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Tswana, wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na asali Setswana, kuma a baya an rubuta Sechuana a Turanci, yare ne na Bantu da ake magana a Kudancin Afirka da kusan mutane miliyan 8.2. Y[2] cikin dangin yaren Bantu a cikin reshen Sotho-Tswana na Zone S (S.30), kuma yana da alaƙa da yarukan Sotho na Arewa da Kudancin, da kuma yaren Kgalagadi da yaren Lozi.
| Harshen Tswana | |
|---|---|
|
Default
| |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Tswana | |
|---|---|
| Mutum | Mo tswana |
| Mutane | Ba tswana |
| Harshe | Se tswana |
| Ƙasa | Bo tswana |
Setswana harshen hukuma ne na Botswana, Afirka ta Kudu, da Zimbabwe . Harshen yare ne a Botswana da wasu sassan Afirka ta Kudu, musamman lardin Arewa maso Yamma . Ana samun kabilun Tswana a fiye da larduna biyu na Afirka ta Kudu, musamman a Arewa maso Yamma, inda kusan mutane miliyan hudu ke magana da yaren. Iri-iri na birni, wanda wani yanki ne kuma ba Setswana na yau da kullun ba, ana kiransa Pretoria Sotho, kuma shine babban yare na musamman na birnin Pretoria . Larduna uku na Afirka ta Kudu da ke da mafi yawan masu magana su ne Gauteng (kimanin 11%), Arewacin Cape, da Arewa maso Yamma (sama da 70%). Har zuwa 1994, mutanen Tswana na Afirka ta Kudu ƴan asalin Bophuthatswana ne, ɗaya daga cikin ƴan bantu na mulkin wariyar launin fata . Harshen Setswana a lardin Arewa maso Yamma yana da bambance-bambancen da ake magana da shi bisa ga kabilun da aka samu a cikin al'adun Tswana (Bakgatla, Barolong, Bakwena, Batlhaping, Bahurutshe, Bafokeng, Batlokwa, Bataung, da Batswapong, da sauransu); Harshen da aka rubuta ya kasance iri ɗaya. Hakanan ana samun ƙaramin adadin masu magana a Zimbabwe (lambar da ba a sani ba) da Namibiya (kusan mutane 10,000).
Bature na farko da ya bayyana wannan harshe shine Bajamushe matafiyi Hinrich Lichtenstein, wanda ya rayu a cikin mutanen Tswana Batlhaping a 1806 ko da yake ba a buga aikinsa ba sai 1930. Ya yi kuskure ya ɗauki Tswana a matsayin yare na Xhosa, kuma sunan da ya yi amfani da shi don yaren "Beetjuana" yana iya rufe harsunan Arewa da Kudancin Sotho .
Babban aikin farko kan Tswana ɗan mishan na Burtaniya Robert Moffat ne ya gudanar da shi, wanda shi ma ya rayu a cikin Batlhaping, kuma ya buga Bechuana Spelling Book da A Bechuana Catechism a 1826. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ya buga wasu littattafan Littafi Mai Tsarki da yawa, kuma a shekara ta 1857, ya iya buga cikakken fassarar Littafi Mai Tsarki. [3]
An buga nahawun farko na Tswana a shekara ta 1833 ta ɗan mishan James Archbell ko da yake an ƙirƙira shi da nahawu na Xhosa. Nahawu na farko na Tswana wanda ya ɗauke shi a matsayin yare dabam daga Xhosa (amma har yanzu ba a matsayin yare dabam daga harsunan Arewa da Kudancin Sotho ba) ɗan mishan na Faransa, E. Casalis ne ya buga shi a 1841. Ya canza shawara daga baya, kuma a cikin littafin daga 1882, ya lura cewa harsunan Arewa da Kudancin Sotho sun bambanta da Tswana.[4]
Solomon Plaatje, kwararre kuma masanin ilimin harshe na Afirka ta Kudu, yana ɗaya daga cikin marubutan farko da suka yi rubuce-rubuce da yawa a ciki da game da yaren Tswana. [3]
Ana iya ganin kayan wasalin Tswana a ƙasa. [5]
| Gaba | Baya | |
|---|---|---|
| Kusa | i ⟨ i ⟩ | u ⟨ ⟩ |
| Kusa-kusa | ɪ ⟨ ⟩ | ʊ ⟨ o ⟩ |
| Bude-tsakiyar | ɛ ⟨ ⟩ | ɔ ⟨ ô ⟩ |
| Bude | a ⟨ a ⟩ | |
Wasu yarukan suna da ƙarin wasula guda biyu, wasulan kusa-tsakiyar /e/</link> kuma /o/</link> . [6] Dawafi akan e da o gabaɗaya rubutun Setswana ana ƙarfafa su ne kawai a matakan ilimi na farko ba a matakin firamare ko mafi girma ba; yawanci ana rubuta waɗannan ba tare da dawafi ba. [7]
Ana iya ganin ƙididdigar baƙar fata na Tswana a ƙasa. [8]
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvula | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | sibilant | lateral | |||||||
| Nasal | m ⟨ m ⟩ | n ⟨ n ⟩ | ɲ ⟨ ny ⟩ | ŋ ⟨ ⟩ | |||||
| M / </br> Haɗin kai |
voiceless | p ⟨ p ⟩ | t ⟨ t ⟩ | ts ⟨ ts ⟩ | tɬ ⟨ ⟩ | tʃ ⟨ tš ⟩ | k ⟨ ⟩ | ||
| voiced | b ⟨ b ⟩ | d ⟨ d ⟩ | dʒ ⟨ j ⟩ | ||||||
| aspirated | pʰ ⟨ ph ⟩ | tʰ ⟨ ⟩ | tsʰ ⟨ tsh ⟩ | tɬʰ ⟨ tlh ⟩ | tʃʰ ⟨ tsh ⟩ | kʰ ⟨ ⟩ | kχʰ ⟨ kg ⟩ | ||
| Mai sassautawa | f ⟨ f ⟩ | s ⟨ s ⟩ | ʃ ⟨ š ⟩ | χ ⟨ g ⟩ | h ⟨ h ⟩ | ||||
| Ruwa | r ⟨ r ⟩ | l ⟨ l ⟩ | |||||||
| Semi wasali | w ⟨ w ⟩ | j ⟨ y ⟩ | |||||||
Baƙin /d/</link> kawai allophone na /l/</link> , lokacin da na ƙarshe ya biyo bayan wasulan /i/</link> ko /u/</link> . [9] Karin sautuna biyu, v /v/</link> da z /z/</link> , akwai kawai a cikin kalmomin lamuni.
