Marcus Aureliuksen pylväs

Marcus Aureliuksen pylväs (ital. Colonna di Marco Aurelio, Colonna Antonina, lat. Columna Centenaria Divorum Marci et Faustinae) on antiikkinen muistomerkki Roomassa. Monumentti sijaitsee Piazza Colonnalla, joka on nimetty muistopylvään mukaan, kuten koko III kaupunginosakin, Rione Colonna.^[2]. Monumenttia vastapäätä kohoaa Palazzo Chigi. Nykyään pylvään jalusta on neljä metriä^[1] katutason alapuolella maankohoamisen vuoksi.

Senaatti ja Rooman kansa pystyttivät muistomerkin Marcus Aureliuksen kunniaksi tämän kuoleman jälkeen, ja se valmistui luultavasti 193, koska tuolloin sen rakentamiseen käytetyt lankut annettiin vartija Adrastuksen talon rakentamistarpeiksi.^[1]

Monumentin korkeus on sata roomalaista jalkaa (29,77 m), mistä syystä sitä kutsuttiin antiikin aikana nimellä Centenaria. Doorilaistyyliseen kapiteeliin päättyvän pylvään varsi koostuu 26 Lunan marmorista hakatusta ontosta lieriöstä, joiden sisällä on 200 askelmaa ja 56 suorakaiteen muotoista valoaukkoa.^[3] Pylvään ulkokuorta kiertää reliefein koristeltu spiraali, joka esittää Marcus Aureliuksen sotaretkiä Tonavalle markomanneja ja sarmaatteja vastaan 172–175. Ulkopuolen korkokuvien tai sisäosien kierreportaikon vuoksi pylvästä kutsuttiin toisinaan kollektiivinimellä Columnae cochlides, mikä tarkoitti kaikkia alueen keisarillisia muistopylväitä, myös Trajanuksen ja Antoninus Piuksen.^[4]

Marcus Aureliuksen pylväs säilyi maanjäristyksistä ja tulipaloista huolimatta monia muita antiikin monumentteja paremmin, koska paavit Agapetus II ja Johannes XII uskoivat sen San Silvestro in capiten benediktiiniläisveljien huomaan 900-luvulla ^[5]. Pylväs restauroitiin paavi Sixtus V:n aikana 1589–1590, jolloin sen huipulle sijoitettiin nykyinen apostoli Paavalia kuvaava patsas keisarin kadonneen muotokuvan paikalle.^[1] Samalla Domenico Fontana uudelleenmuotoili pylvään jalustan ja hakkasi sileäksi sen pahoin vahingoittuneen korkokuvan, joka neljällä tahkollaan kuvasi uhritoimituksia, Voitonjumalattaria ja köynnöksiä. Katutason yläpuolisen osan jalustasta hän verhosi Septizoniumista otetuilla marmorilaatoilla. Alkuperäinen omistuskirjoitus oli jo tuolloin hävinnyt, eikä siitä ole yhtään tunnettua muistiinmerkintää.^[6] Nykyinen piirtokirjoitus kertoo viimeisimmästä suuresta restauroinnista, ja se kuuluu:

SIXTVS V PONT MAX	Sixtus V Pontifex maximus
COLVMNAM HANC	korjasi tämän kierrepylvään,
COCLIDEM IMP
ANTONINO DICATAM	keisari Antoninukselle omistetun,
MISERE LACERAM	joka oli pahoin rapistunut,
RVINOSAMQ(UE) PRIMAE	alkuperäiseen asuunsa
FORMAE RESTITVIT
A. MDLXXXIX PONT IV	Herran vuonna 1589, 4. vuotenaan paavina

