感恩節 (美國)

美國感恩節是一個美國人民每年在11月的第四個周四慶祝的感恩節的一種的公共節日。它起源於豐收節。主要的慶祝活動是感恩節大餐。傳統的感恩節大餐包括美洲本土的食物和菜餚，即火雞、馬鈴薯（通常是馬鈴薯泥）、餡料、南瓜、玉米、豆角、蔓越莓（通常是醬汁）和南瓜派。其他感恩節習俗包括慈善組織為窮人提供感恩節大餐，參加宗教儀式，遊行，以及觀看足球比賽^[1]。在美國文化中，感恩節被認為是秋冬假期的開始，其中包括聖誕節和新年。

《普利茅斯的第一個感恩節》（*The First Thanksgiving at Plymouth*），1914年珍妮·奧古斯塔·布朗斯康姆（英語：Jennie Augusta Brownscombe）所作的布面油畫

自1789年喬治·華盛頓宣布之後，感恩節一直在全國範圍內的慶祝。^[2]在美國南北戰爭時期，1863年亞伯拉罕·林肯總統發表了「感恩和讚美我們在天堂的天父」的宣告，在那之後每年11月的第四個周四便成為了傳統的國家慶祝節日。^[3]與聖誕節和新年一同作為廣泛的節慶假日的一部分。

美國人通常稱之為「第一感恩節」的活動是在1621年他們在新大陸有了第一次收穫之後由朝聖者慶祝的。^[4] 這次宴會持續了三天，據參會者愛德華溫斯洛^[5]所說，宴會有90個美洲原住民和53個朝聖者參加。^[6]新英格蘭殖民者習慣於定期慶祝「感恩節」 - 禱告感謝上帝的祝福，如軍事勝利或乾旱的結束。 ^[7]

早期感恩節活動

抽時間感謝別人的祝福，或是舉行節日慶祝收穫，都是早在歐洲人定居北美之前的做法。根據歷史學家詹姆斯·貝克所說，任何發生在現代美國領土的「第一感恩節」都像一粒豆瓣中的暴風雨。^[8]

在目前屬於美國的領土上的第一個有記載的感恩服務是由西班牙人^[9]和法國人^[10]在16世紀做出的。

[1]
Counihan, Carole. Food in the USA: A Reader. Routledge. 18 October 2013: 5. ISBN 978-1-135-32359-2 （英語）. Football games are scheduled and televised throughout the nation; an elaborately constructed, now traditional Macy's parade may be viewed. There are special services, which some attend, and turkeys and other foods are given by churches and other charitable organizations to the poor.
[2]
Frank, Priscilla. Christie's Is Selling The Proclamation That Established Thanksgiving, Signed By George Washington. Huffington Post. November 28, 2013 [6 December 2013]. （原始內容存檔於2016-11-26）.
[3]
Proclamation of Thanksgiving (October 3, 1863). Abraham Lincoln Online. [2010-11-24]. （原始內容存檔於2010-01-23）.
[4]
Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation,1789-1897, pp. 85–92.
[5]
Winslow, Edward, Mourt's Relation (PDF): 133, 1622 [2013-11-20], （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2015-11-25）, many of the Indians coming amongst us, and amongst the rest their greatest king Massasoyt, with some ninetie men, whom for three dayes we entertained and feasted
[6]
Primary Sources for "The First Thanksgiving" at Plymouth (PDF). Pilgrim Hall Museum. [2009-11-26]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2012-12-24）. The 53 Pilgrims at the First Thanksgiving
[7]
Thanksgiving Day. Encyclopædia Britannica. [2016-01-21]. （原始內容存檔於2016-01-16）.
[8]
Baker, James W. Thanksgiving: the biography of an American holiday. UPNE. 2009: 273 [2016-11-18]. ISBN 9781584658016. （原始內容存檔於2019-01-07）.
[9]
存档副本. [2016-11-18]. （原始內容存檔於2016-09-22）.
[10]
Davis, Kenneth C. A French Connection. Nytimes.com. November 25, 2008 [2011-09-05]. （原始內容存檔於2012-06-29）.

北美原住民

[Counihan2013-1] [1]
Counihan, Carole. Food in the USA: A Reader. Routledge. 18 October 2013: 5. ISBN 978-1-135-32359-2 （英語）. Football games are scheduled and televised throughout the nation; an elaborately constructed, now traditional Macy's parade may be viewed. There are special services, which some attend, and turkeys and other foods are given by churches and other charitable organizations to the poor.

[2] [2]
Frank, Priscilla. Christie's Is Selling The Proclamation That Established Thanksgiving, Signed By George Washington. Huffington Post. November 28, 2013 [6 December 2013]. （原始內容存檔於2016-11-26）.

[NetINS_Showcase-AB-3] [3]
Proclamation of Thanksgiving (October 3, 1863). Abraham Lincoln Online. [2010-11-24]. （原始內容存檔於2010-01-23）.

[bradford85-4] [4]
Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation,1789-1897, pp. 85–92.

[5] [5]
Winslow, Edward, Mourt's Relation (PDF): 133, 1622 [2013-11-20], （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2015-11-25）, many of the Indians coming amongst us, and amongst the rest their greatest king Massasoyt, with some ninetie men, whom for three dayes we entertained and feasted

[6] [6]
Primary Sources for "The First Thanksgiving" at Plymouth (PDF). Pilgrim Hall Museum. [2009-11-26]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2012-12-24）. The 53 Pilgrims at the First Thanksgiving

[Encyclopædia_Britannica-7] [7]
Thanksgiving Day. Encyclopædia Britannica. [2016-01-21]. （原始內容存檔於2016-01-16）.

[Baker-8] [8]
Baker, James W. Thanksgiving: the biography of an American holiday. UPNE. 2009: 273 [2016-11-18]. ISBN 9781584658016. （原始內容存檔於2019-01-07）.

[9] [9]
存档副本. [2016-11-18]. （原始內容存檔於2016-09-22）.

[10] [10]
Davis, Kenneth C. A French Connection. Nytimes.com. November 25, 2008 [2011-09-05]. （原始內容存檔於2012-06-29）.

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早期感恩節活動

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感恩節 (美國)

早期感恩節活動

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