Karnin Asiya

Ƙarnin Asiya shine ƙaddamar da rinjaye na ƙarni na 21 na siyasar yanki Asiya da al'adu, yana kuma zaton wasu yanayin jama'a da tattalin arziƙi sun ci gaba. Ma'anar ƙarni na Asiya ya yi dai-dai da halin ƙarni na 19 a matsayin ƙarni na Burtaniya, da kuma ƙarni na 20 a matsayin ƙarni ya Amurka.

Karnin Asiya

China da Indiya suna da yawan jama'a biyu mafi girma a duniya, kuma ana sa ran za su bunƙasa cikin sauri a tattalin arziki.

Binciken da Bankin Raya Asiya ya yi a shekarar 2011 ya gano cewa ƴan Asiya biliyan 3 (don haka 56.6% na kimanin mazauna Asiya biliyan 5.3 a shekarar 2050) na iya jin daɗin yanayin rayuwa kamar na Turai a yau, kuma yaƙin na iya lissafin sama da rabin fitarwa na duniya a tsakiyar wannan ƙarni.^[1]

Girman muhimmancin da kuma jaddada hadin kai a Asiya, da kuma balaga da ci gaba da dangantaka tsakanin kasashe a yankin ya kara karfafa kirkirar karni na 21 na Asiya.^{[2][3][4][5][6][7]}

Asali

A cikin shekarar 1924, Karl Haushofer ya yi amfani da kalmar "zamanin Pacific,"^[8] yana la'akari da ci gaban Japan, China da Indiya: "Babban sararin samaniya yana fadada a gaban idanunmu tare da dakarun da ke zubowa a ciki wanda ... yana jiran fitowar zamanin Pacific, magajin zamanin Atlantic, zamanin Mediterranean da Turai. " Maganar Asian Century ta taso ne a tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1980, kuma an danganta ta ne ga wani taron da aka yi a shekarar 1988 tare da shugaban Paramount Deng Xiaoping na kasar Sin da Firayim Minista Rajiv Gandhi na Indiya inda Deng ya ce '[i]n ƴan shekarun nan mutane suna cewa ƙarni na gaba zai zama karni na Asiya da Pacific, kamar dai hakan zai kasance. Ban yarda da wannan ra'ayi ba.' Kafin wannan, ya bayyana a cikin Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai na Amurka na 1985 kan sauraron Harkokin Ƙasashen Waje.^[9] Shugabannin siyasa na Asiya sun sake tabbatar da shi, kuma yanzu lokaci ne da aka fi amfani da shi a kafofin watsa labarai.

Dalilai

Kyakkyawan aikin tattalin arziƙin Asiya a cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata a shekarar 2010, idan aka kwatanta da wannan a sauran duniya, ya sanya watakila mafi karfi har yanzu don yiwuwar karni na Asiya. Kodayake an gane wannan bambanci a cikin aikin tattalin arziki na ɗan lokaci, takamaiman koma baya na mutum (misali, rikicin kudi na Asiya na 1997) ya ɓoye yaduwar yaduwar da kuma yanayin gaba ɗaya. A farkon karni na 21, duk da haka, za a iya yin shari'a mai karfi cewa wannan aikin Asiya mai karfi ba kawai mai dorewa ba ne amma yana da karfi da girman da zai iya canza rarraba iko a duniya. Da yake zuwa a cikin farkawarsa, jagorancin duniya a cikin manyan fannoni na diflomasiyya na kasa da kasa, ƙarfin soja, fasaha, da ƙarfin taushi kuma, a sakamakon haka, ɗayan ko fiye daga cikin jihohin Asiya za su ɗauka.

Daga cikin malamai da yawa sun ba da abubuwan da suka ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban Asiya mai mahimmanci, Kishore Mahbubani ya ba da ginshiƙai bakwai waɗanda suka sa ƙasashen Asiya su yi fice kuma sun ba da kansu damar zama masu jituwa da takwarorinsu na Yamma. Ginshiƙai bakwai sun haɗa da: tattalin arzikin kasuwa kyauta, kimiyya da fasaha, meritocracy, pragmatism, al'adun zaman lafiya, mulkin doka da ilimi.^[10]

Farfesa John West a cikin littafinsa 'Asian Century ... on a Knife-edge' ya yi jayayya:^[11]

"A cikin karni na ashirin da daya, Indiya kuma za ta iya fitowa a matsayin babbar iko ta Asiya. Tunanin, tattalin arzikin Indiya yana girma da sauri fiye da China, yanayin da zai iya ci gaba, sai dai idan China ta yi tsanani game da sake fasalin tattalin arziki. Bugu da ƙari, yawan mutanen Indiya za su wuce China a cikin shekarar 2022 kuma za su iya zama kusan kashi 50% sama da 2100, a cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.^[12]

