骨炭

骨炭（Bone char），或稱骨黑（Bone black），是將動物的骨頭炭化（charring（英語：charring））後所得到的炭，為多孔隙物質。其主要成分包括了磷酸鈣（或羥磷灰石）57-80%、碳酸鈣 6-10%，與活性炭 7-10%.^[1]

製程

動物性骨骼經由攝氏700度裂解之後，可以得到骨炭與骨油（英語：Dippel's oil）。骨骼若在富氧環境下燃燒，則會變成骨灰。骨炭一般原料採用牛骨，但顱骨與脊椎不會被使用，以避免散播克雅二氏病。^[2]

應用

水處理

雖然骨炭具有的表面積較活性炭為低，但足以吸附如12族元素，包括銅、鋅、鎘等重金屬。^[3]目前亦有研究將骨炭用於鉛^[4]與砷^[5]之吸附與移除。

由於含有磷酸鈣，骨炭亦可移除水中的氟化物^[6]與金屬離子，是目前已知最早用於除去水中氟化物的方法，並曾廣泛使用於1940年代至1960年代的美國。^[7]也由於骨炭原料取得容易且生產方式簡單，部分開發中國家如坦桑尼亞等均仍在使用骨炭。^[8]

製糖

在製糖業上，骨炭可用來脫色與去灰分。骨炭因為其單位脫色能力較低，因此在使用時都需投入大量的骨炭以達到效果。^[9]在美國與歐洲，由於經濟效益與素食客群和部分宗教教義之考量，因此骨炭已較少於使用在製糖業中。

除此之外，骨炭亦能去除有機雜質，尤其是硫酸鹽、鎂、鈣，有利於減少後續製程中的積垢。^[10]

美術

骨炭可作為顏料，稱為黑色九號顏料（Pigment black 9）。林布蘭、維拉斯奎茲、馬內，與畢卡索等人都使用過骨炭於他們的作品上。^[11]^[12]

參考資料

[1]
Fawell, John. Fluoride in drinking-water 1st published. Geneva: WHO. 2006: 47. ISBN 9241563192.
[2]
"Dirty Jobs: Episode Guide". [2016-04-21]. （原始內容存檔於2011-12-08）.
[3]
Ko, Danny C.K.; Porter, John F.; McKay, Gordon. Optimised correlations for the fixed-bed adsorption of metal ions on bone char. Chemical Engineering Science. December 2000, 55 (23): 5819–5829. doi:10.1016/S0009-2509(00)00416-4.
[4]
Deydier, Eric; Guilet, Richard; Sharrock, Patrick. Beneficial use of meat and bone meal combustion residue: "an efficient low cost material to remove lead from aqueous effluent". Journal of Hazardous Materials. July 2003, 101 (1): 55–64. doi:10.1016/S0304-3894(03)00137-7.
[5]
Chen, Yun-Nen; Chai, Li-Yuan; Shu, Yu-De. Study of arsenic(V) adsorption on bone char from aqueous solution. Journal of Hazardous Materials. December 2008, 160 (1): 168–172. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.02.120.
[6]
Medellin-Castillo, Nahum A.; Leyva-Ramos, Roberto; Ocampo-Perez, Raul; Garcia de la Cruz, Ramon F.; Aragon-Piña, Antonio; Martinez-Rosales, Jose M.; Guerrero-Coronado, Rosa M.; Fuentes-Rubio, Laura. Adsorption of Fluoride from Water Solution on Bone Char. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. December 2007, 46 (26): 9205–9212. doi:10.1021/ie070023n.
[7]
Horowitz, HS; Maier, FJ; Law, FE. Partial defluoridation of a community water supply and dental fluorosis.. Public health reports. Nov 1967, 82 (11): 965–72. PMC 1920070 . PMID 4964678. doi:10.2307/4593174.
[8]
Mjengera, H.; Mkongo, G. Appropriate deflouridation technology for use in flourotic areas in Tanzania. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C. January 2003, 28 (20-27): 1097–1104. doi:10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.030.
[9]
Asadi, Mosen. Beet-Sugar Handbook.. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 2006: 333. ISBN 9780471790983.
[10]
Chou, ed. by Chung Chi. Handbook of sugar refining : a manual for the design and operation of sugar refining facilities. New York, NY [u.a.]: Wiley. 2000: 368–369. ISBN 9780471183570.
[11]
Bomford D, Kirby J, Leighton, J., Roy A., Art in the Making: Impressionism. National Gallery Publications, London, 1990, pp. 112-119
[12]
Édouard Manet, 'Music in the Tuileries Gardens' （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, ColourLex

參見

[1] [1]
Fawell, John. Fluoride in drinking-water 1st published. Geneva: WHO. 2006: 47. ISBN 9241563192.

[Dirty_Jobs:_Episode_Guide-2] [2]
"Dirty Jobs: Episode Guide". [2016-04-21]. （原始內容存檔於2011-12-08）.

[3] [3]
Ko, Danny C.K.; Porter, John F.; McKay, Gordon. Optimised correlations for the fixed-bed adsorption of metal ions on bone char. Chemical Engineering Science. December 2000, 55 (23): 5819–5829. doi:10.1016/S0009-2509(00)00416-4.

[4] [4]
Deydier, Eric; Guilet, Richard; Sharrock, Patrick. Beneficial use of meat and bone meal combustion residue: "an efficient low cost material to remove lead from aqueous effluent". Journal of Hazardous Materials. July 2003, 101 (1): 55–64. doi:10.1016/S0304-3894(03)00137-7.

[5] [5]
Chen, Yun-Nen; Chai, Li-Yuan; Shu, Yu-De. Study of arsenic(V) adsorption on bone char from aqueous solution. Journal of Hazardous Materials. December 2008, 160 (1): 168–172. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.02.120.

[6] [6]
Medellin-Castillo, Nahum A.; Leyva-Ramos, Roberto; Ocampo-Perez, Raul; Garcia de la Cruz, Ramon F.; Aragon-Piña, Antonio; Martinez-Rosales, Jose M.; Guerrero-Coronado, Rosa M.; Fuentes-Rubio, Laura. Adsorption of Fluoride from Water Solution on Bone Char. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. December 2007, 46 (26): 9205–9212. doi:10.1021/ie070023n.

[7] [7]
Horowitz, HS; Maier, FJ; Law, FE. Partial defluoridation of a community water supply and dental fluorosis.. Public health reports. Nov 1967, 82 (11): 965–72. PMC 1920070 . PMID 4964678. doi:10.2307/4593174.

[8] [8]
Mjengera, H.; Mkongo, G. Appropriate deflouridation technology for use in flourotic areas in Tanzania. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C. January 2003, 28 (20-27): 1097–1104. doi:10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.030.

[9] [9]
Asadi, Mosen. Beet-Sugar Handbook.. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 2006: 333. ISBN 9780471790983.

[10] [10]
Chou, ed. by Chung Chi. Handbook of sugar refining : a manual for the design and operation of sugar refining facilities. New York, NY [u.a.]: Wiley. 2000: 368–369. ISBN 9780471183570.

[11] [11]
Bomford D, Kirby J, Leighton, J., Roy A., Art in the Making: Impressionism. National Gallery Publications, London, 1990, pp. 112-119

[12] [12]
Édouard Manet, 'Music in the Tuileries Gardens' （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, ColourLex

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]