Asupre

Ang asupre, sangyawa o sulpura (Kastila: azufre, Ingles: sulfur) ay isang kemikal na elementong gumagamit sa bilang atomikong 16.^[7] Ito ay karaniwang ginagamitan ng simbolong S. Ito ay isang karaniwang multibalente na hindi metal. Asupre, sa katutubong uri, ay matamlay na dilaw na crystal line solid. Sa kalikasan, karaniwan ito matatagpuang purong elemento at mga mineral na asuprido at asuprata. Isa itong esensyal na elemento para sa buhay at matatagpuan ito sa mga asidong amino: cysteine at methionine. Ginagamit itong pataba, pero karaniwan din ito sa pulbura, posporo, insecticide at fungicide. Ang elementong asupre na kristal ay kadalasang hinahanap ng mga nangongolekta ng mga mineral dahil sa matingkad nitong mga sukat na polihedron. Ito rin ay kilala sa pantanggal ng mga libag sa mga sabong may kahalong sulfur. Tinatawag din itong brimstone sa Inggles.

Sulfur, ₁₆S

Sulfur
Alternative name	Sulphur (British spelling)
Allotropes	tingnan ang mga alotropo ng asupre
Appearance	Lemon yellow sintered microcrystals
Standard atomic weight Ar°(S)
	[32.059, 32.076] 32.06±0.02 (pinaikli)[1][2]
Sulfur sa talahanayang peryodiko
Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson O ↑ S ↓ Se phosphorus ← sulfur → chlorine
Atomikong bilang (Z)	16
Group	16
Period	3
Block	p-block
Electron configuration	[Ne] 3s2 3p4
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 6
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solido
Melting point	alpha (α-S8): 388.36 K ​(115.21 °C, ​239.38 °F)
Boiling point	717.8 K ​(444.6 °C, ​832.3 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	alpha (α-S8): 2.07 g/cm3 beta (β-S8): 1.96 g/cm3 gamma (γ-S8): 1.92 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	1.819 g/cm3
Critical point	1314 K, 20.7 MPa
Heat of fusion	beta (β-S8): 1.727 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	beta (β-S8): 45 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	22.75 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 375 408 449 508 591 717
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (isang matapang na asidikong oksido)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.58
Ionization energies	1st: 999.6 kJ/mol 2nd: 2252 kJ/mol 3rd: 3357 kJ/mol (more)
Covalent radius	105±3 pm
Van der Waals radius	180 pm
Mga linyang espektral ng sulfur
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordiyal
Crystal structure	alpha (α-S8): ​orthorhombic (oF128)
Lattice constants	a = 1.0460 nm b = 1.2861 nm c = 2.4481 nm (at 20 °C)[3]
Crystal structure	beta (β-S8): ​monoclinic (mP48)
Lattice constants	a = 1.0923 nm b = 1.0851 nm c = 1.0787 nm β = 95.905° (at 20 °C)[3]
Thermal conductivity	0.205 W/(m⋅K) (amorphous)
Electrical resistivity	2×1015  Ω⋅m (at 20 °C) (amorphous)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic[4]
Molar magnetic susceptibility	alpha (α-S8): −15.5×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)[5]
Bulk modulus	7.7 GPa
Mohs hardness	2.0
CAS Number	7704-34-9
History
Discovery	before 2000 BCE[6]
Recognized as an element by	Antoine Lavoisier (1777)
Isotopes of sulfur t b
Main isotopes Decay abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct 32S 94.8% stable 33S 0.760% stable 34S 4.37% stable 35S trace 87.37 d β− 35Cl 36S 0.02% stable 34S abundances vary greatly (between 3.96 and 4.77 percent) in natural samples.
Kategorya: Sulfur tingnan usapan baguhin | references

Mga sanggunian

1. "Standard Atomic Weights: Sulfur" (sa wikang Ingles). CIAAW. 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
2. Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry (sa wikang Ingles). doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
3. Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
4. Lide, D. R., pat. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (ika-86th (na) edisyon). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
5. Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
6. "Sulfur History". Georgiagulfsulfur.com. Nakuha noong 2022-02-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
7. Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF). CRC press. 2000. ISBN 0849304814.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)