A cikin shekarar 2019 Farfesa Chris Ogden, Malami a cikin Tsaro na Asiya a Jami'ar St Andrews, ya rubuta cewa, "Ko da yake har yanzu a baya dangane da samun kudin shiga na kowane mutum da ababen more rayuwa, yayin da wannan dukiya ke fassara zuwa tasirin soja, siyasa, da kuma hukumomi (ta hanyar hukumomi kamar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sabon Bankin Zuba Jari na Asiya), manyan iko guda biyu za su sami tsakiya da muhimmancin tsarin da zai sa su zama masu mahimmanci a duniya. Jama'a masu sa ran da shugabannin murya suna hanzarta da kuma tallafawa wannan mahimmancin, kuma idan za'a iya shawo kan batutuwan da suka shafi gurɓata muhalli da cin hanci da rashawa da fitowar Asiya-tsakiya, da China / Indiya-tsakiya-tsakiya na duniya wanda zai zama muhimmin tushe na al'amuran kasa da kasa na shekaru da yawa masu zuwa.^[13]

Yawan jama'a

Ana kuma sa ran ci gaban yawan jama'a a Asiya zai ci gaba har zuwa akalla rabin farkon karni na 21, kodayake ya ragu sosai tun daga ƙarshen karni na 20. A cikin mutane biliyan huɗu a farkon karni na 21, an yi hasashen yawan mutanen Asiya zai karu zuwa sama da biliyan biyar nan da shekara ta 2050.^[14] Duk da yake ba a sa ran kashi na yawan jama'ar duniya su canza sosai, ana sa ran hannun jarin Arewacin Amurka da Turai na yawan jama-ar duniya za su ragu.^[15]

Tattalin Arziki

Gudummawar duniya ga GDP na duniya ta manyan tattalin arziƙi daga 1 AD zuwa 2003 AD bisa ga ƙididdigar Angus Maddison. Kafin karni na 18, China da Indiya sun kasance manyan tattalin arziƙi guda biyu ta hanyar fitar da GDP.

GDP da aka tsara na manyan tattalin arziƙi 7 a cikin 2050

Kasuwancin da aka tsara na GDP na duniya ta yanki zuwa 2050

Ɗaya daga cikin titunan cin kasuwa mafi yawan jama'a a duniya, Nanjing Road a Shanghai, misali ne na ci gaban tattalin arziki a kasar Sin, da kuma manyan masu amfani da ita.

Yawan mutanen Indiya na tsakiya na miliyan 300 yana ƙaruwa a shekara-shekara na 5%.^[16] An nuna a nan wani yanki ne mai daraja a Kudancin Mumbai.

Babban sanadin shine ci gaba da ci gaban yawan aiki a Asiya, musamman a China da Indiya, yayin da kuma yanayin rayuwa ke tashi. Ko da ba tare da haɗuwa gaba ɗaya da yanayin rayuwa na Turai ko Arewacin Amurka ba, Asiya na iya samar da rabin GDP na duniya nan da shekara ta 2050. Wannan babban canji ne idan aka kwatanta da yakin sanyi na gaba, lokacin da Arewacin Amurka da Turai suka haɗu sun samar da rabin GDP na duniya. Wani binciken da Bankin Raya Asiya ya yi a shekarar 2011 ya bayyana cewa: "Ta hanyar kusan ninka rabonsa na kudaden cikin gida na duniya (GDP) zuwa kashi 52 cikin dari nan da shekara ta 2050, Asiya za ta sake samun matsayi na tattalin arziki da ta rike kimanin shekaru 300 da suka gabata.^[17]

Tunanin ƙarnin Asiya ya ɗauka cewa tattalin arzikin Asiya na iya ci gaba da bunkasa su har tsawon shekaru 40, daidaitawa da sauya yanayin tattalin arziki da fasaha na duniya, kuma ci gaba da sake farfado da fa'idodi masu fa'ida. A cikin wannan yanayin, bisa ga samfurin shekarar 2011 da Bankin Ci Gaban Asiya ya yi GDP na Asiya zai karu daga dala tiriliyan 17 a cikin shekarar 2010 zuwa dala tiriliyar 174 a cikin shekarar 2050, ko rabin GDP na duniya. A cikin wannan binciken, Bankin Ci Gaban Asiya ya kiyasta cewa tattalin arziki bakwai (China, Indiya, Indonesia, Japan, Koriya ta Kudu, Thailand, Malaysia) za su jagoranci ci gaban wutar lantarki na Asiya; a karkashin yanayin karni na Asiya, yankin ba zai sami kasashe matalauta ba, idan aka kwatanta da takwas a cikin 2011.^[18]

Tun lokacin da aka sake fasalin tattalin arzikin kasar Sin a ƙarshen shekarun 1970s (a cikin mallakar gonaki) da farkon shekarun 1990s (a mafi yawan birane), tattalin arzikin China ya ji daɗin shekaru talatin na ci gaban tattalin arziki tsakanin 8 da 10%. Tattalin arzikin Indiya ya fara irin wannan ko da yake a hankali a ƙarshen shekarun 1980 da farkon shekarun 1990, kuma ya kai kimanin 4% a wannan lokacin, kodayake ya karu dan kadan sama da 8% a shekara ta 2005, kuma ya buga 9.2% a shekara ta 2006 kafin ya ragu zuwa 6% a shekara ta 2009, sannan ya kai 8.9% a shekara ta 2010.

