સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર

A parliamentary republic is a republic that operates under a parliamentary system of government where the executive branch (the government) derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the legislature (the parliament). There are a number of variations of parliamentary republics. Most have a clear differentiation between the head of government and the head of state, with the head of government holding real power, much like constitutional monarchies. Some have combined the roles of head of state and head of government, much like presidential systems, but with a dependency upon parliamentary power.

પ્રશાશન ની પ્રણાલી
પ્રશાશન ના ગણતંત્રવાદી સ્વરુપો:   સંસદ થી અલગ એક કાર્યકારી રાષ્ટ્રપતિપણાં સાથે રાષ્ટ્રપતિય ગણરાજ્ય   સંસદ પર નભતા રાષ્ટ્રપતિ સાથે સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર   વહીવટી રાષ્ટ્રપતિ અને સરકારના અલગ વડા બંને સાથે અર્ધ-રાષ્ટ્રપ્રમુખિય ગણતંત્ર, જે સંસદને દોરવણી આપે છે, જે રાષ્ટ્રપતિ દ્વારા નિયુક્ત થાય છે.   ઔપચારિક/ગૈર-વહિવટી પ્રમુખ સાથે સંસદીય પ્રજાસત્તાક, જ્યાં એક અલગ વડા અધિકારી કાર્યકારીઓની દોરવણી કરે છે. Monarchical forms of government:   Constitutional monarchies with a ceremonial/non-executive monarch, where a separate head of government leads the executive   Constitutional monarchies with a ceremonial monarch, but where royalty still hold significant executive and/or legislative power   Absolute monarchies where the monarch leads the executive   One-party states where the dominant role of a political party is codified in the constitution   Countries in which constitutional provisions for government have been suspended (e.g. military dictatorship)   Countries which do not fit any of the above systems (e.g. transitional government or unclear political situations)

Map of different parliamentary systems      Parliamentary republics where parliaments are effectively supreme over a separate head of state.      Parliamentary republics with an executive presidency dependent on the legislature.      Constitutional monarchies in which authority is vested in a parliament.

