Two Hundred Pharaohs, Five Billion Slaves. London: Ellipsis.
Goodwin, Barbara (2007). Using Political Ideas. John Wiley & Sons.
Berkman, Alexander (1929). What Is Communist Anarchism? （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. "The revolution abolishes private ownership of the means of production and distribution, and with it goes capitalistic business. Personal possession remains only in the things you use. Thus, your watch is your own, but the watch factory belongs to the people". "Anarchism". In Gaus, Gerald F.; D'Agostino, Fred, eds. (2012), more specifically, libertarian socialism. The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy. p. 227. "In its oldest sense, it is a synonym either for anarchism in general or social anarchism in particular".
"An Anarchist FAQ" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. "No, far from it. So few anarchists found the individualist solution to the social question or the attempts of some of them to excommunicate social anarchism from the movement convincing". Boyd, Tony; Harrison, Kevin, eds. (2003). "Marxism and Anarchism". Understanding Political Ideas and Movements. Manchester University Press. p. 251. ISBN 9780719061516. McKay, Iain (編). Section G – Is Individualist Anarchism Capitalistic?. An Anarchist FAQ II. Stirling: AK Press. 2012. ISBN 9781849351225. Carson, Kevin (2017). "Anarchism and Markets". In Jun, Nathan J. (2017). Brill's Companion to Anarchism and Philosophy. BRILL. p. 81. ISBN 9789004356894. Baginki, Max (May 1907). "Stirner: The Ego and His Own" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. Mother Earth (2: 3). "Modern Communists are more individualistic than Stirner. To them, not merely religion, morality, family and State are spooks, but property also is no more than a spook, in whose name the individual is enslaved — and how enslaved! [...] Communism thus creates a basis for the liberty and Eigenheit of the individual. I am a Communist because I am an Individualist. Fully as heartily the Communists concur with Stirner when he puts the word take in place of demand — that leads to the dissolution of property, to expropriation. Individualism and Communism go hand in hand."; Novatore, Renzo (1924). "Towards the Creative Nothing" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）; Gray, Christopher (1974). Leaving the Twentieth Century. p. 88; Black, Bob (2010). "Nightmares of Reason" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. "[C]ommunism is the final fulfillment of individualism. [...] The apparent contradiction between individualism and communism rests on a misunderstanding of both. [...] Subjectivity is also objective: the individual really is subjective. It is nonsense to speak of "emphatically prioritizing the social over the individual," [...]. You may as well speak of prioritizing the chicken over the egg. Anarchy is a "method of individualization." It aims to combine the greatest individual development with the greatest communal unity". Kropotkin, Peter (1901). "Communism and Anarchy" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. "Communism is the one which guarantees the greatest amount of individual liberty — provided that the idea that begets the community be Liberty, Anarchy [...]. Communism guarantees economic freedom better than any other form of association, because it can guarantee wellbeing, even luxury, in return for a few hours of work instead of a day's work."; Truda, Dielo (1926). "Organisational Platform of the Libertarian Communists" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. "This other society will be libertarian communism, in which social solidarity and free individuality find their full expression, and in which these two ideas develop in perfect harmony."; "My Perspectives" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. Willful Disobedience (2: 12). "I see the dichotomies made between individualism and communism, individual revolt and class struggle, the struggle against human exploitation and the exploitation of nature as false dichotomies and feel that those who accept them are impoverishing their own critique and struggle."; Brown, L. Susan (2002). The Politics of Individualism. Black Rose Books; Brown, L. Susan (2 February 2011). "Does Work Really Work?" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）.
