Archaea

Archaea (Graece: ἀρχαῖα 'antiqua') grex microorganismorum sunt, quorum quisque solum unam cellulam habet. Hae cellulae nucleis et ullo organello membranis ligato carent. Archaea olim putata sunt inusitatus bacteriorum grex, archaebacteria nominatus, sed quod archaeis est propria historia evolutionaria et ea in sua biochemia ab aliis vitae formis multo differunt, nunc ut dominium separatum in systemate trium dominiorum describuntur, in quo phylogenetice distincti rami originis evolutionariae sunt archaea, bacteria, et eukarya. Archaea praeterea in quattuor phyla agnota dividuntur, sed multo plura phyla fortasse adsunt. Horum gregum, crenarchaeota et euryarchaeota adsiduissime investigantur. Classificatio iam est difficilis, quod plurima archaea in laboratorio numquam investigantur, solumque studio eorum acidorum nucleicorum in speciminibus ex circumiecto extractis inventa sunt. Quamquam archaea cum bacteriis olim ut prokaryotae (in Monerorum regno) in translaticia Linnaeana quinque regnorum taxinomia posita sunt, haec classificatio est obsoleta.^[4]

Halobacterium sp. strain NRC-1,
quaeque cellula 5 fere μm longa

Archaea —

Woese, Kandler, Wheelis, 1990^[1]

Subdivisiones: Subregna

* "Euryarchaeota" Woese et al. 1990

- "Methanopyri" Garrity and Holt 2002
- "Methanococci" Boone 2002
- "Eurythermea" Cavalier-Smith 2002^[2]
- "Neobacteria" Cavalier-Smith 2002^[2]
"DPANN"
- "ARMAN"
  - "Micrarchaeota" Baker et al. 2010
  - "Parvarchaeota" Rinke et al. 2013
- "Aenigmarchaeota" Rinke et al. 2013
- "Diapherotrites" Rinke et al. 2013
- "Nanoarchaeota" Huber et al. 2002
- "Nanohaloarchaeota" Rinke et al. 2013
- "Pacearchaeota" Castelle et al. 2015
- "Woesearchaeota" Castelle et al. 2015
"Proteoarchaeota" Petitjean et al. 2015
- (TACK)"Filarchaeota" Cavalier-Smith, T. 2014^[3]
  - "Aigarchaeota" Nunoura et al. 2011
  - "Bathyarchaeota" Meng et al. 2014
  - Crenarchaeota Garrity & Holt 2002
  - "Geoarchaeota" Kozubal et al. 2013
  - "Korarchaeota" Barns et al. 1996
  - Thaumarchaeota Brochier-Armanet et al. 2008
- "Asgardarchaeota" Violette Da Cunha et al., 2017
  - "Lokiarchaeota" Spang et al. 2015
  - "Thorarchaeota" Seitz et al. 2016
  - "Odinarchaeota" Katarzyna Zaremba-Niedzwiedzka et al. 2017
  - "Heimdallarchaeota" Katarzyna Zaremba-Niedzwiedzka et al. 2017

Ante annum 1980, archaea et eubacteria sub taxon prokaryota subsummata sunt quod organismi in ambabus congeriebus nucleis carent. Distinctionem autem inter superregna discriminatione genetica facta est a Carolo Woese, doctore in Universitate Illinoesiensi. Archaea a bacteriis duobus modis differunt:

in structura valli, peptidoglycanum non adest, et nullus sacculus mureinicus.
in structura membranae lipidicae, quia archaeorum duplomembranae in hydrocarbonica isomerica consistunt, combinata per ether^? combinationes.^?

Multae archaeorum species extremos habitant, per exemplum aquam super 373 gradus K, et aquam salinitatis magnae, acidam vel alkaliam.

Archaea morphologia et physiologia habent diversas formas: sphaericas, longas, spirales, lobatas. Diameter est ab 0.1 µm usque ad 15 µm. Procreatio est per fissione duali^? sive fragmentatione. Nutritio est chemolithoautotrophica vel organotrophica, aerobica, anaerobica facultativa, anaerobica obligata.

Cladogramna

Hic habes cladogramma apud Tom A. Williams et al. (2017)^[5] et Castelle & Banfield (2018)^[6] (DPANN): Formula:Barlabel

Habitationes

Archaea in pervariis habitationibus fiunt. Maior oecosystematum telluris pars nunc agnoscuntur, et fortasse sunt viginti centesimae cellularum microbialium in oceanis.^[7]

Nexus interni

Notae

[1]
Woese, Kandler, et Wheelis 1990.
[2]
"Taxa above the rank of class". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature .
[3]
"The neomuran revolution and phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and cilia in the light of intracellular coevolution and a revised tree of life". Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 6 (9): a016006. 2014 .
[4]
Pace NR (Maio 2006). "Time for a change". Nature 441 (7091): 289 .
[5]
"Integrative modeling of gene and genome evolution roots the archaeal tree of life". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114 (23): E4602–E4611. Iunius 2017 .
[6]
"Major New Microbial Groups Expand Diversity and Alter our Understanding of the Tree of Life". Cell 172 (6): 1181–97. 2018 .
[7]
DeLong et Pace 2001.

Bibliographia

DeLong, E. F., et N. R. Pace. 2001. "Environmental diversity of bacteria and archaea." Systematic Biology 50, no. 4 (Augustus): 470–78. PMID 12116647. doi:10.1080/106351501750435040. Citeseerx 10.1.1.321.8828.
Howland, John L. (2000). The Surprising Archaea: Discovering Another Domain of Life. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-511183-4 .
Martinko, J. M., Madigan, M. T. (2005). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (11th ed.). Englewood Cliffs Novae Caesareae: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-144329-1 .
Garrett, R. A., Klenk, H. (2005). Archaea: Evolution, Physiology and Molecular Biology. WileyBlackwell. ISBN 1-4051-4404-1 .
Cavicchioli, R. (2007). Archaea: Molecular and Cellular Biology. American Society for Microbiology. ISBN 1-55581-391-7 .
Blum, P., ed. (2008). Archaea: New Models for Prokaryotic Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-27-1 .
Lipps, G. (2008). "Archaeal Plasmids". Plasmids: Current Research and Future Trends. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-35-6 .
Sapp, Jan (2009). The New Foundations of Evolution. On the Tree of Life. Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-538850-X .
Schaechter, M. (2009). Archaea (Overview) in The Desk Encyclopedia of Microbiology, ed. secunda.. Didacopoli et Londinii: Elsevier Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-374980-2 .
Woese, C. R., O. Kandler, et M. L. Wheelis. 1990. "Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 87, no. 12 (Iunius): 4576–79. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.4576W. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576. PMC 54159. PMID 2112744. Editio interretialis.