List of modern parliamentary republics

Parliamentary Republics
Country	Head of State Elected By	Cameral Structure	Parliamentary Republic Adopted	Formerly
Albania	Parliament, by majority	Unicameral	1991	One-party state
Armenia	Parliament, by absolute majority	Unicameral	2018[note ૧]	Semi-presidential republic
Austria	Direct election, by second-round system	Bicameral	1945	One-party state (as part of Nazi Germany, see Anschluss)
Bangladesh	Parliament	Unicameral	1991[note ૨]	Presidential republic
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Direct election of collective head of state, by first-past-the-post vote	Bicameral	1991	One-party state (part of Yugoslavia)
Bulgaria	Direct election, by second-round system	Unicameral	1991	One-party state
Croatia	Direct election, by second-round system	Unicameral	2000	Semi-presidential republic
Czech Republic	Direct election, by second-round system (since 2013; previously parliament, by majority)	Bicameral	1993	One-party state (part of Czechoslovakia)
Dominica	Parliament, by majority	Unicameral	1978	Associated state of the United Kingdom
EstoniaEstonia	Parliament, by two-thirds majority	Unicameral	1991[note ૩]	One-party state (part of Soviet Union)
EthiopiaEthiopia	Parliament, by two-thirds majority	Bicameral	1991	One-party state
FijiFiji	Parliament, by majority	Unicameral	2014	Military dictatorship
FinlandFinland	Direct election, by second-round system	Unicameral	2000[note ૪]	Semi-presidential republic
GermanyGermany	Federal Assembly (parliament and state delegates), by absolute majority	Bicameral	1949[note ૫]	One-party state
GreeceGreece	Parliament, by majority	Unicameral	1975	Military dictatorship; constitutional monarchy
HungaryHungary	Parliament, by absolute majority	Unicameral	1990	One-party state
IcelandIceland	Direct election, by first-past-the-post vote	Unicameral	1944	Constitutional monarchy (part of Denmark)
IndiaIndia	Parliament and state legislators, by instant-runoff vote	Bicameral	1950	Constitutional monarchy (British Dominion)
IraqIraq	Parliament, by two-thirds majority	Unicameral[૧]	2005	One-party state
IrelandIreland	Direct election, by instant-runoff vote	Bicameral	1919[note ૬]	Constitutional monarchy (Part of the British Empire)
IsraelIsrael	Parliament, by majority	Unicameral	2001	Semi-parliamentary republic
ItalyItaly	Parliament, by absolute majority	Bicameral	1946	Constitutional monarchy
KosovoKosovo	Parliament, by two-thirds majority; by a simple majority, at the third ballot, if no candidate achieves the aforementioned majority in the first two ballots	Unicameral	2008	UN-administered Kosovo (formally part of Serbia)
LatviaLatvia	Parliament	Unicameral	1991[note ૭]	One-party state (part of Soviet Union)
LebanonLebanon	Parliament	Unicameral	1941	Protectorate (French mandate of Lebanon)
Macedonia	Direct election, by second-round system	Unicameral	1991	One-party state (part of the Yugoslavia)
MaltaMalta	Parliament, by majority	Unicameral	1974	Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm[૨])[૩]
MauritiusMauritius	Parliament, by majority	Unicameral	1992	Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm[૪][૫][૬])
MoldovaMoldova	Direct election, by second-round system (since 2016; previously by parliament, by three-fifths majority)	Unicameral	2001	Semi-presidential republic
MontenegroMontenegro	Direct election, by second-round system	Unicameral	1992	One-party state (Part of Yugoslavia, and after Serbia and Montenegro)
NepalNepal	Parliament and state legislators	Bicameral[૭]	2015[note ૮]	Constitutional monarchy
PakistanPakistan	Parliament and state legislators, by instant-runoff vote	Bicameral	2010[૮][૯]	Semi-presidential republic
SamoaSamoa	Parliament	Unicameral	1960	Trust Territory of New Zealand
SerbiaSerbia	Direct election, by second-round system	Unicameral	1991	One-party state (part of Yugoslavia, and after Serbia and Montenegro)
SingaporeSingapore	Direct election (since 1993)	Unicameral	1965	State of Malaysia
SlovakiaSlovakia	Direct election, by second-round system (since 1999; previously by parliament)	Unicameral	1993	One-party state (part of Czechoslovakia)
SloveniaSlovenia	Direct election, by second-round system	Bicameral	1991	One-party state (part of Yugoslavia)
SomaliaSomalia	Parliament	Bicameral	2012[note ૯]	One-party state
Trinidad and TobagoTrinidad and Tobago	Parliament	Bicameral	1976	Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm[૧૦])
VanuatuVanuatu	Parliament and regional council presidents, by majority	Unicameral	1980	British–French condominium (New Hebrides)
Parliamentary Republics with a "Mixed-Republican" System
Country	Head of State Elected By	Cameral Structure	Parliamentary Republic Adopted	Formerly
BotswanaBotswana	Parliament, by majority	Unicameral	1966	British protectorate (Bechuanaland Protectorate)
KiribatiKiribati	Direct election, by first-past-the-post vote	Unicameral	1979	Protectorate
Marshall IslandsMarshall Islands	Parliament	Bicameral	1979	UN Trust Territory (part of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands)
ઢાંચો:Country data MicronesiaMicronesia	Parliament, by majority	Unicameral	1986	UN Trust Territory (Part of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands)
MyanmarMyanmar	Parliament, by an electoral college	Bicameral	2010	Military dictatorship
NauruNauru	Parliament	Unicameral	1968	Australian Trust Territory
San MarinoSan Marino	Parliament	Unicameral	301	Autocracy (part of the Roman Empire)
South AfricaSouth Africa	Parliament, by majority	Bicameral	1961	Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm[૧૧][૧૨][૧૩])
SurinameSuriname	Parliament, by majority	Unicameral	1987	Military dictatorship
SwitzerlandSwitzerland	Federal Assembly (parliament and canton delegates), by absolute majority	Bicameral	1848	Confederation

