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本條目為形上學的大綱，提供該學科的概述與主題指南。

形上學是指研究存在和事物本質的學問[1]。它是哲學研究中的一個範疇，被視為「第一哲學」和「哲學的基本問題」。它指通過理性的推理和邏輯去研究不能直接透過感知所得到答案的問題，它是人類理性對於事物最普遍的面相和終極的原因的探索的一門學科[2]。

形上學的性質

形上學是：

分支

形上學歷史

形上學理論

形上學概念

古希臘哲學

  • 阿勒西亞：英語：Aletheia，來自古希臘語陰性名詞ἀλεθεία。
  • 始基：英語：Arche，來自古希臘語陰性名詞ἀρχή
  • 卓越：英語：Arete。
  • 意見：英語：Doxa，指普通看法。
  • 知識：英語：Episteme，柏拉圖將其與Doxa對立，但它原本也可以和「技藝」（techne）相互區別。知識論一詞的來源。
  • 邏各斯：英語：Logos，邏各斯，或譯理性。本義是故事、言辭。邏輯（英語：Logic）即來自這個概念。
  • 四因說：亞里士多德提出的原因的四種形態。

中世紀哲學

東方哲學

  • 平衡 (形而上學)（英語：Balance (metaphysics)）：兩種力都希望占據全部，平衡是指介於這兩個力之間的一點。例如秩序與混亂（law and chaos）。

文藝復興以來

形而上學哲學

形而上學組織

不再存在的組織

形上學作品

期刊

書籍

  • An Introduction to Metaphysics（英語：Introduction to Metaphysics (Heidegger)） – book by 馬丁·海德格爾 and is the published version of a lecture course he gave in the Summer of 1935 at the 弗賴堡大學.[3] The book is famous both for its powerful reinterpretation of Greek thought and infamous for its acknowledgement of the 納粹黨.
  • Appearance and Reality（英語：Appearance and Reality） – 1893 book by the English philosopher Francis Herbert Bradley, the main statement of his metaphysics.[4]
  • 存在與虛無 – 1943 book by philosopher 讓-保羅·薩特.[5] Sartre's main purpose is to assert the individual's existence as prior to the individual's essence. His overriding concern in writing the book was to demonstrate that 自由意志 exists.[6]
  • Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics（英語：Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics） – book by the German philosopher Martin Heidegger. It is often referred to simply as the "Kantbook".
  • 第一哲學沉思集 [7] (subtitled In which the existence of God and the immortality of the soul are demonstrated) – philosophical treatise by 勒內·笛卡爾 first published in 1641 (in Latin). The book is made up of six meditations, in which Descartes first discards all belief in things which are not absolutely 確定性, and then tries to establish what can be known for sure.
  • Metaphysics – one of the principal works of Aristotle. The principal subject is "being qua being", or being understood as being. It examines what can be asserted about anything that exists just because of its existence and not because of any special qualities it has.
  • Philosophical Problems of Space and Time（英語：Philosophical Problems of Space and Time） – 1963 book by Adolf Grünbaum, who argues that physical geometry and chronometry are in part matters of convention because continuous physical space and time are metrically amorphous.
  • The Realms of Being（英語：The Realms of Being） – last major work by Spanish-American 哲學家 喬治·桑塔亞那. In this work of ontology, he defines four realms of being; The Realm of Essence, The Realm of Matter, The Realm of Truth, and The Realm of Spirit.
  • 時間的不實在性 – best-known philosophical work of the Cambridge idealist J. M. E. McTaggart. McTaggart argues that time is unreal because our descriptions of time are either contradictory, circular, or insufficient.
  • 禪與摩托車維修藝術 – philosophical fiction（英語：philosophical fiction）, the first of Robert M. Pirsig's texts in which he explores his Metaphysics of Quality.
  • EvOLv - A psychedelic adventure - Psychedelic Fiction, a psycho-spiritual novel that delves into details of the Meta-physical transformation of an adolescent boy into an Omnidimentional being.

形上學家

形上學家（英語：Metaphysician[8]，也稱 metaphysicist[9]），指研究形上學的人。嘗試解釋形上學基本的概念，例如存在、客體，以及這些概念的性質、空間和時間、因果關係、可能性。下面列出了一些有影響力的形上學家，按照時間順序：

其他形上學家

參見

參考資料

外部連結

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