Gallus

Gallus gallus domesticus, vulgo gallus,^[2] est avis domesticata cladi Galloanserarum. Gallus domesticus hybrida est Galli galli et G. sonneratii, qui ambo in Asia meridiana habitant.^[3] Unum est ex communissimis et longe lateque diffusissimis animalibus domesticatis, galli ad plus quam 24 billiones anno 2003,^[4] sunt plures in orbe terrarum quam ulla alia avium species. Homines carnem gallorum libenter consumentes eos praecipue cibi comparandi causa alunt. Domesticati galli in societate humana mirabiliter contra originarium suum vivendi modum haberi possunt; recte qui ab antiquitate ad praesens, "culturam, artes, artem coquinariam, scientiam, et religionem excitavit."^[5]

Vide etiam paginam discretivam: Galli (discretiva).

-2 Latinitas huius rei dubia est. Corrige si potes. Vide {{latinitas}}.

Gallus (laeva) et gallina (dextra)

Animalia — Chordata

Classis : Aves
Ordo : Galliformes
Familia : Phasianidae
Subfamilia : Phasianinae
Genus : Gallus
Species : Gallus gallus
Subspecies : Gallus gallus domesticus

Gallus gallus domesticus
(Linnaeus, 1758)^[1]

Conservationis status

DOM

Usitatum mansuefactionis gallorum iudicium in Encyclopædia Britannica (2007) sic datur: "Homines primum gallos in subcontinente Indico ortos mansuefecerunt ad pugnandos gallos in Asia, Africa, et Europa. Minime productionem ovorum vel carnis animadverunt."^[6] Recentia studia genetica multiplices origines maternales in Asia Meridio-Orientali, Orientali, et Meridiana inveniunt, sed cladus in America, Europa, Medio Oriente, et Africa in subcontinente Indico ortus invenitur. Ex India Galloanserae ad Lydiam, regnum Persificatum, in Asia Minore occidentali situm venerunt, et Galloanserae in Graeciam ante saeculum 5 a.C.n. importatae sunt.^[7] Galloanserae in Aegypto a tempore Domus Duodevicensimae notae erant, cum "avis quae quotidie parit" ad Aegyptum ex terra inter Syriam et Shinar, Babyloniae, secundum annales Thutmosis III veniret.^[8]^[9]

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Graeci antiqui gallos quam ferocissimos requirebant atque educabant ad rixas certaminum: nam pignus in victore ponebant atque ita quaestum facere sperabant. Hunc consuetudinem Romani antiqui aspernati sunt: iam tempore Columellae gallus cohortalis "vulgo per omnes fere villas conspiciebatur"^[10]; nam gallinariae pastionis "non spernendus est reditus." Hic gallus cohortalis vel villaticus dictus a rustico et ab Africano distinguebatur, quae tria praecipua genera illius temporis fuerunt. Pauca post saecula nonne etiam Palladius scripsit: "Gallinas educare nulla mulier nescit quae modo videtur industria"^[11]". Voce gallus gallinaceus complures scriptores Latini usi sunt.

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Hoc in hybrida, mas et femina aspectu distinguuntur, gallus a gallina statura maiore, crista rubra in capite, spiculisque cretis, calcaribus, coloribus lucidioribus pennarum, cauda multicolore plumarum in figura cristae differt. Anglice, galli cauda (cocktail) est nomen potus multicoloris. Differt etiam canendo, quod mas matutine canit (Francogallice cocorico; Hispanice quiquiriqui ; Anglice cock-a-doodle-do) neque femina eodem modo canit. Sunt varietates quae canunt diutissime, sicut Gallus montensis cantans. Gallorum amor nativus pugnandi adhibetur ut pugnae gallorum instituantur. Qui mos vivacissimus olim in Francia septentrionali Belgioque iam vetatur. Perennis est in insulis Asianis sicut in America Media.

Galli sunt omnivora.^[12] In circumiectis feris, solum saepe scabunt ad semina, insecta, et adeo animalia tam magna quam lacertae, parvi serpentes,^[13] muresque iuvenes inveniendos.^[14]

Gallus medius usque ad decem annos vivere potest, secundum feturam.^[15]

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Galli nonnullos parasitos habere possunt, Phthirapteris, Acarinis, Ixodoideis, Siphonapteris, et Nematodis inclusis, cum aliis morbis. Contra nomen Anglicum chickenpox, Varicella zoster virus gallos non tangit, sed plerumque homines afficit.^[16] Nonnulli morbi qui gallos viciis late inficiunt infra perscribuntur.

