佛教現代主義

佛教現代主義，又稱現代佛教（英語：modern Buddhism）^[1]、新佛教（英語：Neo-Buddhism）^[2]、新乘佛教（英語：Neoyana）^[3]，有時在西文中徑直稱為佛教^[4]，統稱在現代重新解釋佛教的新運動^[5][6][7]。佛教現代主義受到許多新文化和新思想影響，如西方一神論、理性主義、科學自然主義、浪漫主義等，和其他宗教的現代主義相仿^[8]。例如，在一神論的影響下，一些新佛教派系將佛教神祗（英語：Creator in Buddhism）內化，使其為現代西方社會所接受^[9]；而在科學自然主義和浪漫主義影響下，更強調佛教對當下生活、經驗辯護、理性、心理和健康的益處^[10]。

新佛教運動在學說和實踐方面與主流的上座部佛教、大乘佛教和金剛乘佛教不同，佛教現代主義由西方的東方學家和具有改革意識的亞洲佛教徒共同創造，意在重新表述佛教概念，大多不再強調嚴格教義、宇宙論、儀式、僧侶制度、教士等級制度和偶像崇拜等傳統^[11]。「佛教現代主義」的概念在殖民及後殖民時代的亞洲宗教研究界流行，可以在路易·德拉瓦萊-普桑在1910年所著的文章中發現其運用^[12]。

一些屬於佛教現代主義的新興佛教派別可歸類為世俗佛教、左翼佛教；各地著名的新興教派如印度的新乘佛教（英語：Navayana）；台灣的人間佛教，法鼓山、佛光山、慈濟基金會等團體；日本日蓮佛教（英語：Nichiren Buddhism）的創價學會，妹尾義郎（英語：Girō Senoo）所創之「新興佛教」，同朋會運動（英語：Ohigashi schism）及其後續分支；韓國的圓佛教；藏傳佛教在西方傳播的思想如新噶當巴；源自緬甸的內觀運動（英語：Vipassana movement）；英國人僧護創立之三寶佛教社區（英語：Triratna Buddhist Community）；美國刺柏基金會（英語：Juniper Foundation）等。

參見

• 佛教與科學（英語：Buddhism and science）
• 全球佛教徒網絡（英語：Global Buddhist Network）
• 世俗佛教

參考文獻

1. Lopez 2002，第10頁.
2. H. L. Seneviratne. The Work of Kings. University of Chicago Press. 1999: 25–27. ISBN 978-0-226-74866-5.
3. IRICS 2005 / Section: Media systems: their evolution and innovation. www.inst.at. [2023-04-07]. （原始內容存檔於2007-08-06）.
4. Prebish & Baumann 2002.
5. McMahan 2008，第5–7, 32–33, 43–52頁.
6. Christopher W. Gowans. Buddhist Moral Philosophy: An Introduction. Routledge. 2014: 18–23, 91–94. ISBN 978-1-317-65935-8.
7. Donald S. Lopez. The Scientific Buddha: His Short and Happy Life. Yale University Press. 2012: 39–43, 57–60, 74–76, 122–124. ISBN 978-0-300-15913-4.
8. McMahan 2008，第6-10頁.
9. McMahan 2008，第54頁.
10. McMahan 2008，第63-68, 85-99, 114–116, 177, 250-251頁.
11. McMahan, David L., Buddhist Modernism, Oxford University Press, 2010, doi:10.1093/obo/9780195393521-0041
12. de la Vallee Poussin, Louis. VI. Buddhist Notes: Vedanta and Buddhism. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland (Cambridge University Press). 1910, 42 (1): 129–140 [2023-04-07]. doi:10.1017/s0035869x00081697. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-27）., Quote: "A historical study of Neo-Buddhism would be very interesting, as an episode of the intellectual conquest of the East by the West and vice versa."

