କାଲିଫର୍ମିଅମ

କାଲିଫର୍ମିଅମ ହେଉଛି ଏକ ତେଜସ୍କ୍ରିୟ ରାସାୟନିକ ମୌଳିକ ଯାହାର ପ୍ରତୀକ Cf ଓ ପରମାଣୁ କ୍ରମାଙ୍କ ୯୮ ।

Californium,  ₉₈Cf

ସାଧାରଣ ଗୁଣ
ନାମ, ପ୍ରତୀକ	californium, Cf
Appearance	silvery
ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣ	/ˌkæl[invalid input: 'ɨ']ˈfɔːrniəm/ KAL-i-FOR-nee-əm
Californium in the periodic table
Dy ↑ Cf ↓ (Upn) berkelium ← californium → einsteinium
ପରମାଣୁ କ୍ରମାଙ୍କ (Z)	98
ଶ୍ରେଣୀ, ବ୍ଳକ	group n/a, f-block
ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାୟ	period 7
ମୌଳିକ ପ୍ରକାର	actinide
ମାନକ ପରମାଣବିକ ଓଜନ (Ar)	(251) [1]
ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରୋନ୍ ବିନ୍ୟାସ	[Rn] 5f10 7s2 [2]
per shell	2, 8, 18, 32, 28, 8, 2
ଭୌତିକ ଗୁଣ
ଅବସ୍ଥା	solid
ଗଳନାଙ୍କ	1173 K ​(900 [1] °C, ​1652 °F)
ସ୍ଫୁଟନାଙ୍କ	1743[3] K ​(1470 °C, ​2678 (estimation) °F)
Density near r.t.	15.1[1] g/cm3
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	2, 3, 4 [4]
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.3 [5]
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	​simple hexagonal
Mohs hardness	3–4[6]
CAS Number	7440-71-3 [1]
ଇତିହାସ
ଆବିଷ୍କାର	Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (1950)
Most stable isotopes of californium
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 248Cf syn 333.5 d α (100%) 6.369 244Cm SF (2.9×10−3%) 0.0029 – 249Cf trace 351 y α (100%) 6.295 245Cm SF (5.0×10−7%) 4.4×10−7 – 250Cf trace 13.08 y α (99.92%) 6.129 246Cm SF (0.08%) 0.077 – 251Cf trace 898 y α 6.172 247Cm 252Cf trace 2.645 y α (96.91%) 6.217 248Cm SF (3.09%) – – 253Cf trace 17.81 d β− (99.69%) 0.29 253Es α (0.31%) 6.126 249Cm 254Cf syn 60.5 d SF (99.69%) – – α (0.31%) 5.930 250Cm
Isotope references: [7][8]
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ଧର୍ମ

ଭୌତିକ

ରସାୟନିକ

ସମସ୍ଥାନିକ

ଇତିହାସ

ଉପସ୍ଥିତି

ଉତ୍ପାଦନ

ବ୍ୟବହାର

ଆହୁରି ଦେଖନ୍ତୁ

ଆଧାର

1. CRC 2006, p. 4.56.
2. CRC 2006, p. 1.14.
3. Joseph Jacob Katz; Glenn Theodore Seaborg; Lester R. Morss (1986). The Chemistry of the actinide elements. Chapman and Hall. p. 1038. ISBN 9780412273704. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
4. Greenwood 1997, p. 1265. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGreenwood1997 (help)
5. Emsley 1998, p. 50.
6. CRC 1991, p. 254.
7. CRC 2006, p. 11.196.
8. NNDC contributors (2008). Sonzogni, Alejandro A. (Database Manager) (ed.). "Chart of Nuclides". National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved 2010-03-01. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)

ସହାୟକ ଗ୍ରନ୍ଥ

• Cotton, F. Albert; Wilkinson, Geoffrey; Murillo, Carlos A.; Bochmann, Manfred (1999). Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-19957-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• CRC contributors (1991). Walker, Perrin; Tarn, William H. (eds.). Handbook of Metal Etchants. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-3623-2. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
• CRC contributors (2006). Lide, David R. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 978-0-8493-0487-3. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
• Cunningham, B. B. (1968). "Californium". In Hampel, Clifford A. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements. Reinhold Book Corporation. LCCN 68-29938. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Emsley, John (1998). The Elements. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-855818-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Emsley, John (2001). "Californium". Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850340-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-3365-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Haire, Richard G. (2006). "Californium". In Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Heiserman, David L. (1992). "Element 98: Californium". Exploring Chemical Elements and their Compounds. TAB Books. ISBN 978-0-8306-3018-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Jakubke, Hans-Dieter; Jeschkeit, Hans, eds. (1994). Concise Encyclopedia Chemistry. trans. rev. Eagleson, Mary. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-011451-5.
• Krebs, Robert (2006). The History and Use of our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-33438-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Radiation Source Use and Replacement (2008). Radiation Source Use and Replacement: Abbreviated Version. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-11014-3.
• O'Neil, Marydale J.; Heckelman, Patricia E.; Roman, Cherie B., eds. (2006). The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals (14th ed.). Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. ISBN 978-0-911910-00-1.
• Osborne-Lee, I. W.; Alexander, C. W. (1995). "Californium-252: A Remarkable Versatile Radioisotope". Oak Ridge Technical Report ORNL/TM-12706. doi:10.2172/205871.
• Ruiz-Lapuente, P.; Canal, R.; Isern, J. (1996). Thermonuclear Supernovae. Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-0-7923-4359-2.
• Seaborg, Glenn T.; Loveland, Walter D. (1990). The Elements Beyond Uranium. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-89062-1.
• Seaborg, G. T. (1994). Modern alchemy: selected papers of Glenn T. Seaborg. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-02-1440-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Seaborg, G. T. (1996). Adloff, J. P. (ed.). One Hundred Years after the Discovery of Radioactivity. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. ISBN 978-3-486-64252-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)^{[permanent dead link]}
• Seaborg, Glenn T. (2004). "Californium". In Geller, Elizabeth (ed.). Concise Encyclopedia of Chemistry. McGraw-Hill. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-07-143953-4. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Szwacki, Nevill Gonzalez; Szwacka, Teresa (2010). Basic Elements of Crystallography. Pan Stanford. ISBN 978-981-4241-59-5.
• Weeks, Mary Elvira (1968). "21: Modern Alchemy". Discovery of the Elements. Journal of Chemical Education. pp. 848–850. ISBN 978-0-7661-3872-8. LCCN 68-15217. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

ବାହାର ଲିଙ୍କ

• Californium at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham)
• NuclearWeaponArchive.org – Californium
• Hazardous Substances Databank – Californium, Radioactive