Tswana kuma yana da baƙaƙen dannawa uku, amma waɗannan ana amfani da su ne kawai a cikin interjections ko akida, kuma tsofaffin ƙarni ne kawai ke amfani da su, don haka suna faɗuwa daga amfani. Latsa baƙaƙe guda uku sune latsa hakori /ǀ/</link> , a zahiri ⟨ ⟩ ; latsa gefe /ǁ/</link> , a zahiri ⟨ ⟩ ; da palatal danna /ǃ/</link> , a ⟩ ⟨ . [10]
Akwai wasu ƙananan bambance-bambancen yare tsakanin baƙaƙe tsakanin masu magana da Tswana. Misali, /χ/</link> an gane ko dai /x/</link> ko /h/</link> ta masu magana da yawa; /f/</link> an gane kamar /h/</link> a yawancin yarukan; da /tɬ/</link> da /tɬʰ/</link> an gane kamar /t/</link> da /tʰ/</link> a cikin yarukan arewa. [11]
Baƙin /ŋ/</link> zai iya wanzuwa a ƙarshen kalma ba tare da wasali ya bi shi ba (kamar yadda yake a Jwaneng da Barolong Seboni ).
Danniya yana daidaitawa a cikin Tswana kuma ta haka ko da yaushe yakan faɗi kan kalma, kodayake wasu mahadi na iya samun damuwa na biyu a ɓangaren farko na kalmar. Harafin da damuwa ya faɗo akan shi yana tsawo. Don haka, an gane mosadi (mace) a matsayin [mʊ̀ˈsáːdì]</link> . [12]
Tswana yana da sautuna biyu, babba da ƙasa, amma na ƙarshen yana da faɗin rarraba cikin kalmomi fiye da na farko. Sautunan da ba a yiwa alama alama ta orthographically, wanda zai iya haifar da shubuha. [13]
Wani muhimmin fasali na sautunan shine abin da ake kira yada babban sautin. Idan harafin yana ɗauke da sauti mai girma, waɗannan kalmomi guda biyu masu zuwa za su sami sauti mai girma sai dai idan sun kasance a ƙarshen kalmar. [14]
Rubutun Tswana ya dogara ne akan haruffan Latin.
| Harafi (s) | a | b | ch | d | e | da | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | ku | p | ph | q | r | s | š | t | th | tl | tlh | tsh | ku | v | w | x | y | z |
|---|
An gabatar da harafin š a cikin 1937, amma har yanzu ana rubuta madaidaicin sauti a wasu lokuta a matsayin ⟨sh⟩. Ana amfani da haruffan ⟨ê⟩ da ⟨ô⟩ a cikin litattafan karatu da litattafai na harshe, amma ba sosai ba a daidaitaccen rubutu na yau da kullun.
Sunaye a cikin Tswana an haɗa su zuwa azuzuwan sunaye guda tara da ƙaramin aji ɗaya, kowanne yana da prefixes daban-daban. Za'a iya ganin azuzuwan tara da prefixes daban-daban a ƙasa, tare da taƙaitaccen bayanin kula game da halayen gama-gari na yawancin sunaye a cikin azuzuwan su. [15]
| Class | Mufuradi | Jam'i | Halaye |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | mo- | ba- | Mutane |
| 1 a. | - | b- | Sunaye, dangi, dabbobi |
| 2. | mo- | ni- </br> ma- |
Daban-daban </br> (ciki har da sassan jiki, kayan aiki, </br> kayan aiki, dabbobi, bishiyoyi, tsire-tsire) |
| 3. | da- | ma- | |
| 4. | se- | di- | |
| 5. | n- </br> m- </br> ba - </br> ng- |
din- </br> dim- </br> diny- </br> ding- |
Dabbobi </br> (amma kuma daban-daban) |
| 6. | lo- | Daban-daban </br> (ciki har da adadin sunaye na gama kai) | |
| 7. | bo- | ma- | Abstract sunaye |
| 8. | tafi- | Siffofin kalmomi marasa iyaka | |
| 9. | fa- </br> tafi- </br> mo- |
Kalamai | |
Ana iya samun wasu sunaye a ajujuwa da yawa. Misali, ana samun sunaye da yawa a aji 1 a aji 1a, aji 3, aji 4, da aji 5. [16]
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