Itikadi kali

Itikadi kali ni dai la kushikilia sana misimamo ya dini^{[1][2][3][4][5]} au falsafa au siasa fulani kwa kuchukua hasa maneno yaliyoandikwa na mwanzilishi bila ufafanuzi wowote, kadiri unavyohitajika kutokana na muda kupita au mabadiliko mbalimbali kutokea.^[6]

Boko Haram kundi la itikadi kali kutoka Afrika

Kikundi cha itikadi kali cha Al Shabaab Somalia

Kwa jumla msamiati huu unatumika kwa maana mbaya^[7][8], tofauti na mtu kusifiwa kwa uaminifu wake unaoendana na msimamo usio na ukali dhidi ya wengine.

Katika dini

Mfano maarufu wa aina hiyo ni "fundamentalism" iliyoenea katika Uprotestanti huko Marekani katika karne ya 20 ikitaka kushika kabisa mambo 5 ya "msingi" (= fundamentals) kwa kupinga teolojia ya Usasa:

• Biblia kuwa na uvuvio wa Roho Mtakatifu na kwa sababu hiyo kutoweza kukosea hata katika masuala ya sayansi
• Yesu kuwa mzao wa bikira
• Kifo cha Yesu kuwa malipizi ya dhambi za binadamu
• Ufufuko wa Yesu katika mwili wake, si kwa roho tu
• Ukweli wa kihistoria wa miujiza ya Yesu.^[9][10]

Mfano mwingine wa siku hizi ni Uislamu wenye itikadi kali kama ule wa DAESH, wa Boko Haram, wa wale wanaolipua hata misikiti, na wa nchi mbalimbali za Kiislamu ambazo zinadhulumu watu wa dini tofauti na hata Waislamu wa madhehebu mengine.

Vilevile dini nyingine kadhaa, kama si zote, zina watu wenye itikadi kali, kama vile Wahindu wanaodhulumu Wahindi wenzao kwa sababu hawafuati dini ya jadi ya India.

Mambo hayo yamefanya wakanamungu na wengineo wadai kwamba dini zote duniani zinaharibu maisha ya watu badala ya kuyaboresha. Watetezi wa dini wanahoji kama ni sawa kusema mwili ni mbaya kwa sababu una ugonjwa katika kiungo fulani. Kwao itikadi kali ni saratani ambayo wote wapambane nayo, badala ya kumuua mtu aliye nayo. Wanasema dini zimechangia sana maadili ya binadamu na ya jamii, hata kama baadhi ya wanadini wameshika misimamo mibaya na kutenda mambo yasiyofaa.

Chanzo na matokeo

Saikolojia na sosholojia zinasaidia kuelewa kwa nini baadhi ya watu wanaelekea kuwa na itikadi kali.

Matokeo ya kawaida ya ukali huo ni kukataa wale wasioamini itikadi yenyewe, lakini pia wale ambao wanaiamini kwa kuifafanua bila ukali.^[11]

Tanbihi

1. Nagata, Judith (Juni 2001). "Beyond Theology: Toward an Anthropology of "Fundamentalism"". American Anthropologist. 103 (2).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
2. Altemeyer, B., & Hunsberger, B. (1992). Authoritarianism, religious fundamentalism, quest, and prejudice. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2(2), 113-133. doi: 10.1207/s15327582ijpr0202_5
3. Kunst, J., Thomsen, L., Sam, D. (2014). Late Abrahamic reunion? Religious fundamentalism negatively predicts dual Abrahamic group categorization among Muslims and Christians. European Journal of Social Psychology, https://www.academia.edu/6436421/Late_Abrahamic_reunion_Religious_fundamentalism_negatively_predicts_dual_Abrahamic_group_categorization_among_Muslims_and_Christians
4. Kunst, J. R., & Thomsen, L. (2014). Prodigal sons: Dual Abrahamic categorization mediates the detrimental effects of religious fundamentalism on Christian-Muslim relations. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion. doi: 10.1080/10508619.2014.93796 https://www.academia.edu/7455300/Prodigal_sons_Dual_Abrahamic_categorization_mediates_the_detrimental_effects_of_religious_fundamentalism_on_Christian-Muslim_relations
5. Hunsberger, B. (1995). Religion and prejudice: The role of religious fundamentalism, quest, and right-wing authoritarianism. Journal of Social Issues, 51(2), 113-129. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1995.tb01326.x
6. "Nakala iliyohifadhiwa" (PDF). Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 2013-08-17. Iliwekwa mnamo 2015-03-18.
7. Harris, Harriet (2008). Fundamentalism and Evangelicals. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-953253-2. OCLC 182663241.
8. Boer, Roland (2005). "Fundamentalism". In Tony Bennett, Lawrence Grossberg, Meaghan Morris and Raymonnd Williams (PDF). New keywords: a revised vocabulary of culture and society. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 134–137. ISBN 0-631-22568-4 . OCLC 57357498 230674627 57357498 . http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/newkeywords/PDFs%20Sample%20Entries%20-%20New%20Keywords/Fundamentalism.pdf. Retrieved July 27, 2008. Archived 23 Mei 2005 at the Wayback Machine. "Nakala iliyohifadhiwa" (PDF). Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 2005-05-23. Iliwekwa mnamo 2015-03-18.
9. George M. Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture, (1980) pp 4-5 Over 1400 scholarly books have cited Marsden's work, according to Google Scholar.
10. Buescher, John. "A History of Fundamentalism", Teachinghistory.org Archived 26 Septemba 2018 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved August 15, 2011.
11. "Nakala iliyohifadhiwa" (PDF). Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 2013-08-17. Iliwekwa mnamo 2015-03-18.