• Chitkara, M. G., Buddhism, Reincarnation, and Dalai Lamas of Tibet, APH, 1998
• Coleman, James William. The New Buddhism: The Western Transformation of an Ancient Tradition. Oxford University Press. 2002 [2023-04-07]. ISBN 978-0-19-515241-8. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-16）.
• Flanagan, Owen, Science for Monks: Buddhism and Science: A BIT of The Really Hard Problem, MIT Press, 2014
• Hayes, Richard P., The Internet as Window onto American Buddhism, Queen, Christopher; Williams, Duncan Ryuken (編), American Buddhism: Methods and Findings in Recent Scholarship, Routledge, 2013
• Keown, Damien. Buddhism: A Very Short Introduction Kindle. Oxford University Press. 2000.
• Konik, Adrian, Buddhism and Transgression: The Appropriation of Buddhism in the Contemporary West, BRIIL, 2009
• Lamb, Christopher, Cosmology, myth and symbolism, Harvey, Peter (編), Buddhism, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2001
• Trainor, Kevin, Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide, Oxford University Press, 2004 [2023-04-07], ISBN 978-0-19-517398-7, （原始內容存檔於2023-01-11）
• James, Alan; Jacqui, James. Modern Buddhism. Aucana. 1989. ISBN 0-9511769-1-9.
• James, William. The varieties of religious experience : a study in human nature. London: Longmans, Green & Co. June 1902: 534 [2023-04-07]. ISBN 0-585-23263-6. （原始內容存檔於2023-06-22）.
• Josephson, Jason Ānanda. When Buddhism Became a "Religion": Religion and Superstition in the Writings of Inoue Enryō. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 2006, 33 (1): 143–168 [2023-04-07]. （原始內容存檔於2023-04-07）.
• Lopez, Donald S., Jr. Buddhism & science : a guide for the perplexed. Buddhism and modernity. University of Chicago Press. 2008. ISBN 978-0-226-49312-1.
• Lopez, Donald S., Jr. A Modern Buddhist Bible. Beacon Press Books. 2002. ISBN 0-8070-1243-2.
• Masuzawa, Tomoko. The invention of world religions, or, How European universalism was preserved in the language of pluralism 1st. University of Chicago Press. May 2005: 359. ISBN 978-0-226-50988-4.
• McMahan, David L., The Making of Buddhist Modernism, Oxford University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-19-518327-6, doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183276.001.0001
• Metraux, Daniel A. The International Expansion of a Modern Buddhist Movement: The Soka Gakkai in Southeast Asia and Australia. University Press of America. 2001. ISBN 978-0-7618-1904-2.
• Prebish, Charles S.; Baumann, Martin. Westward Dharma: Buddhism Beyond Asia. University of California Press. 2002. ISBN 0-520-23490-1.
• Satō, Giei; Nishimura, Nishin. Unsui: a Diary of Zen Monastic Life illustrated. University of Hawaii Press. 1973: 114 [28 May 2009]. ISBN 978-0-8248-0272-1.
• Sharf, Robert H. The Zen of Japanese Nationalism. History of Religions (The University of Chicago Press). August 1993, 33 (1): 1–43. ISSN 0018-2710. JSTOR 1062782. S2CID 161535877. doi:10.1086/463354.
• Suzuki, D. T. Barrett, William , 編. Zen Buddhism : selected writings of D.T. Suzuki. New York: Three Leaves. 1996: 294 [1956]. ISBN 978-0-385-48349-0.
• Queen, Christopher. Emmanuel, Steven M. , 編. A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. 2015 [2023-04-07]. ISBN 978-1-119-14466-3. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-11）.
• Verhoeven, Martin. Americanizing the Buddha: Paul Carus and the Transformation of Asian Thought. Prebish, Charles; Tanaka, Kenneth (編). The faces of Buddhism in America. University of California Press. 1998: 370. ISBN 978-0-520-21301-2.
• Webb, Russel. Heinz Bechert 26 June 1932-14. Buddhist Studies Review. 2005, 22 (2): 211–216 [2023-04-07]. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-10）.

延伸閱讀

• Sharf, R H (1995). Buddhist modernism and the rhetoric of meditative experience, Numen 42, 228-283
• McMahan, DL (2004). Modernity and the early discourse of scientific Buddhism （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Journal of the American Academy of Religion 72 (4), 897-933