Les «îles» ont d'abord pris forme officielle de zones A et B dans le cadre du second accord d'Oslo en 1995. Cet arrangement se devait temporaire, la zone C (le reste de la Cisjordanie) devant «être progressivement transférée sous juridiction palestinienne» d'ici 1997; cependant, aucun transfert de ce type ne sera effectué[14],[15],[16]. La zone de Cisjordanie actuellement sous contrôle civil partiel de l'Autorité nationale palestinienne est composée de 165 «îles»[17]. La création de cet arrangement est décrite par la journaliste israélienne Amira Hass comme «l'événement géopolitique le plus marquant du dernier quart de siècle»[18].
Les conséquences de la création de ces zones palestiniennes fragmentées ont été largement étudiées et ont eu un «impact dévastateur sur l'économie, les réseaux sociaux, [et] la fourniture de services de base tels que les soins de santé et l'éducation»[23].
«The Gaza Strip, inhabited by over 400,000 Palestinians and already badly overcrowded, was clearly not the most congenial setting for colonies. Indeed, by 1978, there were only 500 Jewish 'settlers' in Gaza, all in military posts or at the edge of the Rafiah Salient at the Egyptian border. Even after some of the Sinai settlers were regrouped, their number had risen to only 1,000 (circa 1980, as per Israeli newspaaper accounts reproduced in Israel and Palestine Monthly Review, No. 82, Supplement for July 1980:3).»
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