Nomen	Nomen vulgare	Causa
Aspergillosis		Fungi
Influenza aviana	Influenza aviana	Virus
Histomoniasis	Histomoniasis	Parasitus protozoae
Botulismus		Toxin
"Cage Layer Fatigue"		defectiones mineralium
Campylobacteriosis
Coccidiosis		Parasiti
Gravedines		Virus
Crop Bound
Dermanyssus gallinae	Acarus ruber	Parasitus
"Egg bound"
Erysipelas		Bacteria
"Fatty Liver Hemorrhagic Syndrome"
Cholera gallinacea		Bacteria
"Fowl pox"		Virus
Fowl Typhoid		Bacteria
Laryngotracheitis contagiosa		Herpesvirus gallidum 1
Syngamus trachea	Syngamus trachea	Vermes
Bronchitis Contagiosa		Virus
"Infectious Bursal Disease"	Gumboro	Virus
Coryza Contagiosa		Bacteria
Leukosis lymphoida		Anglice: "avian leukosis virus"
Morbus Marek		Virus
Moniliasis	Anglice: "Yeast infection"	Fungi
Mycoplasmas		Organismi bacteriorum similes
Anglice: "Newcastle disease"		Virus
Enteritis Necrotica		Bacteria
Omphalitis	Morbus mushy chick
Peritonitis^[17]
Prolapse
Psittacosis		Bacteria
Pullorum	Salmonella	Bacteria
Anglice: "Scaly leg"		Parasiti
Carcinoma squamosum		Cancer
Dyschondroplasia tibialis		speed growing
Toxoplasmosis
Enteritis Ulcerativa		Bacteria

Quod nomina simillima sunt, avis gallus est signum Franciae, olim Gallia appellatae. Manus Francogallicae igitur imaginem galli usitate portant dum pro patria ludunt, sive pedilusores, canistrilusores, vel etiam qui curling ludant.

[1]
Carolus Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, editio decima (1758)
[2]
Apud Varronem legimus "proprio nomine vocantur feminae gallinae, mares galli, capi semimares, qui sunt castrati" (Res Rusticae 3.9.3.). Galli recenter ex ovo exclusi pulli appellantur.
[3]
Jonas Eriksson et al., "Identification of the Yellow Skin Gene Reveals a Hybrid Origin of the Domestic Chicken" in PLoS Genetics (29 Februarii 2008)
[4]
Secundum Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds, ed. Christopher Perrins (Buffalo, N.E.: Firefly Books, 2003).
[5]
Jerry Adler et Andrew Lawler, "How the Chicken Conquered the World," Smithsonian Magazine, Iunio 2012.
[6]
"Humans first domesticated chickens of Indian origin for the purpose of cockfighting in Asia, Africa, and Europe. Very little formal attention was given to egg or meat production." W. P. Garrigus, "Poultry Farming," Encyclopædia Britannica (2007).
[7]
Maguelonne Toussaint-Samat, "The History of Poultry," in The History of Food, Anthea Bell, interpres (ed. retractata, 2009), p. 306.
[8]
Howard Carter, "An Ostracon Depicting a Red Jungle-Fowl (The Earliest Known Drawing of the Domestic Cock)," The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 9(1/2, 1923):1-4.
[9]
Pritchard, "The Asiatic Campaigns of Thutmose III," Ancient Near East Texts related to the Old Testament, p. 240.
[10]
VIII,2.
[11]
I,27.
[12]
Info on Chicken Care. . Ideas-4-pets.co.uk. 2003 .
[13]
D Lines (27 Iulii 2013). "Chicken Kills Rattlesnake". YouTube .
[14]
Gerard P. Worrell AKA "Farmer Jerry". Frequently asked questions about chickens & eggs. . Gworrell.freeyellow.com .
[15]
The Poultry Guide – A to Z and FAQs. . Ruleworks.co.uk .
[16]
White TM, Gilden DH, Mahalingam R.. "An animal model of varicella virus infection" .
[17]
"Clucks and Chooks: guide to keeping chickens"