List of former parliamentary republics

Country	Year became a parliamentary republic	Year status changed	Changed to	Status changed due to
First Czechoslovak Republic	1920	1939	One-party state	Munich agreement
First Austrian Republic	1920	1929	Semi-presidential system	Constitutional amendment
Brazil	1961	1963	Presidential system	Referendum
Burma (present-day Myanmar)	1948	1962	Military dictatorship	1962 Burmese coup d'état
French Third Republic	1870	1940	Presidential system	World War II German Occupation
French Fourth Republic	1946	1958	Semi-presidential system	Political instability
Guyana	1970	1980	Presidential system	Constitutional amendment
Hungary	1946	1949	One-party state	Creation of the People's Republic of Hungary
Indonesia	1945	1959	Presidential system	Constitutional amendment
IsraelIsrael	1948	1996	Semi-parliamentary system	Constitutional amendment
Second Republic of South Korea	1960	1961	Presidential system	May 16 coup
KyrgyzstanKyrgyzstan	2010	2021	Presidential system	Referendum
Lithuanian First Republic	1920	1926	One-party state	1926 Lithuanian coup d'état[note ૧૦]
ઢાંચો:NGRNigeria	1963	1966	Military dictatorship (which led in 1979 to the democratic, presidential Second Nigerian Republic)	Coup d'état
PakistanPakistan	1956	1958	Military dictatorship	1958 Pakistani coup d'état
	1973	1978		1977 Pakistani coup d'état
	1988	1999		1999 Pakistani coup d'état
Second Polish Republic	1919	1939	One-party state	Invasion of Poland
First Portuguese Republic	1911	1926	Military dictatorship (which led in 1933 to the Estado Novo One-party state)	May 28 coup
First Philippine Republic (Malolos Republic)	1899	1901	Military dictatorship (De facto United States Colony)	Capture of Emilio Aguinaldo to the American forces
ઢાંચો:Country data Democratic Republic of Congo Republic of the Congo	1960	1965	Military dictatorship (De facto One-party state)	1965 Congolese coup d'état
RussiaRussia	1991[note ૧૧]	1993	Semi-presidential system	Referendum[note ૧૨]
RhodesiaRhodesia	1970	1979	Parliamentary system	Creation of Zimbabwe-Rhodesia
ઢાંચો:Country data Spanish RepublicSpanish Republic	1931	1939	Fascist dictatorship	Loss of Spanish Civil War
ઢાંચો:SRISri Lanka	1972	1978	Semi-presidential system	Constitutional amendment
Syrian Republic	1930	1958	One-party state	Creation of the United Arab Republic
Syrian Arab Republic	1961	1963	One-party state	1963 Syrian coup d'état
TurkeyTurkey	1923	2018	Presidential system	Referendum
ઢાંચો:UGAUganda	1963	1966	One-party state	Suspension of the constitution
Zimbabwe RhodesiaZimbabwe Rhodesia	1979	1979	Parliamentary system	Reversion to Southern Rhodesia
ZimbabweZimbabwe	1980	1987	Presidential system	Constitutional amendment

