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A parliamentary republic is a republic that operates under a parliamentary system of government where the executive branch (the government) derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the legislature (the parliament). There are a number of variations of parliamentary republics. Most have a clear differentiation between the head of government and the head of state, with the head of government holding real power, much like constitutional monarchies. Some have combined the roles of head of state and head of government, much like presidential systems, but with a dependency upon parliamentary power.
વિકિપીડિયાના માપદંડ મુજબ આ લેખને ઉચ્ચ કક્ષાનો બનાવવા માટે તેમાં સુધારો કરવાની જરુર છે. તેમાં ફેરફાર કરીને તેને સુધારવામાં અમારી મદદ કરો. ચર્ચા પાના પર કદાચ આ બાબતે વધુ માહિતી મળી શકે છે. |
Parliamentary Republics | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Country | Head of State Elected By | Cameral Structure | Parliamentary Republic Adopted | Formerly |
Albania | Parliament, by majority | Unicameral | 1991 | One-party state |
Armenia | Parliament, by absolute majority | Unicameral | 2018[note 1] | Semi-presidential republic |
Austria | Direct election, by second-round system | Bicameral | 1945 | One-party state (as part of Nazi Germany, see Anschluss) |
Bangladesh | Parliament | Unicameral | 1991[note 2] | Presidential republic |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Direct election of collective head of state, by first-past-the-post vote | Bicameral | 1991 | One-party state (part of Yugoslavia) |
Bulgaria | Direct election, by second-round system | Unicameral | 1991 | One-party state |
Croatia | Direct election, by second-round system | Unicameral | 2000 | Semi-presidential republic |
Czech Republic | Direct election, by second-round system (since 2013; previously parliament, by majority) | Bicameral | 1993 | One-party state (part of Czechoslovakia) |
Dominica | Parliament, by majority | Unicameral | 1978 | Associated state of the United Kingdom |
EstoniaEstonia | Parliament, by two-thirds majority | Unicameral | 1991[note 3] | One-party state (part of Soviet Union) |
EthiopiaEthiopia | Parliament, by two-thirds majority | Bicameral | 1991 | One-party state |
FijiFiji | Parliament, by majority | Unicameral | 2014 | Military dictatorship |
FinlandFinland | Direct election, by second-round system | Unicameral | 2000[note 4] | Semi-presidential republic |
GermanyGermany | Federal Assembly (parliament and state delegates), by absolute majority | Bicameral | 1949[note 5] | One-party state |
GreeceGreece | Parliament, by majority | Unicameral | 1975 | Military dictatorship; constitutional monarchy |
HungaryHungary | Parliament, by absolute majority | Unicameral | 1990 | One-party state |
IcelandIceland | Direct election, by first-past-the-post vote | Unicameral | 1944 | Constitutional monarchy (part of Denmark) |
IndiaIndia | Parliament and state legislators, by instant-runoff vote | Bicameral | 1950 | Constitutional monarchy (British Dominion) |
IraqIraq | Parliament, by two-thirds majority | Unicameral[1] | 2005 | One-party state |
IrelandIreland | Direct election, by instant-runoff vote | Bicameral | 1919[note 6] | Constitutional monarchy (Part of the British Empire) |
IsraelIsrael | Parliament, by majority | Unicameral | 2001 | Semi-parliamentary republic |
ItalyItaly | Parliament, by absolute majority | Bicameral | 1946 | Constitutional monarchy |
KosovoKosovo | Parliament, by two-thirds majority; by a simple majority, at the third ballot, if no candidate achieves the aforementioned majority in the first two ballots |
Unicameral | 2008 | UN-administered Kosovo (formally part of Serbia) |
LatviaLatvia | Parliament | Unicameral | 1991[note 7] | One-party state (part of Soviet Union) |
LebanonLebanon | Parliament | Unicameral | 1941 | Protectorate (French mandate of Lebanon) |
Macedonia | Direct election, by second-round system | Unicameral | 1991 | One-party state (part of the Yugoslavia) |
MaltaMalta | Parliament, by majority | Unicameral | 1974 | Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm[2])[3] |
MauritiusMauritius | Parliament, by majority | Unicameral | 1992 | Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm[4][5][6]) |
MoldovaMoldova | Direct election, by second-round system (since 2016; previously by parliament, by three-fifths majority) |
Unicameral | 2001 | Semi-presidential republic |
MontenegroMontenegro | Direct election, by second-round system | Unicameral | 1992 | One-party state (Part of Yugoslavia, and after Serbia and Montenegro) |
NepalNepal | Parliament and state legislators | Bicameral[7] | 2015[note 8] | Constitutional monarchy |
PakistanPakistan | Parliament and state legislators, by instant-runoff vote | Bicameral | 2010[8][9] | Semi-presidential republic |
SamoaSamoa | Parliament | Unicameral | 1960 | Trust Territory of New Zealand |
SerbiaSerbia | Direct election, by second-round system | Unicameral | 1991 | One-party state (part of Yugoslavia, and after Serbia and Montenegro) |
