sweren
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Etymology 1
From Old Dutch sweren, from Proto-West Germanic *swarjan, from Proto-Germanic *swarjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *swer-.
Verb
swēren
Inflection
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
Alternative forms
- swerren
Descendants
Etymology 2
From Old Dutch *sweran, from Proto-Germanic *sweraną.
Verb
swēren
Inflection
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
Descendants
- Dutch: zweren
Further reading
- “sweren (III)”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
- “sweren (IV)”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
- Verwijs, E., Verdam, J. (1885–1929) “sweren (I)”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN, page I
- Verwijs, E., Verdam, J. (1885–1929) “sweren (II)”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN, page II
Alternative forms
Etymology
From Old English swerian, from Proto-West Germanic *swarjan, from Proto-Germanic *swarjaną; a cognate of Middle Low German sweren, Old Swedish sværia, Old Danish swæriæ, Middle Dutch swēren, and Middle High German swern.
Pronunciation
Verb
sweren
- To swear to do something; to make an oral binding statement.
- To swear while laying hands on something as confirmation.
- To swear by using a deity or divinity as witness.
- To swear to remain truthful, honest and trustworthy.
- To swear to adhere or remain faithful to a given person.
- (rare) To give approval or permission by swearing.
- To give witness in a legal or judicial context.
- To curse; to utter swearwords (especially as part of a promise)
- To approve or affirm an oral binding statement.
- To form a conspiracy or secret pact; to effect covertly.
- To make a decisive and important statement or claim.
- (rare) To claim or exclaim; to state.
- (rare) To lay the foundation for a religion.
Usage notes
Occasional weak forms are also found throughout the Middle English period.
Conjugation
| infinitive | (to) sweren, swere | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | past tense | ||
| 1st-person singular | swere | swor, swar | |
| 2nd-person singular | swerest | swore, sware, swor, swar | |
| 3rd-person singular | swereth | swor, swar | |
| subjunctive singular | swere | swore1, sware1 | |
| imperative singular | — | ||
| plural2 | sweren, swere | sworen, swore, swaren, sware | |
| imperative plural | swereth, swere | — | |
| participles | swerynge, swerende | sworen, swore, sworn, ysworen, yswore, ysworn | |
Conjugation of sweren (strong class 6/4)
1Replaced by the indicative in later Middle English.
2Sometimes used as a formal 2nd-person singular.
Related terms
Descendants
References
- “swēren, v.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-12-3.
Etymology
From Proto-West Germanic *swarjan, from Proto-Germanic *swarjaną.
Verb
sweren
Conjugation
| infinitive | sweren | |
|---|---|---|
| indicative | present | past |
| 1st person singular | swero, sweron | swuor |
| 2nd person singular | sweris, swerist | swuori, swuoris |
| 3rd person singular | swerit | swuor |
| 1st person plural | sweren | swuorun |
| 2nd person plural | sweret | swuorut |
| 3rd person plural | swerent | swuorun |
| subjunctive | present | past |
| 1st person singular | swere | swuori |
| 2nd person singular | sweres, swerest | swuori, swuoris |
| 3rd person singular | swere | swuori |
| 1st person plural | sweren | swuorin |
| 2nd person plural | sweret | swuorit |
| 3rd person plural | sweren | swuorin |
| imperative | present | |
| singular | sweri | |
| plural | sweret | |
| participle | present | past |
| swerendi | swaran, giswaran | |
Conjugation of sweren (strong class 6 j-present)
Derived terms
Descendants
Further reading
- “sweren”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012
Alternative forms
- swerien, swerren
Etymology
From Proto-West Germanic *swarjan, from Proto-Germanic *swarjaną, whence also Old Saxon swerian, Old English swerian, Old Norse sverja, Gothic 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽 (swaran). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *swer-.
Verb
sweren
- to swear
Descendants
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