Dukkanin waɗannan ci gaba sun haɗa da manufofi na matakin gudanar da ƴanci na tattalin arziki da kuma juyawa daga waje daga tattalin arziƙi zuwa ga duniya (duka fitarwa da jan hankalin saka hannun jari na ciki). Girman wannan ƴanci da duniya har yanzu suna cikin muhawara.^[19] Sun kasance wani ɓangare na yanke shawara mai kyau daga manyan shugabannin siyasa, musamman a Indiya da PRC. Har ila yau Kuma, yawan mutanen kasashen biyu suna ba da damar kasuwa sama da biliyan biyu da kwata. Ci gaban kasuwar masu amfani da ciki a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe biyu ya kasance babban tushe ga ci gaban tattalin arziki. Wannan ya ba da damar haɓaka ƙasa mafi girma ga China da Indiya idan aka kwatanta da Japan, EU har ma da Amurka. Fa'idar farashin kasa da kasa akan kayayyaki da aiyuka, bisa ga farashin ma'aikata mai rahusa, ya ba waɗannan ƙasashe biyu damar yin matsin lamba na duniya.

An yi amfani da kalmar Easternization don komawa ga yaduwar dabarun gudanarwa na gabas (musamman Jafananci) zuwa Yamma.^[20][21][22]

Halin da ya fi girma a tattalin arzikin Asiya ya kuma dogara ne akan karin abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin tattalin arziki na baya-bayan nan. Goldman Sachs, a cikin hasashen tattalin arzikin BRIC, ya nuna halin da ake ciki zuwa kasar Sin ta zama mafi girma kuma Indiya ta zama ta biyu mafi girma a cikin shekara ta 2050 dangane da GDP. Rahoton ya kuma yi hasashen irin masana'antar da kowace ƙasa za ta mamaye, wanda ya jagoranci wasu su dauki kasar Sin a matsayin 'tafiyar masana'antu ta duniya' da Indiya 'ɗaya daga cikin manyan al'ummomin sabis'.^[23] Ya zuwa shekara ta 2009, yawancin ƙasashen da ake la'akari da sababbin masana'antu suna cikin Asiya.

Zuwa 2050, tattalin arzikin Gabashin Asiya da Kudancin Asiya zai karu da fiye da sau 20. Tare da wannan ya zo da hauhawar Ci gaban Dan Adam, alamar da aka yi amfani da ita don auna yanayin rayuwa. HDI ta Indiya za ta kusanci .8. Gabashin Asiya zai kusanci .94 ko kusa da yanayin rayuwa na kasashen yamma kamar EU da Amurka. Wannan yana nufin cewa zai zama da wahala a tantance bambancin dukiyar biyun. Saboda yawan mutanen Gabashin Asiya da Indiya, tattalin arzikin su zai kasance babba sosai, kuma idan yanayin yanzu ya ci gaba, yawan mutanen Indiya na dogon lokaci na iya kusantar ninki biyu na China. Gabashin Asiya na iya wuce tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin da aka hada a farkon shekarar 2030. Kudancin Asiya na iya biyo baya nan ba da daɗewa ba idan daruruwan miliyoyin da ke cikin talauci suka ci gaba da ɗagawa zuwa matsakaicin aji.

Ayyukan gini

Ginin Taipei 101 a Taipei, Taiwan, wanda shine gini mafi tsayi a duniya daga 2004 zuwa 2010

An yi hasashen cewa ayyukan gine-gine mafi girma za su faru a Asiya a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. A matsayin alama ce ta ikon tattalin arziki, an gina manyan gine-gine a Asiya, kuma a halin yanzu ana daukar karin ayyuka kuma ana fara su a Asiya fiye da kowane yanki na duniya. Ayyukan da aka kammala sun haɗa da: Hasumiyar Petronas ta Kuala Lumpur, Cibiyar Kudi ta Duniya ta Shanghai, Cibiyar Kula da Kudi ta Duniya a Hong Kong, Taipei 101 a Taiwan, Burj Khalifa a Dubai, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, da Hasumiyar Shanghai. Gine-gine na gaba sun yi alƙawarin zama mafi tsayi, kamar PNB 118 a Kuala Lumpur da Legacy Tower a Dhaka.