Marejeo

• Appleby, R. Scott, Gabriel Abraham Almond, and Emmanuel Sivan (2003). Strong Religion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-01497-5
• Armstrong, Karen (2001). The Battle for God: A History of Fundamentalism. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-39169-1
• Brasher, Brenda E. (2001). The Encyclopedia of Fundamentalism. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92244-5
• Caplan, Lionel. (1987). "Studies in Religious Fundamentalism". London: The MacMillan Press Ltd.
• Dorff, Elliot N. and Rosett, Arthur, A Living Tree; The Roots and Growth of Jewish Law, SUNY Press, 1988.
• Keating, Karl (1988). Catholicism and Fundamentalism. San Francisco: Ignatius. ISBN 0-89870-177-5
• Gorenberg, Gershom. (2000). The End of Days: Fundamentalism and the Struggle for the Temple Mount. New York: The Free Press.
• Hindery, Roderick. 2001. Indoctrination and Self-deception or Free and Critical Thought? Mellen Press: aspects of fundamentalism, pp. 69–74.
• Lawrence, Bruce B. Defenders of God: The Fundamentalist Revolt against the Modern Age. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1989.
• Marsden; George M. (1980). Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth Century Evangelicalism, 1870-1925 Oxford University Press.
• Marty, Martin E. and R. Scott Appleby (eds.). The Fundamentalism Project. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • (1991). Volume 1: Fundamentalisms Observed. ISBN 0-226-50878-1
  • (1993). Volume 2: Fundamentalisms and Society. ISBN 0-226-50880-3
  • (1993). Volume 3: Fundamentalisms and the State. ISBN 0-226-50883-8
  • (1994). Volume 4: Accounting for Fundamentalisms. ISBN 0-226-50885-4
  • (1995). Volume 5: Fundamentalisms Comprehended. ISBN 0-226-50887-0
• Noll, Mark A. A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1992.
• Ruthven, Malise (2005). "Fundamentalism: The Search for Meaning". Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280606-8
• Torrey, R.A. (ed.). (1909). The Fundamentals. Los Angeles: The Bible Institute of Los Angeles (B.I.O.L.A. now Biola University). ISBN 0-8010-1264-3
• "Religious movements: fundamentalist." In Goldstein, Norm (Ed.) (2003). The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law 2003 (38th ed.), p. 218. New York: The Associated Press. ISBN 0-917360-22-2.

Viungo vya nje

• The Sword of the Lord: The Roots of Fundamentalism in an American Family, book by Andrew Himes Archived 19 Septemba 2020 at the Wayback Machine.
• Can Anyone Define Fundamentalist? Article by Terry Mattingly via Scripps Howard News Service
• Richard Dawkins' The God Delusion and Atheist Fundamentalism by Simon Watson, published in Anthropoetics XV,2 Spring 2010 Archived 6 Julai 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
• Shared Insights: Women's Rights Activists Define Religious FundamentalismsArchived 1 Februari 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
• The Appeal-and Peril-of Fundamentalism Archived 15 Oktoba 2007 at the Wayback Machine. by Dr. Bert B. Beach
• The Fundamentals not complete at 2011-07-26.
• The Fundamentals: A Testimony to the Truth Online version of "The Fundamentals", not complete at 2011-07-26.
• Thoughts on "Religious Fundamentalism" Identity Archived 2 Februari 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
• International Coalition Against Political Islam Archived 15 Oktoba 2005 at the Wayback Machine.
• Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan (RAWA)
• No to Political Islam
• Psychological Issues of Former Members of Restrictive Religious Groups Archived 8 Oktoba 2014 at the Wayback Machine. by Jim Moyers
• Q & A on Islamic Fundamentalism
• www.blessedquietness.com a conservative Christian website, maintained by Steve van Natten
• Women Against Fundamentalism (UK) Archived 29 Agosti 2005 at the Wayback Machine.
• The Rise of Religious Violence
• Yahya Abdul Rahman's Take On Fundamentalists And Fundamentalism
• Roots of Fundamentalism Traced to 16th Century Bible Translations, Harvard University, November 7, 2007.
• The Fundamentalist Distortion of the Islamic Message Archived 11 Septemba 2015 at the Wayback Machine. by Syed Manzar Abbas Saidi, published in Athena Intelligence Journal Archived 10 Septemba 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
• Fundamentalism linked to intimate partner violence Archived 9 Machi 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
• Evangelicalism – Fundamentalism; What Is The Difference? Archived 2 Februari 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
• Admiel Kosman, Between Orthodox Judaism and nihilism: Reflections on the recently published writings of the late Rabbi Shimon Gershon Rosenberg, Haaretz, Aug.17, 2012.

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