McDowall 为《美国公共卫生期刊》所作研究与 Gary Kleck 和 Marc Gertz 1995 年的一项研究形成对比,后者发现美国每年有 245 万起犯罪活动是使用枪支挫败的,而且在大多数情况下,潜在的受害者从未开过一枪。[50] 学术界和大众媒体多次引用Kleck研究的结果。[51][52][53][54][55][56][57] Kleck 和 Gertz 的研究方法受到了一些研究人员的批评[58][59],但枪支管制倡导者 Marvin Wolfgang 也为之辩护[60]。
McDowall指出Kleck研究方法上的问题。他认为Kleck所用的样本大小非常小,并且没有包括那些人身攻击已经开始的犯罪未遂案子下的自卫行为。[61]然而,前面样本非常小的批评,是不准确的—Kleck与Gertz的调查实际上是截至当时为止最大规模、对受访者咨询有关防卫性枪支使用的抽样调查—共4,977个案件,远超过一般全国性调查。[62]一项在1990年代由Harvard Injury Control Research Center的David Hemenway所进行的研究发现,枪支用于犯罪的次数远较用于自卫为多。[63]不过,根据Kleck的研究,最成功的防止伤亡办法是不发一弹,而这在Hemenway或者McDowall研究中并未计入自我防卫。[61][64][63]
在美国,有四分之一的商业抢劫案与枪支有关。[98]相比之下,涉及枪支的抢劫导致死亡的可能性是使用其他武器抢劫的3倍,[98][99][100]家庭暴力案件也有类似的模式。[101]犯罪学家菲利普·库克(Philip J. Cook)推测,假使枪支没这么泛滥,罪犯不管如何很可能还是会行凶,但会使用其它较不致命的武器。[102]他发现,在50个美国最大城市里拥枪水平与持枪抢劫率相关,而并非与整体抢劫率相关。[103][104]有相当多凶杀案是由另一宗暴力罪案导致的,而这种情况下的罪犯犯罪时并没有明确或者持续的意图要杀人或者被杀。这种案例日渐增多。[100][105]在美国,总体抢劫与施暴率也与其他发达国家如澳大利亚、芬兰相当,尽管在这些国家拥枪率远较美国为低。[102][105]
于1994年颁行的暴力犯罪控制及执行法(Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act),其中包括联邦攻击武器禁令,是为引起大众关注大规模枪击事件的回应。[143]本禁令规定,禁止一些可装配仿军用规格附属品如折叠枪托、枪柄、与闪光抑制器、以及可装备超过10发子弹以上弹匣半自动武器的制造与进口。[143]附带的祖父条款对在1994年以前制造的枪支网开一面。一项由宾夕法尼亚大学犯罪学家克里斯托弗·S·科佩尔(Christopher S. Koper)与杰弗瑞·A·罗斯(Jeffrey A. Roth)所作的短期评估发现,该立法对枪支暴力并没有任何明显的影响。[144]然而,科佩尔和罗斯指出,祖父条款和对这些1994年以前制造的枪支在犯罪上使用应该视为限制禁令成效的因素,这使得效果不显著。[144]由于短期评估所给的研究时间相当短,美国国家科学院亦建议审慎作结。[131]2004年9月,攻击武器禁令随着其日落条款而到期失效。[145]
某些枪支管制倡导团体制定了自己的计划,如由布来迪枪支暴力防治中心主办的坦言风险(Straight Talk about Risks,简称STAR)计划,以及由约书亚霍维茨终结手枪暴力教育基金协会(Joshua Horwitz Educational Fund to End Handgun Violence)主办的手头无枪(Hands without Guns)计划。 [168]
社区计划
如社区振兴、放学后的辅导课程、以及媒体宣传等等针对整个社区的计划,可以更有效地降低了儿童所接触暴力行为的整体水平。[178][179]特别针对枪支暴力、以社区为主的计划包括纽约市的儿童安全/社区健康伤害防治计划(Safe Kids/Healthy Neighborhoods Injury Prevention Program)、[180][181]以及芝加哥的安稳的家暨庇护所(Safe Homes and Havens)计划。[168]对这些社区为主计划进行评估相当困难,因为许多错综复杂的因子及该计划本质多面之故。[168]
社会学家詹姆斯·D·赖特(James D. Wright)认为,要说服都市内青年不携枪“需要说服他们,他们可以在不武装下,于街舫邻居间存活并安全的来去自如;而不武装不会造成他们成为牺牲品、遭恐吓、或者被杀的对象”[120]干预计划如1990年代波士顿停火行动及弗吉尼亚州里士满流放专案,已证明有效。[22][182]其他干预策略,譬如枪支“购回”计划已证明无效。[131]
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