Al'adu

A al'adu, karni na Asiya ana nuna shi da fina-finai na Indiya (Bollywood, Parallel Cinema), fina-ffinai na Hong Kong (finai na zane-zane, fina-fakin wasan kwaikwayo na Hong Kong), wasan kwaikwayo na Japan, da Koriya Wave . Sanin al'adun Asiya na iya zama wani ɓangare na duniyar da ta fi sanin al'adu, kamar yadda aka gabatar a cikin rubutun Clash of Civilizations . Hakazalika, tabbatar da al'adun Asiya yana shafar siyasar asalin Asiya a Asiya da waje a cikin Asiya.^[24]

Gross National Cool na Japan yana tashi; kayayyakin al'adun Japan, gami da shirye-shiryen talabijin, tabbas suna "a" tsakanin masu sauraron Amurka kuma sun kasance shekaru da yawa. Kimanin mutane miliyan 2.3 sun yi nazarin yaren a duk duniya a shekara ta 2003: Koriya ta Kudu 900,000, Sinawa 389,000, Ostiraliya 381,000, da Amurkawa 140,000 suna nazarin Jafananci a ƙananan cibiyoyin ilimi da mafi girma.^[25]

Littattafan Feng shui sun fi girma a cikin jerin sunayen mafi kyawun sayar da littattafai kuma makarantun feng shui sun ninka. Manyan bankunan da kamfanoni masu yawa suna amfani da masu ba da shawara na feng shui don ba su shawara game da shirya ofisoshin su. An kasance shirye-shiryen karawa ga nau'ikan maganin Gabas, magani, da tausa da kuma ƙin maganin gargajiya na Yammacin Turai don tallafawa dabaru, kamar acupressure da acupuncture. Ayyuka irin su moxibustion da shiatsu suna jin daɗin shahara sosai a Yamma.^[26] Haka kuma kusan dukkanin zane-zane na Gabas, kamar kung fu, judo, karate, aikido, taekwondo, kendo, jujitsu, tai chi, qigong, ba gua, da xing yi, tare da makarantun da ke da alaƙa da su.^[27]

Abinci na Asiya ya shahara sosai a Yamma saboda shige da fice na Asiya da kuma sha'awar da ba ƴan Asiya ba suka shiga cikin sinadaran Asiya da abinci. Ko da ƙananan garuruwa a Burtaniya, Kanada, Scandinavia, ko Amurka gabaɗaya suna da akalla gidan cin abinci na Indiya ko na kasar Sin guda ɗaya.^[28] Gidajen cin abinci da ke ba da abinci na Asiya da Asiya sun buɗe a duk faɗin Arewacin Amurka, Ostiraliya da sauran sassan duniya. Ana samun P.F. Chang's China Bistro da Pei Wei Asian Diner waɗanda ke ba da abinci na Asiya da Asiya a duk faɗin Amurka kuma game da tsohon, a wasu sassan duniya. An kuma ƙaddamar da samfuran abinci na Asiya ciki har da daga alamar noodle, Maggi. A Ostiraliya, New Zealand, Ireland da Burtaniya wani nau'in noodles na Asiya da aka sani da Maggi Fusian da kuma dogon lokaci a Jamus da Austria da aka sani, Maggi Magic Asia ya haɗa da nau'ikan noodles da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare su ta hanyar abincin abinci da aka samo a China, Japan, Koriya, Indiya, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia da Thailand.

Yoga ya sami karbuwa a waje da Indiya da sauran Asiya kuma ya shiga al'adun gargajiya a Yammacin duniya.

Kodayake amfani da Turanci yana ci gaba da yaɗuwa, harsunan Asiya suna zama sanannun koyarwa da karatu a waje da nahiyar. Nazarin Sinanci kwanan nan ya sami kulawa sosai a Amurka, saboda karuwar imani da fa'idodin tattalin arziki na sanin shi.^[29] Ana ƙarfafa shi ta hanyar goyon bayan PRC ga Cibiyoyin Confucius, waɗanda suka buɗe a ƙasashe da yawa don koyar da harshen Sinanci da al'adun.

An ƙiyasta Sinanci a matsayin harshen na biyu da aka fi amfani da shi a intanet tare da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu da ke magana da Sinanci, Jafananci ya zo na huɗu, kuma Koriya a matsayin na goma tun daga shekara ta 2010. A cewar CIA, kasar Sin ta ɗauki baƙuncin mafi yawan masu amfani, Indiya ta uku, Japan ta shida, kuma Indonesia ta goma a shekarar 2020.

Indiya tana da masana'antar fina-finai mafi girma a duniya, kuma masana'antar fim ta Indiya tana samar da fina-fakka da yawa fiye da Nollywood da Hollywood.

A farkon shekarun ƙarni na ashirin mutane ƙalilan ne masu cin ganyayyaki. Adadin da aka bayar ga Ƙasar Ingila a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na 2 ya kasance 100,000 daga cikin yawan mutane miliyan 50 kusan kashi 0.2 cikin dari na jimlar. A cikin shekarun 1990 an kiyasta adadi tsakanin kashi 4.2 da kashi 11 cikin 100 na yawan mutanen Burtaniya kuma yana ƙaruwa da sauri. Kamar yadda Porritt da Winner suka lura, a kwanan nan a cikin shekarun 1960 da farkon '70s, "an ɗauki kasancewa mai cin ganyayyaki a matsayin mai ban mamaki," amma "yanzu yana da daraja da kuma wuri na kowa".^[30]