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Akishinonomiyam F., et al. 1996. "Monophyletic origin and unique dispersal patterns of domestic fowl." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 93:6792-6795. ISSN 0027-8424. online (PDF, 1.1 MB)^{[nexus deficit]}.
Baeumer, Erich. 1964. Das "dumme Huhn": Verhalten des Haushuhns. Stutgartiae: Franckh’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.
Benecke, Norbert. 2001. Der Mensch und seine Haustiere: Die Geschichte einer jahrtausendealten Beziehung. Coloniae: Lizenzausgabe, Parkland-Verlag. ISBN 3-88059-995-5.
Columella, libro octavo de Re rustica, capitibus II-VII.
Eriksson J, Larson G, Gunnarsson U, Bed'hom B, Tixier-Boichard M, et al. "Identification of the Yellow Skin Gene Reveals a Hybrid Origin of the Domestic Chicken." PLoS Genetics 4(2008)(2).
Jaime Gongora, Nicolas J. Rawlence, Victor A. Mobegi, Han Jianlin, Jose A. Alcalde, Jose T. Matus, Olivier Hanotte, Chris Moran, Jeremy J. Austin, Sean Ulm, Atholl J. Anderson, Greger Larson, Alan Cooper. 2008. "Indo-European and Asian origins for Chilean and Pacific chickens revealed by mtDNA." PNAS 10308–10313
Green-Armytage, Stephen. 2000. Extraordinary Chickens. Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-3343-8.
Herre, Wolf, et Manfred Röhrs. 1990. Haustiere: zoologisch gesehen. Stutgartiae: Fischer. ISBN 3-437-20446-7.
Lawler, Andrew. 2015. Why did the Chicken cross the World: the epic saga of the bird that powers civilization. Londinii: Duckworth Overlook. ISBN 978-0-7156-5026-4 (e-book).
Pechenkina, Ekaterina A., Stanley H. Ambrose, Ma Xiaolin, et Robert A. Benfer Jr. 2005. "Reconstructing northern Chinese Neolithic subsistence practices by isotopic analysis." Journal of Archaeological Science 32:1176-1189. ISSN 0305-4403. PDF, 380KB.
Peitz, Beate, et Leopold Peitz. 2005. Hühner halten. Ed. 6a. Stutgartiae: Ulmer. ISBN 3-8001-5086-7.
Reichstein, Hans. 1994. "Osteologische Belege zum Vorkommen von Haubenhühnern in der frühen Neuzeit in Göttingen und Höxter." In Beiträge zur Archäozoologie und prähistorischen Anthropologie. 8. Arbeitstreffen der Osteologen, Konstanz 1993 im Andenken an Joachim Boessneck, ed. Mostefa Kokabi et Joachim Wahl, 449-450. Forschungen und Berichte zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Baden-Württemberg, 53. Stutgartiae: Kommissionsverlag, K. Theiss Verlag. ISBN 3-8062-1155-8. ISSN 0724-4347.
Smith, Page, et Charles Daniel. 2000. The Chicken Book. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 0-8203-2213-X.
Zeuner, Frederick E. 1967. Geschichte der Haustiere. Monaci: Bayerischer Landwirtschaftsverlag. Editio prima: A history of domesticated animals (Londinii: Hutchinson & Co., 1963).

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Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Gallum gallum domesticum spectant.

Der Überflieger: Im Jahr 1960 schlachteten die Menschen sechs Milliarden Hühner: 2010 werden es 45 Milliarden sein: Was ist da passiert? SZ-Magazin 47 (2010)
Mit einer fingierten Paarung bringen Hähne ihre Hühner dazu, treu zu bleiben. In Bild der wissenschaft 12(Iulii 2005)
Hühner: Botschaft aus dem Ei: Forschung. Der Spiegel 8(Feb. 1964), 19).
Europäischer Verband für Kaninchen-, Geflügel-, Tauben- und Caviazucht, apud www.entente-ee.com
"Bund Deutscher Rassegeflügelzüchter e.V.," apud www.bdrg.de

[1] [1]
Carolus Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, editio decima (1758)

[2] [2]
Apud Varronem legimus "proprio nomine vocantur feminae gallinae, mares galli, capi semimares, qui sunt castrati" (Res Rusticae 3.9.3.). Galli recenter ex ovo exclusi pulli appellantur.

[3] [3]
Jonas Eriksson et al., "Identification of the Yellow Skin Gene Reveals a Hybrid Origin of the Domestic Chicken" in PLoS Genetics (29 Februarii 2008)

[4] [4]
Secundum Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds, ed. Christopher Perrins (Buffalo, N.E.: Firefly Books, 2003).

[smithsonianmag.com-5] [5]
Jerry Adler et Andrew Lawler, "How the Chicken Conquered the World," Smithsonian Magazine, Iunio 2012.

[6] [6]
"Humans first domesticated chickens of Indian origin for the purpose of cockfighting in Asia, Africa, and Europe. Very little formal attention was given to egg or meat production." W. P. Garrigus, "Poultry Farming," Encyclopædia Britannica (2007).

[7] [7]
Maguelonne Toussaint-Samat, "The History of Poultry," in The History of Food, Anthea Bell, interpres (ed. retractata, 2009), p. 306.

[8] [8]
Howard Carter, "An Ostracon Depicting a Red Jungle-Fowl (The Earliest Known Drawing of the Domestic Cock)," The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 9(1/2, 1923):1-4.

[9] [9]
Pritchard, "The Asiatic Campaigns of Thutmose III," Ancient Near East Texts related to the Old Testament, p. 240.

[10] [10]
VIII,2.

[11] [11]
I,27.

[12] [12]
Info on Chicken Care. . Ideas-4-pets.co.uk. 2003 .

[13] [13]
D Lines (27 Iulii 2013). "Chicken Kills Rattlesnake". YouTube .

[14] [14]
Gerard P. Worrell AKA "Farmer Jerry". Frequently asked questions about chickens & eggs. . Gworrell.freeyellow.com .

[15] [15]
The Poultry Guide – A to Z and FAQs. . Ruleworks.co.uk .

[16] [16]
White TM, Gilden DH, Mahalingam R.. "An animal model of varicella virus infection" .

[17] [17]
"Clucks and Chooks: guide to keeping chickens"

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Gallus

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Gallus

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Historia

Biologia generalis et habitatio

Morbi gallorum

Signum Galliae

Notae

Bibliographia

Nexus interni

Nexus externi