କାଲିଫର୍ମିଅମ ହେଉଛି ଏକ ତେଜସ୍କ୍ରିୟ ରାସାୟନିକ ମୌଳିକ ଯାହାର ପ୍ରତୀକ Cf ଓ ପରମାଣୁ କ୍ରମାଙ୍କ ୯୮ ।
Quick Facts ସାଧାରଣ ଗୁଣ, ନାମ, ପ୍ରତୀକ ...
Californium, 98Cf![A very small disc of silvery metal, magnified to show its metallic texture](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Californium.jpg) |
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ନାମ, ପ୍ରତୀକ | californium, Cf |
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Appearance | silvery |
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ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣ | KAL-i-FOR-nee-əm |
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ପରମାଣୁ କ୍ରମାଙ୍କ (Z) | 98 |
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ଶ୍ରେଣୀ, ବ୍ଳକ | group n/a, f-block |
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ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାୟ | period 7 |
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ମୌଳିକ ପ୍ରକାର | actinide |
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ମାନକ ପରମାଣବିକ ଓଜନ (Ar) | (251) |
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ଇଲେକ୍ଟ୍ରୋନ୍ ବିନ୍ୟାସ | [Rn] 5f10 7s2 |
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per shell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 28, 8, 2 |
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ଅବସ୍ଥା | solid |
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ଗଳନାଙ୍କ | 1173 K (900 °C, 1652 °F) |
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ସ୍ଫୁଟନାଙ୍କ | 1743[3] K (1470 °C, 2678 (estimation) °F) |
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Density near r.t. | 15.1 g/cm3 |
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Oxidation states | 2, 3, 4 |
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Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 1.3 |
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Crystal structure | simple hexagonal |
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Mohs hardness | 3–4 |
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CAS Number | 7440-71-3 |
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ଆବିଷ୍କାର | Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (1950) |
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iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
248Cf |
syn |
333.5 d |
α (100%) |
6.369 |
244Cm |
SF (2.9×10−3%) |
0.0029 |
– |
249Cf |
trace |
351 y |
α (100%) |
6.295 |
245Cm |
SF (5.0×10−7%) |
4.4×10−7 |
– |
250Cf |
trace |
13.08 y |
α (99.92%) |
6.129 |
246Cm |
SF (0.08%) |
0.077 |
– |
251Cf |
trace |
898 y |
α |
6.172 |
247Cm |
252Cf |
trace |
2.645 y |
α (96.91%) |
6.217 |
248Cm |
SF (3.09%) |
– |
– |
253Cf |
trace |
17.81 d |
β− (99.69%) |
0.29 |
253Es |
α (0.31%) |
6.126 |
249Cm |
254Cf |
syn |
60.5 d |
SF (99.69%) |
– |
– |
α (0.31%) |
5.930 |
250Cm |
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Isotope references: [8] |
| references |
Close
NNDC contributors (2008). Sonzogni, Alejandro A. (Database Manager) (ed.). "Chart of Nuclides". National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
- Cotton, F. Albert; Wilkinson, Geoffrey; Murillo, Carlos A.; Bochmann, Manfred (1999). Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-19957-1. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- CRC contributors (1991). Walker, Perrin; Tarn, William H. (eds.). Handbook of Metal Etchants. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-3623-2.
- CRC contributors (2006). Lide, David R. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 978-0-8493-0487-3.
- Cunningham, B. B. (1968). "Californium". In Hampel, Clifford A. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements. Reinhold Book Corporation. LCCN 68-29938.
- Emsley, John (1998). The Elements. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-855818-7.
- Emsley, John (2001). "Californium". Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850340-8.
- Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-3365-9.
- Haire, Richard G. (2006). "Californium". In Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5.
- Heiserman, David L. (1992). "Element 98: Californium". Exploring Chemical Elements and their Compounds. TAB Books. ISBN 978-0-8306-3018-9.
- Jakubke, Hans-Dieter; Jeschkeit, Hans, eds. (1994). Concise Encyclopedia Chemistry. trans. rev. Eagleson, Mary. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-011451-5.
- Krebs, Robert (2006). The History and Use of our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-33438-2.
- National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Radiation Source Use and Replacement (2008). Radiation Source Use and Replacement: Abbreviated Version. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-11014-3.
- O'Neil, Marydale J.; Heckelman, Patricia E.; Roman, Cherie B., eds. (2006). The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals (14th ed.). Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. ISBN 978-0-911910-00-1.
- Osborne-Lee, I. W.; Alexander, C. W. (1995). "Californium-252: A Remarkable Versatile Radioisotope". Oak Ridge Technical Report ORNL/TM-12706. doi:10.2172/205871.
- Ruiz-Lapuente, P.; Canal, R.; Isern, J. (1996). Thermonuclear Supernovae. Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-0-7923-4359-2.
- Seaborg, Glenn T.; Loveland, Walter D. (1990). The Elements Beyond Uranium. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-89062-1.
- Seaborg, G. T. (1994). Modern alchemy: selected papers of Glenn T. Seaborg. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-02-1440-1.
- Seaborg, G. T. (1996). Adloff, J. P. (ed.). One Hundred Years after the Discovery of Radioactivity. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. ISBN 978-3-486-64252-0. [permanent dead link]
- Seaborg, Glenn T. (2004). "Californium". In Geller, Elizabeth (ed.). Concise Encyclopedia of Chemistry. McGraw-Hill. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-07-143953-4.
- Szwacki, Nevill Gonzalez; Szwacka, Teresa (2010). Basic Elements of Crystallography. Pan Stanford. ISBN 978-981-4241-59-5.
- Weeks, Mary Elvira (1968). "21: Modern Alchemy". Discovery of the Elements. Journal of Chemical Education. pp. 848–850. ISBN 978-0-7661-3872-8. LCCN 68-15217. ;