Yaɗuwar guguwar Koriya, musamman K-pop da wasan kwaikwayo na Koriya, a waje da Asiya ya haifar da kafa ayyuka don ci gaba da wannan bukatar. Viki da DramaFever misalai ne na ayyukan da ke ba da wasan kwaikwayo na Koriya ga masu kallo na duniya tare da sauran abubuwan Asiya. SBS PopAsia da Asian Pop Radio sabis ne na kiɗa guda biyu da ke da alaƙa da rediyo waɗanda ke yada yaduwar K-pop a duk faɗin Ostiraliya. Baya ga K-pop, Rediyon Pop na Asiya ya kuma sadaukar da kansa ga sauran kiɗa na gargajiya na Asiya wanda ya samo asali daga Indonesia, Thailand, Japan, Malaysia da Singapore. Hakazalika, SBS PopAsia tana mai da hankali kan wasu kiɗa na gabashin Asiya daga China da Japan da kuma har zuwa wani matakin kiɗa na kudu maso gabashin Asiya tare da K-pop. Karin shahararren abubuwan da suka shafi Asiya ya haifar da "SBS PopAsia" ya zama sunan alama ga abubuwan SBS kamar shirye-shiryen talabijin da labarai da suka samo asali daga Asiya kamar China, Koriya ta Kudu, Japan da Indiya.

Ƙarin wayar da kan jama'a da kuma shahararren al'adun Gabas da falsafanci a Yamma ya haifar da sayar da kayan al'adun gabas a waɗannan ƙasashe. Mafi sanannun siffofin Buddha waɗanda suka fito daga siffofin da aka sayar don lambun zuwa abubuwan da aka sayar wa gidan. Ana kuma sayar da siffofi na alloli na Hindu kamar Ganesha da siffofin Gabashin Asiya kamar Yin da yang a shagunan da yawa a kasashen Yamma. Ishka wani kantin sayar da kayayyaki a Ostiraliya yana sayar da abubuwa da yawa na asalin Asiya musamman daga Indiya. Sayar da kayan al'adu na Gabas duk da haka an fuskanci zargi, tare da wasu suna cewa mutane da yawa da suka sayi waɗannan abubuwa ba su fahimci muhimmancin su ba kuma cewa wani nau'i ne na Gabas.

Addini

Kwanan nan a cikin shekarun 1950, Crane Brinton, masanin tarihin ra'ayoyi, na iya watsar da "ƙungiyoyin zamani da ke kira ga hikimar Gabas" a matsayin "ƙungiya", "marginal", da kuma "a waje da babban halin yanzu na tunanin Yamma da jin".^[31] Duk da haka wasu mutanen Yamma sun tuba zuwa addinan Gabas ko aƙalla sun nuna sha'awar su. Misali shine Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, wanda Beatles suka bi, na farko zuwa Bangor a Wales a 1967, sannan zuwa Indiya don nazarin Transcendental Meditation a 1968. Dalai Lama, wanda littafinsa The Art of Happiness ya zama mafi kyawun sayarwa, na iya jawo hankalin jama'a a Central Park na New York ko Wembley Stadium na London.^[32]

Buddha a wasu ƙasashe shine addini na biyu mafi girma. FWBO tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin Buddha masu saurin haɓaka a Yamma.^[33]

Bangaskiya ga reincarnation bai taɓa kasancewa wani ɓangare na koyarwar Kirista ko Yahudawa ba, ko aƙalla, a cikin Kristanci, ya kasance ridda ce ta musamman tun lokacin da aka ƙi shi da ƙarancin gefe a Majalisar Constantinople ta Biyu a AD 553.^[34] Koyaya kusan dukkanin kuri'u a kasashen Yammacin Turai sun nuna mahimman matakan wannan imani. "Mutanen da suka rikice" da aka gudanar a cikin shekarun 1940 sun nuna cewa kashi 4 cikin 100 ne kawai na mutanen Burtaniya suka yi imani da sake haihuwa. Binciken Geoffrey Gorer, wanda aka gudanar bayan 'yan shekaru, ya kai kashi 5 cikin dari (1955, shafi na 262). Koyaya, wannan adadi ya kai kashi 18 cikin dari a shekara ta 1967 (Gallup, 1993), kawai don ƙarawa zuwa kashi 29 cikin dari a shekarar 1979, ƙaruwa mai kyau sau shida akan adadi na "Mutanen da ba a fahimta ba" na baya. Eileen Barker ta ba da rahoton cewa kusan kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na Turawa yanzu suna cewa sun yi imani da sake haihuwa.^[35]

Karma, wanda ya samo asali ne a tsohuwar Indiya kuma yana da mahimmancin ra'ayi a cikin addinin Hindu, Buddha da sauran addinan Gabas, ya shiga cikin lamirin al'adu na mutane da yawa a Yammacin duniya. John Lennon na 1970 guda, "Instant Karma!" an yaba shi ga yaduwar karma a kasashen Yamma kuma yanzu sananne ne kuma sananne ne a yau wanda ke haifar da maganganu da memes da kuma adadi a wasu nau'ikan al'adun Yamma.

Mindfulness da tunani na Buddha, dukansu sun shahara sosai a Asiya, sun sami karbuwa a Yamma.

