Empayar Bulgaria Kedua

Empayar Bulgaria Kedua (Bahasa Bulgaria: Второ българско царство, Vtorо Bălgarskо Tsartsvo) adalah sebuah negara Bulgaria pada Zaman Pertengahan yang wujud antara tahun 1185 sehingga 1396.^[2] Ia merupakan negara penerus kepada Empayar Bulgaria Pertama, dan mencapai kemuncak kuasanya semasa di bawah pemerintahan Tsar Kaloyan dan Ivan Asen II sebelum secara perlahan-lahan ditakluk oleh Uthmaniyyah pada akhir kurun ke-14 dan awal kurun ke-15. Ia kemudian digantikan oleh Prinsipaliti Bulgaria dan kemudian Kerajaan Beraja Bulgaria pada tahun 1878.^[3][4]

Empayar Bulgaria Kedua ц︢рьство блъгарское Второ българско царство
1185–1396
Bendera Jata Imperial
Bulgaria di bawah Ivan Asen II
Ibu negara	Tarnovo (1185 –1393) Vidin dan Nikopol (1393–1396)
Bahasa yang umum digunakan	Bulgaria Tengah
Agama	Kristian Ortodoks, Bogomilisme (diharamkan)
Kerajaan	Monarki
Tsar (Maharaja)
• 1185–1190	Peter IV (pertama)
• 1396	Constantine II (akhir)
Era Sejarah	Zaman Pertengahan
• Diasaskan semula	1185
• Jatuh di bawah pemerintahan Uthmaniyyah	1396
Keluasan
1205[1]	248,000 km2 (96,000 bt2)
1241[1]	477,000 km2 (184,000 bt2)
1350[1]	137,000 km2 (53,000 bt2)
Kod ISO 3166	BG
Didahului oleh Diganti oleh Empayar Bulgaria Pertama Empayar Byzantine Empayar Uthmaniyyah
Sekarang sebahagian dari	Negara pada hari ini  Bulgaria  Albania  Greece  Kosovo  Macedonia Utara  Moldova  Montenegro  Romania  Serbia  Turki  Ukraine

Sehingga tahun 1256, Empayar Bulgaria Kedua merupakan kuasa dominan di rantau Balkan, yang mana berjaya mengalahkan Empayar Byzantine dalam beberapa pertempuran penting. Pada tahun 1205, Maharaja Kaloyan mengalahkan Empayar Latin yang baru diasaskan dalam Pertempuran Adrianople. Anak saudara beliau, Ivan Asen II mengalahkan Despotate Epiros dan menjadikan Bulgaria sebuah kuasa wilayah sekali lagi. Semasa zaman pemerintahan beliau, wilayah Bulgaria meluas daripada Adriatik ke Laut Hitam dan ekonomi yang makmur. Bagaimanapun pada akhir kurun ke-13, kekuatan empayar ini mula jatuh di sebabkan serbuan berterusan oleh Mongol, Byzantines, Hungary, dan Serbia, selain kekacauan dan pemberontakan dalam negara. Kurun ke-14 menyaksikan kestabilan dan pemulihan sementara, serta kemuncak feudalisme Balkan sebagai pusat kekuasaan mula hilang di kebanyakan wilayah. Bulgaria kemudian dibahagikan kepada tiga bahagian menjelang permulaan serangan Uthmaniyah.

Meskipun dipengaruhi kuat oleh Byzantine, para artis dan arkitek Bulgaria mencipta gaya mereka tersendiri. Pada kurun ke-14, di mana zaman ini dikenali sebagai Zaman Emas Kebudayaan Bulgaria Kedua, kesusasteraan dan kesenian berkembang pesat.^[5] Ibu negara, Tarnovo, yang mana dianggap sebagai sebuah "Constantinople Baru", menjadi hub kebudayaan utama dan pusat dunia Ortodoks Timur untuk orang Bulgaria sezamannya.^[6] Selepas penaklukan oleh Uthmaniyah, ramai sarjanawan dan alim Bulgaria berhijrah ke prinsipaliti Serbia, Wallachia, Moldavia, dan Rusia, di mana mereka memperkenalkan budaya, buku dan idea hesychastik Bulgaria.^[7]

Petikan

1. Kamburova, Violeta (1992). Atlas "History of Bulgaria". Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. m/s. 18, 20, 23.
2. Тютюнджиев, Иван; Пламен Павлов (1992). Българската държава и османската експанзия 1369–1422 (dalam bahasa Bulgarian). Велико Търново.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
3. http://promacedonia.org/en/sr/
4. http://promacedonia.org/vz1a/index.html
5. Kǎnev, Petǎr (2002). "Religion in Bulgaria after 1989". South-East Europe Review (1): 81.
6. Obolensky, p. 246
7. Kazhdan 1991, halaman 334, 337

Sumber

Rujukan

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Pautan luar

Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan Empayar Bulgaria Kedua

• Cawley, Charles. "Medieval Lands — Bulgaria". Hosted on the website of the Foundation for Medieval Genealogy. Dicapai pada 26 Februari 2012.
• Mladjov, Ian. "Detailed List of Bulgarian Rulers" (PDF). Dicapai pada 26 Februari 2012.
• Стоименов, Димитър. "Средновековна България (VІІ–ХІV в.) (Medieval Bulgaria VII–XIV centuries)" (dalam bahasa Bulgarian). Държавна агенция "Архиви" (State Agency "Archives". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 29 Januari 2012. Dicapai pada 26 Februari 2012.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
• "Грамота на цар Иван Асен ІІ, даваща свободен достъп на търговците от Дубровник във всички области на българското царство (1230 г.) (Charter of emperor Ivan Asen II giving free access to the merchants of Dubrovnik to all provinces of the Bulgarian Empire, 1230)" (dalam bahasa Bulgarian). Държавна агенция "Архиви" (State Agency "Archives". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 8 November 2014. Dicapai pada 26 Februari 2012.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
• "История на Българската православна църква (History of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church)". Официален сайт на Българската патриарпия (Official Site of the Bulgarian Patriarchate) (dalam bahasa Bulgarian). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 6 Jun 2017. Dicapai pada 2 Februari 2014.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

Templat:Bulgaria topics Templat:Bulgarian Empire