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Pronunciation | (jur-MAY-nee-əm) |
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Appearance | grayish-white |
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| 72.630(8)[1] |
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Atomic number (Z) | 32 |
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Group | group 14 (carbon group) |
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Period | period 4 |
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Block | p-block |
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Electron configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 |
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Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 4 |
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Phase at STP | solid |
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Melting point | 1211.40 K (938.25 °C, 1720.85 °F) |
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Boiling point | 3106 K (2833 °C, 5131 °F) |
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Density (near r.t.) | 5.323 g/cm3 |
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when liquid (at m.p.) | 5.60 g/cm3 |
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Heat of fusion | 36.94 kJ/mol |
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Heat of vaporization | 334 kJ/mol |
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Molar heat capacity | 23.222 J/(mol·K) |
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Vapor pressure
P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1 k |
10 k |
100 k |
at T (K) |
1644 |
1814 |
2023 |
2287 |
2633 |
3104 |
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Oxidation states | −4, −3, −2, −1, 0,[2] +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide) |
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Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 2.01 |
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Ionization energies | - 1st: 762 kJ/mol
- 2nd: 1537.5 kJ/mol
- 3rd: 3302.1 kJ/mol
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Atomic radius | empirical: 122 pm |
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Covalent radius | 122 pm |
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Van der Waals radius | 211 pm |
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Spectral lines of germanium |
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Natural occurrence | primordial |
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Crystal structure | face-centered diamond-cubic |
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Speed of sound thin rod | 5400 m/s (at 20 °C) |
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Thermal expansion | 6.0 µm/(m⋅K) |
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Thermal conductivity | 60.2 W/(m⋅K) |
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Electrical resistivity | 1 Ω⋅m (at 20 °C) |
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Band gap | 0.67 eV (at 300 K) |
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Magnetic ordering | diamagnetic[3] |
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Molar magnetic susceptibility | −76.84×10−6 cm3/mol[4] |
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Young's modulus | 103 GPa[5] |
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Shear modulus | 41 GPa[5] |
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Bulk modulus | 75 GPa[5] |
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Poisson ratio | 0.26[5] |
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Mohs hardness | 6.0 |
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CAS Number | 7440-56-4 |
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Naming | after Germany, homeland of the discoverer |
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Prediction | Dmitri Mendeleev (1869) |
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Discovery | Clemens Winkler (1886) |
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Category: Germanium | references |