剑龙是发现于骨头大战期间的恐龙物种之一,由奥塞内尔·查利斯·马什在1877年根据科罗拉多州莫里逊北部发现的遗骸所命名。[2]这些最早发现的骨骼后来成为该属的正模标本。马什将其叙述成类似海龟的水生动物,并将属名取为Stegosaurus,意为“屋顶蜥蜴”(由古希腊文中代表“屋顶”的στέγη/stégi或代表“(如屋瓦一般)紧密铺设覆盖”的στέγω/stégō,以及代表蜥蜴的σαῦρος/saûros组成),因为他最初认为这些骨板平铺在动物背上,像屋顶上的瓦片般重叠。在接下来的几年里,人们发现了大量剑龙化石,马什也在1877年至1897年间发表了几篇关于剑龙的论文。[3]1878年,爱德华·德林克·科普根据花园公园(英语:Garden Park, Colorado)乳头山附近科普3号采石场中的化石碎片而命名了另一种剑龙类Hypsirhophus。[4]后期研究人员通常认为Hypsirhophus是剑龙的异名,[3]尽管彼得·加尔东在2010年指出两者的椎骨存在差异。[5]
马什于1891年发表了他对剑龙骨骼的精确重建,十年内剑龙就成为了插图最多的恐龙之一。画家查尔斯·耐特(英语:Charles R. Knight)在1897年11月的一期《世纪杂志(英语:The Century Magazine)》上发表了第一幅根据马什的研究所制成的蹄足剑龙插图。此图后来成为1933年电影《金刚》中使用的定格动画的基础。[87]耐特的第一张复原图中只画了一排骨板,不过,他于1901年在弗里德里希·卢卡斯的指导下创作了一幅更为著名的作品,并画出了两排骨板。同样,在卢卡斯的领导下,耐特于两年后再次修改上一版本,制作出一个具有双排交错骨板的模型。1927年,耐特为菲尔德自然历史博物馆绘制了一幅具有双排交错骨板的剑龙复原图,该形象被鲁道夫·F·扎林格(英语:Rudolph F. Zallinger)所遵循,此人也在1947年皮博迪博物馆的“爬行动物时代”壁画中将剑龙画成了这种形象。[87]
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