習
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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Han character
習 (Kangxi radical 124, 羽+5, 11 strokes, cangjie input 尸一竹日 (SMHA), four-corner 17602, composition ⿱羽白)
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 956, character 23
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 28672
- Dae Jaweon: page 1402, character 3
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3345, character 1
- Unihan data for U+7FD2
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 習 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Shang | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
 |
 |
 |
Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 羽 (“wings”) + 日 (“sun”) – to learn to fly, to practice flying.
In the current form, 日 (rì, “sun”) has changed to 白 (bái, “white”), so the present form is 羽 (“wings”) + 白 (“white”).
Alternatively, the original form may have been a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljub) : phonetic 彗 (OC *sɢʷeds, *ɢʷeds, *sɢʷids) + semantic 日 (“sun”).
Etymology
Two general semantic fields are found in the senses: "to flap the wings; to flutter" and "to practice". They are generally considered to be the same word, with the link being "to repeatedly flap the wings (in order to learn to fly)", a sense attested in Liji.
Area word:
- Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-lwap (“to learn”): Tibetan སློབ (slob, “to learn”), སློབས (slobs, “exercise; training”); Mizo tlip (“to repeat; to do again; to perfect”),
- Mon-Khmer: Khmer ធ្លាប់ (thlŏəp, “to become accustomed to; to have the habit of; marker of continuous action in the past”); Proto-Mon *le̤p ("to know how to, be skilled in") > Mon လေပ် (lèp, “to be versed in”).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): xi2
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): xit6
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): xieh5
- Northern Min (KCR): sĭ
- Eastern Min (BUC): sĭk
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): sih7
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 8zhiq
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): si6
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄒㄧˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: sí
- Wade–Giles: hsi2
- Yale: syí
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyi
- Palladius: си (si)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕi³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: xi2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xi
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕi²¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: zaap6 / zap6
- Yale: jaahp / jahp
- Cantonese Pinyin: dzaap9 / dzap9
- Guangdong Romanization: zab6 / zeb6
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡saːp̚²/, /t͡sɐp̚²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
Note: zap6 - rare.
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: dip5
- Sinological IPA (key): /tip̚³²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: xit6
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕit̚⁵/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: si̍p
- Hakka Romanization System: xib
- Hagfa Pinyim: xib6
- Sinological IPA: /sip̚⁵/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: xieh5
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕiəʔ⁵⁴/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: sĭ
- Sinological IPA (key): /si²⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: sĭk
- Sinological IPA (key): /siʔ⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: sih7
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɬiʔ⁴/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: sih7
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɬiʔ²⁴/
- (Putian)
- Southern Min
- Wu
- Xiang
- Dialectal data
- Middle Chinese: zip
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-ɢʷəp/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ljub/
Definitions
習
- (obsolete) to flap (the wings); to flutter; to repeatedly flap the wings
- to practice; to exercise; to review
- to study; to learn
- to become familiar with; to be used to
- habit; custom
- (literary, obsolete) trusted follower
- often; frequently
- a surname
- 習近平／习近平 ― Xí Jìnpíng ― Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China
Compounds
- 修習／修习
- 傳習／传习 (chuánxí)
- 凡習／凡习
- 學習／学习 (xuéxí)
- 實習／实习 (shíxí)
- 惡習／恶习 (èxí)
- 溫習／温习 (wēnxí)
- 演習／演习 (yǎnxí)
- 熟習／熟习 (shúxí)
- 痼習／痼习
- 相沿成習／相沿成习
- 研習／研习 (yánxí)
- 積習／积习 (jīxí)
- 積習難改／积习难改 (jīxínángǎi)
- 練習／练习 (liànxí)
- 習以成俗／习以成俗
- 習以成性／习以成性
- 習以為常／习以为常 (xíyǐwéicháng)
- 習俗／习俗 (xísú)
- 習俗移性／习俗移性
- 習坎／习坎
- 習家店／习家店 (Xíjiādiàn)
- 習得性／习得性
- 習得性無助感／习得性无助感
- 習性／习性 (xíxìng)
- 習慣／习惯 (xíguàn)
- 習慣性／习惯性
- 習慣成自然／习惯成自然 (xíguàn chéng zìrán)
- 習慣法／习惯法 (xíguànfǎ)
- 習慣用法／习惯用法
- 習慣用語／习惯用语 (xíguàn yòngyǔ)
- 習慣自然／习惯自然
- 習慣若自然／习惯若自然
- 習氣／习气 (xíqì)
- 習水／习水 (Xíshuǐ)
- 習用／习用 (xíyòng)
- 習習／习习 (xíxí)
- 習非成是／习非成是 (xífēichéngshì)
- 習題／习题 (xítí)
- 聯想學習／联想学习
- 自習／自习 (zìxí)
- 舊習／旧习 (jiùxí)
- 補習／补习 (bǔxí)
- 複習／复习 (fùxí)
- 見習／见习 (jiànxí)
- 軍事演習／军事演习 (jūnshì yǎnxí)
- 陋習／陋习 (lòuxí)
- 陳規舊習／陈规旧习
- 陳規陋習／陈规陋习 (chénguīlòuxí)
- 預習／预习 (yùxí)
Descendants
Others:
References
- Ding, Fubao (丁福保) (1922),
“習” in 佛學大辭典 [A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms]. - “習”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
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