Tin is a chemical element with symbol Sn (for Latin: stannum) and atomic number 50. It is in Group 14 on the periodic table. It has ten isotopes that are not radioactive, which is more than any other element.
Quick Facts Allotropes, Appearance ...
Tin, 00Sn![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sn-Alpha-Beta.jpg/220px-Sn-Alpha-Beta.jpg) |
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Allotropes | silvery-white, β (beta); gray, α (alpha) |
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Appearance | silvery-white (beta, β) or gray (alpha, α) |
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| 118.710(7)[1] |
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Group | group 14 (carbon group) |
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Period | period 5 |
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Block | p-block |
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Electron configuration | [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2 |
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Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 18, 4 |
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Phase at STP | solid |
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Melting point | 505.08 K (231.93 °C, 449.47 °F) |
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Boiling point | 2875 K (2602 °C, 4716 °F) |
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Density (near r.t.) | white, β: 7.265 g/cm3 gray, α: 5.769 g/cm3 |
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when liquid (at m.p.) | 6.99 g/cm3 |
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Heat of fusion | white, β: 7.03 kJ/mol |
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Heat of vaporization | white, β: 296.1 kJ/mol |
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Molar heat capacity | white, β: 27.112 J/(mol·K) |
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Vapor pressure
P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1 k |
10 k |
100 k |
at T (K) |
1497 |
1657 |
1855 |
2107 |
2438 |
2893 |
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Oxidation states | −4, −3, −2, −1, 0,[2] +1,[3] +2, +3,[4] +4 (an amphoteric oxide) |
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Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 1.96 |
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Ionization energies | - 1st: 708.6 kJ/mol
- 2nd: 1411.8 kJ/mol
- 3rd: 2943.0 kJ/mol
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Atomic radius | empirical: 140 pm |
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Covalent radius | 139±4 pm |
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Van der Waals radius | 217 pm |
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Spectral lines of tin |
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Natural occurrence | primordial |
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Crystal structure | tetragonal white (β) |
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Crystal structure | face-centered diamond-cubic gray (α) |
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Speed of sound thin rod | 2730 m/s (at r.t.) (rolled) |
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Thermal expansion | 22.0 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C) |
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Thermal conductivity | 66.8 W/(m⋅K) |
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Electrical resistivity | 115 nΩ⋅m (at 0 °C) |
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Magnetic ordering | gray: diamagnetic[5] white (β): paramagnetic |
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Molar magnetic susceptibility | (white) +3.1·10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)[6] |
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Young's modulus | 50 GPa |
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Shear modulus | 18 GPa |
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Bulk modulus | 58 GPa |
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Poisson ratio | 0.36 |
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Brinell hardness | 50–440 MPa |
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CAS Number | 7440-31-5 |
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Discovery | around 3500 BC |
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Symbol | "Sn": from Latin stannum |
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Main isotopes[7] |
Decay |
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abundance |
half-life (t1/2) |
mode |
product |
112Sn |
0.970% |
stable |
114Sn |
0.66% |
stable |
115Sn |
0.34% |
stable |
116Sn |
14.5% |
stable |
117Sn |
7.68% |
stable |
118Sn |
24.2% |
stable |
119Sn |
8.59% |
stable |
120Sn |
32.6% |
stable |
122Sn |
4.63% |
stable |
124Sn |
5.79% |
stable |
126Sn |
trace |
2.3×105 y |
β− |
126Sb |
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Category: Tin | references |
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Tin