Lähteet

[1]
Paavo Castrén, Leena Pietilä Castrén: Rooma (sivu 178). Gaudeamus, 1982. ISBN 951-662-314-X.
[2]
Rome Art Lover: Rione III Colonna (Roberto Piperno), haettu 7.9.2008 "Rione Colonna was named after the column erected in honour of the emperor Marcus Aurelius, commonly called Colonna Antonina. It borders to the north on Campo Marzio and the walls of Rome, to the east on Trevi, to the south on Pigna and to the west on Sant' Eustachio."
[3]
Samuel Ball Platner's Topographical Dictionary of Rome (1929), haettu 8.9.2008 It was called centenaria because it was one hundred feet high. [...] The column is a direct imitation of that of Trajan, the height of shaft, torus, and capital being the same, 100 Roman feet (29.77 metres), but tapers less and therefore seems more massive. The shaft itself, 26.50 metres in height and 3.90 in diameter, is composed of 26 rings of Luna marble. It is hollow, and contains a spiral stairway with 200 steps. The interior is lighted by 56 rectangular loop-holes. [...] The shaft stands on a plinth and torus decorated with oak leaves, 1.385 metres high, and its capital is 1.5 metres in height and of the Doric order."
[4]
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (John Murray, 1875) Cochlea, haettu 8.9.2008 "A spiral staircase, or a tower with such a staircase. The form cochlis is used (columnae coc(h)lides) in the Regionaries (q.v.) to denote the honorary columns of Trajan, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius in Rome: either because of their interior staircases or, as seems more likely to me anyway, because the bas-reliefs wound around them spirally."
[5]
Samuel Ball Platner's Topographical Dictionary of Rome (1929), haettu 8.9.2008 "This monument was more carefully preserved than most of those in Rome, having been given in the tenth century by Popes Agapetus II and John XII to the Benedictines of S. Silvestro in capite, with the little church of S. Andrea de Columna1 (HCh 182, 183), but it suffered somewhat from fire and earthquake."
[6]
Samuel Ball Platner's Topographical Dictionary of Rome (1929), haettu 8.9.2008 "In the sixteenth century repairs were made by the municipal authorities, and also by Sixtus V in 1589 and the following year, when Fontana, his architect, placed on top of the column the present statue of St. Paul. He also chiselled off from the pedestal what remained of the reliefs on its four sides — sacrificial scenes with Victories and garlands — and encased its upper part, above ground, with marble, some of which came from the Septizonium (LS III.146‑149). The dedicatory inscription had long ago disappeared, and is not recorded by any author."

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Samuel Ball Platner: A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome (1929): Columna M. Aurelii Antonini(englanniksi)

[sivu_178-1] [1]
Paavo Castrén, Leena Pietilä Castrén: Rooma (sivu 178). Gaudeamus, 1982. ISBN 951-662-314-X.

[2] [2]
Rome Art Lover: Rione III Colonna (Roberto Piperno), haettu 7.9.2008 "Rione Colonna was named after the column erected in honour of the emperor Marcus Aurelius, commonly called Colonna Antonina. It borders to the north on Campo Marzio and the walls of Rome, to the east on Trevi, to the south on Pigna and to the west on Sant' Eustachio."

[3] [3]
Samuel Ball Platner's Topographical Dictionary of Rome (1929), haettu 8.9.2008 It was called centenaria because it was one hundred feet high. [...] The column is a direct imitation of that of Trajan, the height of shaft, torus, and capital being the same, 100 Roman feet (29.77 metres), but tapers less and therefore seems more massive. The shaft itself, 26.50 metres in height and 3.90 in diameter, is composed of 26 rings of Luna marble. It is hollow, and contains a spiral stairway with 200 steps. The interior is lighted by 56 rectangular loop-holes. [...] The shaft stands on a plinth and torus decorated with oak leaves, 1.385 metres high, and its capital is 1.5 metres in height and of the Doric order."

[4] [4]
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (John Murray, 1875) Cochlea, haettu 8.9.2008 "A spiral staircase, or a tower with such a staircase. The form cochlis is used (columnae coc(h)lides) in the Regionaries (q.v.) to denote the honorary columns of Trajan, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius in Rome: either because of their interior staircases or, as seems more likely to me anyway, because the bas-reliefs wound around them spirally."

[5] [5]
Samuel Ball Platner's Topographical Dictionary of Rome (1929), haettu 8.9.2008 "This monument was more carefully preserved than most of those in Rome, having been given in the tenth century by Popes Agapetus II and John XII to the Benedictines of S. Silvestro in capite, with the little church of S. Andrea de Columna1 (HCh 182, 183), but it suffered somewhat from fire and earthquake."

[6] [6]
Samuel Ball Platner's Topographical Dictionary of Rome (1929), haettu 8.9.2008 "In the sixteenth century repairs were made by the municipal authorities, and also by Sixtus V in 1589 and the following year, when Fontana, his architect, placed on top of the column the present statue of St. Paul. He also chiselled off from the pedestal what remained of the reliefs on its four sides — sacrificial scenes with Victories and garlands — and encased its upper part, above ground, with marble, some of which came from the Septizonium (LS III.146‑149). The dedicatory inscription had long ago disappeared, and is not recorded by any author."

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