Siyasa

Ana sauke kaya na jirgin kwantena daga Gabashin Asiya a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Jawaharlal Nehru a Navi Mumbai, Indiya. Ƙara hadin tattalin arziki na ƙasashen Asiya ya kuma kawo su kusa da siyasa.

Matsayin siyasa na duniya na kasar Sin da kuma karamin Indiya sun tashi a cikin kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da kuma tsakanin manyan kasashen duniya, wanda ya jagoranci Amurka da Tarayyar Turai su zama masu aiki sosai a cikin aiwatar da haɗin gwiwa tare da waɗannan ƙasashe biyu.^[36] Har ila yau, kasar Sin memba ce ta dindindin a Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.^[37] Kodayake Indiya ba memba ne na dindindin ba, yana yiwuwa zai zama ɗaya ko aƙalla samun matsayi mafi tasiri. Japan kuma tana ƙoƙarin zama memba na dindindin, kodayake ƙoƙarin su biyu suna adawa da wasu ƙasashen Asiya (watau Pakistan ta yi tsayayya da shirin Indiya; China, Koriya ta Kudu, Koriya da Koriya ta Arewa sun yi tsayayyar da shirin Japan.^[38]

Za a iya ci gaba da bunkasa rukunin yanki na Asiya a cikin karni na 21 a kusa da ASEAN da sauran hukumomi bisa yarjejeniyar cinikayya kyauta. Koyaya, akwai wasu damuwa na siyasa tsakanin shugabannin ƙasa na ƙasashe daban-daban na Asiya game da burin PRC a yankin. Wata sabuwar kungiya, Taron Gabashin Asiya, na iya ƙirƙirar yankin kasuwanci na EU.^[39]

Firayim Ministan Rasha Yevgeny Primakov ya karfafa ra'ayin kawance uku tsakanin Rasha,^[40] PRC da Indiya wanda masanin dabarun Indiya Madhav Das Nalapat ya fara tsarawa a 1983, kuma ya goyi bayan ra'ayin duniya mai yawa.^[41]

Babban Birnin Ɗan Adam

Rahoton Bankin Duniya na 2007 game da duniya ya lura cewa "haɓaka matakan ilimi ma suna da mahimmanci, suna haɓaka ci gaban Asiya a matsakaici da kashi 0.75 zuwa kashi 2".^[42] Saurin fadada babban birnin ɗan adam ta hanyar ilimi mai inganci a duk faɗin Asiya ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fuskantar "mafi girman tsammanin rayuwa da ci gaban tattalin arziki, har ma da ingancin cibiyoyin da kuma ko al'ummomi za su yi canji zuwa mulkin demokraɗiyya na zamani".^[43]

3G (Janareto na Girma na Duniya)

Ƙasashen Asiya da ke da mafi kyawun damar ci gaba sune: Bangladesh, China, Indiya, Indonesia, Iraki, Mongolia, Philippines, Sri Lanka da Vietnam. Ci gaban Asiya ana sa ran zama yankin da ya fi girma har zuwa 2050, wanda yawan jama'a da ci gaban samun kudin shiga suka haifar:^[44]

9 daga cikin ƙasashe 11 na 3G sun fito ne daga Asiya. Vietnam tana da mafi girman Global Growth Generators Index, China ta kasance ta biyu tare da 0.81, sannan Indiya ta biyo baya 0.71.^[45]

Dangane da wani rahoto daga HSBC Trade Confidence Index (TCI) da HSBC Trade Forecast, akwai kasashe 4 da ke da ci gaban cinikayya mai mahimmanci Masar, Indiya, Vietnam da Indonesia tare da ci gaban an yi hasashen ya kai akalla kashi 7.3 cikin ɗari a kowace shekara har zuwa 2025.^[46]

Na gaba goma sha ɗaya

Kasashe goma sha ɗaya na gaba (wanda aka fi sani da lambar N-11) sune ƙasashe goma sha daya Bangladesh, Masar, Indonesia, Iran, Mexico, Najeriya, Pakistan, Philippines, Turkiyya, Koriya ta Kudu, da Vietnam waɗanda bankin saka hannun jari na Goldman Sachs da masanin tattalin arziki Jim O'Neill suka gano a cikin takardar bincike kamar suna da babban damar zama, tare da BRICs / BRICS, tattalin arzikin duniya mafi girma a karni na 21. Bankin ya zaɓi waɗannan jihohin, duk suna da kyakkyawan ra'ayi don saka hannun jari da ci gaban gaba, a ranar 12 ga Disamba 2005. A ƙarshen shekara ta 2011, manyan ƙasashe huɗu (Mexico, Indonesia, Najeriya da Turkiyya) wanda aka fi sani da MINT, sun kai kashi 73 cikin dari na duk GDP na goma sha ɗaya na gaba. BRIC GDP ya kasance dala tiriliyan 13.5, yayin da MIKT GDP a kusan kashi 30 cikin dari na wannan: dala tiriliyon 3.9.^[47]

Ƙalubale ga fahimtar karni na Asiya

Ba a tabbatar da ci gaban Asiya ba. Shugabanninta za su gudanar da haɗari da ƙalubale da yawa, musamman:

• Rashin daidaito a cikin ƙasashe, inda wadata da dama ke ƙuntata ga manyan matakan. Wannan na iya lalata haɗin kai da kwanciyar hankali na zamantakewa.
• Kasashe da yawa na Asiya ba za su iya yin saka hannun jari da ake bukata a cikin ababen more rayuwa ba, ilimi da manufofin gwamnati waɗanda za su taimaka musu su guje wa tarkon matsakaicin kudin shiga.
• Gasar da ta yi don albarkatun kasa masu iyaka, kamar ƙasa, ruwa, man fetur ko abinci, kamar yadda sababbin mutanen Asiya masu arziki ke neman matsayi mafi girma na rayuwa.
• Girman zafi na duniya da canjin yanayi, wanda zai iya yin barazana ga samar da aikin gona, yawan mutanen bakin teku, da manyan birane da yawa.
• Rikici na siyasa tsakanin Sin da Indiya.
• Rashin cin hanci da rashawa, wanda ke addabar gwamnatocin Asiya da yawa.^[48]
• Tasirin kai tsaye na yawan tsofaffi akan ci gaban tattalin arziki na ci gaba (misali raguwar ma'aikata, canjin tsarin amfani, matsa lamba akan kudaden jama'a^[49])

Rashin amincewa

Duk da hasashen da ke hasashen karuwar tattalin arziki da ƙarfin siyasa na Asiya, ra'ayin karni na Asiya ya fuskanci zargi. Wannan ya haɗa da yiwuwar cewa ci gaba da ci gaba mai girma na iya haifar da juyin juya hali, raguwar tattalin arziki, da matsalolin muhalli, musamman a kasar Sin.^[50]

Manazarta

1. Asia 2050: Realizing the Asian Century | Asian Development Bank. Adb.org. 26 March 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
2. "PM Yıldırım calls Asian countries on cooperation against terrorism". DailySabah.
3. "Regional cooperation and integration benefits Asia and Pacific – Shamshad Akhtar". 23 November 2017.
4. "Momentum for improving Japan-China relations | The Japan Times". The Japan Times.
5. "South Korea, China foreign ministries encourage strong ties". DailySabah.
6. Glaser, Bonnie S. (7 November 2017). "China's Rapprochement With South Korea". Foreign Affairs.
7. "China, Asean to formulate strategic partnership vision towards 2030". The Straits Times (in Turanci). 13 November 2017.
8. Cited in Hans Weigert, "Haushofer and the Pacific," Foreign Affairs, 20/4, (1942): p 735.
9. Security and Development Assistance. 1985. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
10. Mahbubani, Kishore (2008). The New Asian Hemisphere: The irresistible shift of global power to the east. Public Affairs. pp. 51–99.
11. "Review: Asia on a knife-edge". lowyinstitute.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 26 August 2019.
12. "The Asian Century Could Belong to India | Asian Century on a Knife-edge". The Kootneeti (in Turanci). 25 April 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
13. Ogden, Chris (19 October 2019). "China and India Set to Dominate the 21st Century". Oxford Reference blog. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020.
14. Search Results Archived 30 ga Afirilu, 2008 at the Wayback Machine
15. "Human Population: Fundamentals of Growth Population Growth and Distribution". Archived from the original on 20 February 2006.
16. Keillor 2007 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKeillor2007 (help)
17. "Asia 2050: Realizing the Asian Century" (PDF). Retrieved 28 July 2012.
18. "Asian 2050: Realizing the Asian Century" (PDF). Retrieved 28 July 2012.
19. "Tag: economic growth rates". China Digital Times. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
20. Raffin, Anne, "Easternization Meets Westernization: Patriotic Youth Organizations in French Indochina during World War 2"
21. Kaplinsky, Raphael, Easternization: The spread of Japanese Management Techniques to Developing Countries
22. Kwang-Kuo Hwang, Easternization: Socio-cultural Impact on Productivity
23. David, Jacques-Henri. "In 2020, America Will Still Dominate Global Economy", Le Figaro, 25 August 2005. Retrieved 21 September 2006.
24. "Culture of Asia – Music, Art and Language". Asianamericanalliance.com. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
25. Leach, Emily. "Cool Japan: Why Japanese remakes are so popular on American TV, and where we're getting it wrong". Asianweek.com. Archived from the original on 15 September 2008. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
26. Colin Campbell, Easternization of the West" p. 19
27. Colin Campbell, Easternization of the West" p. 20
28. Colin Campbell, Easternization of the West" p. 21
29. Paulson, Amanda. "Next hot language to study: Chinese", The Christian Science Monitor, 8 November 2005. Retrieved 21 September 2006.
30. Colin Campbell, "Easternization of the West" p. 80
31. Colin Campbell, Easternization of the West" p. 29
32. Colin Campbell, Easternization of the West" p. 23
33. Colin Campbell, Easternization of the West" p. 25
34. Weatherhead, Leslie D., The Christian Agnostic
35. Colin Campbell, Easternization of the West" pp. 72–73
36. Anbarasan, Ethirajan (22 September 2004). "Analysis: India's Security Council seat bid". BBC News. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
37. Kessler, Glenn (18 March 2005). "U.S. to Back Japan Security Council Bid". The Washington Post. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
38. Reinhard Drifte (2000). Japan's Quest For A Permanent Security Council Seat: A Matter of Pride Or Justice?. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-312-22847-7.
39. Buckley, Sarah (14 December 2005). "Asian powers reach for new community". BBC News. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
40. Pocha, Jehangir S. (19 November 2006). "China and US in trophy tug of war". The Telegraph. Calcutta, India. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012.
41. Poulose, T. T. "Russia-China-India: A Strategic Triangle". Asianaffairs.com. Archived from the original on 9 May 2003.
42. "Global Economic Prospects: Managing the next wave of globalization" (PDF). World Bank. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
43. "The Asian Century Will Be Built on Human Capital". East Asia Forum. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
44. "Philippine potential cited". Archived from the original on 24 April 2011. Retrieved 1 March 2011.
45. "Citigroup: Vietnam holds world's highest potential – 3G concept". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
46. "Indonesia fourth in world's trade volume growth". 20 October 2011.
47. "Indonesia negara jagoan masa depan". Retrieved 9 August 2012.
48. "ASIA 2050 – Realizing the Asian Century – Executive Summary" (PDF). Retrieved 28 July 2012.
49. "Impact of Population Aging on Asia's Future Growth" (PDF). Asian Development Bank. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
50. "Coming out". The Economist. 23 March 2006.