SingaporeSingapore | Direct election (since 1993) | Unicameral | 1965 | State of Malaysia |
SlovakiaSlovakia | Direct election, by second-round system (since 1999; previously by parliament) | Unicameral | 1993 | One-party state (part of Czechoslovakia) |
SloveniaSlovenia | Direct election, by second-round system | Bicameral | 1991 | One-party state (part of Yugoslavia) |
SomaliaSomalia | Parliament | Bicameral | 2012[note 9] | One-party state |
Trinidad and TobagoTrinidad and Tobago | Parliament | Bicameral | 1976 | Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm[10]) |
VanuatuVanuatu | Parliament and regional council presidents, by majority | Unicameral | 1980 | British–French condominium (New Hebrides) |
Parliamentary Republics with a "Mixed-Republican" System | ||||
Country | Head of State Elected By | Cameral Structure | Parliamentary Republic Adopted | Formerly |
BotswanaBotswana | Parliament, by majority | Unicameral | 1966 | British protectorate (Bechuanaland Protectorate) |
KiribatiKiribati | Direct election, by first-past-the-post vote | Unicameral | 1979 | Protectorate |
Marshall IslandsMarshall Islands | Parliament | Bicameral | 1979 | UN Trust Territory (part of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands) |
ઢાંચો:Country data MicronesiaMicronesia | Parliament, by majority | Unicameral | 1986 | UN Trust Territory (Part of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands) |
MyanmarMyanmar | Parliament, by an electoral college | Bicameral | 2010 | Military dictatorship |
NauruNauru | Parliament | Unicameral | 1968 | Australian Trust Territory |
San MarinoSan Marino | Parliament | Unicameral | 301 | Autocracy (part of the Roman Empire) |
South AfricaSouth Africa | Parliament, by majority | Bicameral | 1961 | Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm[11][12][13]) |
SurinameSuriname | Parliament, by majority | Unicameral | 1987 | Military dictatorship |
SwitzerlandSwitzerland | Federal Assembly (parliament and canton delegates), by absolute majority | Bicameral | 1848 | Confederation |
Country | Year became a parliamentary republic | Year status changed | Changed to | Status changed due to |
---|---|---|---|---|
First Czechoslovak Republic | 1920 | 1939 | One-party state | Munich agreement |
First Austrian Republic | 1920 | 1929 | Semi-presidential system | Constitutional amendment |
Brazil | 1961 | 1963 | Presidential system | Referendum |
Burma (present-day Myanmar) | 1948 | 1962 | Military dictatorship | 1962 Burmese coup d'état |
French Third Republic | 1870 | 1940 | Presidential system | World War II German Occupation |
French Fourth Republic | 1946 | 1958 | Semi-presidential system | Political instability |
Guyana | 1970 | 1980 | Presidential system | Constitutional amendment |
Hungary | 1946 | 1949 | One-party state | Creation of the People's Republic of Hungary |
Indonesia | 1945 | 1959 | Presidential system | Constitutional amendment |
IsraelIsrael | 1948 | 1996 | Semi-parliamentary system | Constitutional amendment |
Second Republic of South Korea | 1960 | 1961 | Presidential system | May 16 coup |
KyrgyzstanKyrgyzstan | 2010 | 2021 | Presidential system | Referendum |
Lithuanian First Republic | 1920 | 1926 | One-party state | 1926 Lithuanian coup d'état[note 10] |
ઢાંચો:NGRNigeria | 1963 | 1966 | Military dictatorship (which led in 1979 to the democratic, presidential Second Nigerian Republic) |
Coup d'état |
PakistanPakistan | 1956 | 1958 | Military dictatorship | 1958 Pakistani coup d'état |
1973 | 1978 | 1977 Pakistani coup d'état | ||
1988 | 1999 | 1999 Pakistani coup d'état | ||
Second Polish Republic | 1919 | 1939 | One-party state | Invasion of Poland |
First Portuguese Republic | 1911 | 1926 | Military dictatorship (which led in 1933 to the Estado Novo One-party state) |
May 28 coup |
First Philippine Republic (Malolos Republic) | 1899 | 1901 | Military dictatorship (De facto United States Colony) |
Capture of Emilio Aguinaldo to the American forces |
ઢાંચો:Country data Democratic Republic of Congo Republic of the Congo | 1960 | 1965 | Military dictatorship (De facto One-party state) |
1965 Congolese coup d'état |
RussiaRussia | 1991[note 11] | 1993 | Semi-presidential system | Referendum[note 12] |
RhodesiaRhodesia | 1970 | 1979 | Parliamentary system | Creation of Zimbabwe-Rhodesia |
ઢાંચો:Country data Spanish RepublicSpanish Republic | 1931 | 1939 | Fascist dictatorship | Loss of Spanish Civil War |
ઢાંચો:SRISri Lanka | 1972 | 1978 | Semi-presidential system | Constitutional amendment |
Syrian Republic | 1930 | 1958 | One-party state | Creation of the United Arab Republic |
Syrian Arab Republic | 1961 | 1963 | One-party state | 1963 Syrian coup d'état |
TurkeyTurkey | 1923 | 2018 | Presidential system | Referendum |
ઢાંચો:UGAUganda | 1963 | 1966 | One-party state | Suspension of the constitution |
Zimbabwe RhodesiaZimbabwe Rhodesia | 1979 | 1979 | Parliamentary system | Reversion to Southern Rhodesia |
ZimbabweZimbabwe | 1980 | 1987 | Presidential system | Constitutional amendment |
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