Notes

1. Changed after the 2015 referendum.
2. Was, previously, a parliamentary republic between 1971 and 1975.
3. Estonia was previously a parliamentary republic between 1919 and 1934 when the government was overthrown by a coup d'état. In 1938, Estonia adopted a presidential system and in June 1940 was occupied and annexed by the Soviet Union.
4. Formerly a semi-presidential republic, it is now a parliamentary republic according to David Arter, First Chair of Politics at Aberdeen University. In his "Scandinavian Politics Today" (Manchester University Press, revised 2008 ISBN 9780719078538), he quotes Nousiainen, Jaakko (June 2001). "From semi-presidentialism to parliamentary government: political and constitutional developments in Finland". Scandinavian Political Studies. Wiley. 24 (2): 95–109. doi:10.1111/1467-9477.00048.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) as follows: "There are hardly any grounds for the epithet 'semi-presidential'." Arter's own conclusions are only slightly more nuanced: "The adoption of a new constitution on 1 March 2000 meant that Finland was no longer a case of semi-presidential government other than in the minimalist sense of a situation where a popularly elected fixed-term president exists alongside a prime minister and cabinet who are responsible to parliament (Elgie 2004: 317)". According to the Finnish Constitution, the president has no possibility to rule the government without the ministerial approval, and does not have the power to dissolve the parliament under his or her own desire. Finland is actually represented by its prime minister, and not by its president, in the Council of the Heads of State and Government of the European Union. The 2012 constitutional amendements reduced the powers of the president even further.
5. In the case of the former West German states, including former West Berlin, the previous one-party state is Nazi Germany, but in the case of the New Länder and former East Berlin it is East Germany. Please note that German reunification took place on 3 October 1990, when the five re-established states of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) joined the Federal Republic of Germany, and Berlin was united into a single city-state. Therefore, this date applies to today's Federal Republic of Germany as a whole, although the area of former East Germany was no part of that parliamentary republic until 1990.
6. Irish head of state from 1936 to 1949.
7. Latvia was previously a parliamentary republic between 1921 and 1934 when the then prime minister Kārlis Ulmanis took power in a coup d'état. In June 1940 Latvia was occupied and annexed by the Soviet Union.
8. Had a transitional government between 2008 and 2015.
9. Had a transitional government between 1991 and 2012.
10. In June 1940, Lithuania was occupied and annexed by the Soviet Union.
11. Post of President of Russia is created, and development of separation of powers is started, some of Supreme Soviet's executive powers is transferred to new post. Before that, Russia was a Soviet republic.
12. Preceded by crisis and armed dissolving of the Supreme Soviet of Russia, then-parliament of the Russian Federation.

References

1. Officially bicameral, upper house never entered into functions, to present day.
2. "Malta: Heads of State: 1964-1974". Archontology.org. મૂળ માંથી 8 માર્ચ 2021 પર સંગ્રહિત. મેળવેલ 18 February 2018.
3. "British Monarch's Titles: 1867-2018". Archontology.org. મૂળ માંથી 19 ફેબ્રુઆરી 2018 પર સંગ્રહિત. મેળવેલ 18 February 2018.
4. "Mauritius: Heads of State: 1968-1992". Archontology.org. મૂળ માંથી 6 ફેબ્રુઆરી 2017 પર સંગ્રહિત. મેળવેલ 18 February 2018.
5. Empty citation (મદદ)
6. Cahoon, Ben. "Mauritius". Worldstatesmen.org. મૂળ માંથી 15 January 2013 પર સંગ્રહિત. મેળવેલ 18 February 2018.
7. Constitution of Nepal સંગ્રહિત ડિસેમ્બર ૨૩, ૨૦૧૫ ના રોજ વેબેક મશિન
8. Kiran Khalid, CNN (2010-04-09). "Pakistan lawmakers approve weakening of presidential powers". CNN.com. મેળવેલ 2010-04-14.
9. "'18th Amendment to restore Constitution' | Pakistan | News | Newspaper | Daily | English | Online". Nation.com.pk. મૂળ માંથી 2010-04-14 પર સંગ્રહિત. મેળવેલ 2010-04-14.
10. "Trinidad and Tobago: Heads of State: 1962-1976". Archontology.org. મૂળ માંથી 2 માર્ચ 2017 પર સંગ્રહિત. મેળવેલ 18 February 2018.
11. "South Africa: Heads of State: 1910-1961". Archontology.org. મૂળ માંથી 29 ઑગસ્ટ 2019 પર સંગ્રહિત. મેળવેલ 18 February 2018. Check date values in: |archive-date= (મદદ)
12. Carlin, John (31 May 1994). "South Africa returns to the Commonwealth fold". The Independent. મૂળ માંથી 29 ઑગસ્ટ 2019 પર સંગ્રહિત. મેળવેલ 18 February 2018. Check date values in: |archive-date= (મદદ)
13. "Secession Talked by Some Anti-Republicans". Saskatoon Star-Phoenix. 11 October 1960. મેળવેલ 18 February 2018. More than one of |work= and |newspaper= specified (મદદ)More than one of |work= and |newspaper= specified (help)