Tushen

• Mahbubani, Kishore (2009) Sabon Hemisphere na Asiya: Canjin da ba za a iya tsayayya da shi ba na ikon duniya zuwa gabas. Harkokin Jama'a.  ISBN 9781586486716.

Haɗin waje

• Ƙarshen Pax Americana: Yadda Yammacin Yamma ya zama Ba za a iya gujewa ba ta hanyar Atlantic
• Raguwar Yamma: Me ya sa Amurka Dole ne ta shirya don Ƙarshen Mulki ta Atlantic
• Canjin ikon tattalin arziki daga Yamma zuwa Gabas yana shirye don tarawa ta hanyar The Independent
• Daidaitawar tattalin arzikin duniya yana canzawa zuwa gabas ta hanyar The Globe da Mail
• Rahoton Canjin Ikon Duniya zuwa Asiya: Tasirin Geostrategic da Geopolitical na Al Jazeera
• "Tsaro da Taimako na Ci Gaban" wanda kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai na Amurka kan Harkokin Kasashen Waje ya rubuta a shekarar 1985, wanda GPO ta Amurka ta buga
• Ofishin Bayani na Jama'a
• "Harshe mai zafi na gaba don karatu: Sinanci" na Amanda Paulson. CS Monitor, 8 ga Nuwamba 2005.
• "Amurka don buɗe Cibiyar Confucius ta Farko" ta chinanews.com, 8 Maris 2005.
• "Bincike: Kudin kujerar Majalisar Tsaro ta Indiya" ta Ethirajan Anbarasan. Labarin BBC 22 Satumba 2004.
• "Amurka don tallafawa Kwamitin Tsaro na Japan" na Glenn Kessler. Washington Post 18 Maris 2005.
• "ASEAN da Indiya hatimi kasuwanci, yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwa tare da ido akan "Asian Century"" AFP 30 Nuwamba..
• "Ƙarfin Asiya sun kai ga sabuwar al'umma" ta Sarah Buckley. BBC News 14 ga Disamba 2005.
• "Rasha-China-India: Triangle na dabarun" na T T Poulose. Harkokin Asiya.
• "Asian Century Institute"

Sauran

Jawabai da Bayanan Siyasa

• "Ƙarfin dangantakar Sin da Indiya don gabatar da ƙarni na Asiya na gaskiya: Firayim Minista Wen" Magana ta PRC Firayim Ministan Wen Jiabao
• "Shugaba ya yi jawabi ga Asiya Society, yayi Magana da Indiya da Pakistan" Shugaban Amurka George Bush ya kira karni na 21 ba karni na Asiya ba, amma karni na 'yanci
• "Ikon Indiya ba shi da iyaka" Ministan Kasuwanci na PRC Bo Xilai ci gaba da hadin kai na Indiya da kasar Sin, 2006

Hasashen

• NIC 2020 Taswirar Makomar Duniya
• BRIC Rubutun-pdf
• "Barka da zuwa Karni na Asiya..." na Jeffrey Sachs

Rashin amincewa

• "China, Indiya Superpower? Ba da sauri!" Archived 2021-02-27 at the Wayback Machine
• "Asian Century" wani edita ne wanda ya bambanta da karni na Amurka da karni na Asiya.
• "Sabon dandano ne? Australia ta kasance karni na Asiya" Archived 2021-06-24 at the Wayback Machine An adana shi a wani labarin game da al'adun al'adu na karni na Asiya akan Erenlai .