pecus
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Etymology
From Proto-Italic *pekos, from Proto-Indo-European *péḱ-os (“livestock”). Related to pecū, from Proto-Indo-European *peḱu- (“livestock, domestic animals”). Cognates include Sanskrit पशु (páśu, “cattle”), Old Armenian ասր (asr, “fleece”), Old Saxon fehu, Old English feoh, Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿 (faihu), Old Norse fé, Swedish fä and Lithuanian pēkus (“cattle”).
The origin of the suffixal -d- in pecus ~ pecudis is unknown.[1]
Pronunciation
- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /ˈpe.kus/, [ˈpɛkʊs̠]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈpe.kus/, [ˈpɛːkus]
Noun
pecus n (genitive pecoris); third declension
- (zoology) A group of large domestic animals: a herd of cattle, horses, or donkeys; such animals in a collective sense: cattle and equines.
- 1st century bc, M. Terentius Varro, Rerum Rusticarum, Book II, Ch. 1, §12:
- ...est scientia pecoris parandi ac pascendi ut fructus quam possint maximi capiantur ex eo... Ea partes habet novem, discretas ter ternas, ut sit una de minoribus pecudibus cuius genera tria oves, capra, sus, altera de pecore maiore, in quo sunt item ad tres species natura discreti: boves, asini, equi. Tertia pars est in pecuaria quae non parantur ut ex iis capiatur fructus, sed propter eam aut ex ea. Sunt muli, canes, pastores.
- ...there is a knowledge of tending and feeding livestock so that the greatest profit is siezed from it... It has nine parts, three divisions of three items each, such that one is about the lesser domestic animals whose three species are the sheep, goat, and pig and another about the greater livestock, in which there are likewise three kinds divided by their nature: cows, donkeys, and horses. The third part is in animals which are not raised so that profit may be seized from them themselves but because of or from the other groups above. They are mules, dogs, and shepherds.
- 1st century bc, G. Iulius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico, Book. VI, Ch. vi:
- Caesar... adit tripertito, aedificia vicosque incendit, magno pecoris atque hominum numero potitur.
- Caesar... enters their country in three divisions, burns their houses and villages, and gets possession of a large number of animals and men.
- 1st century bc, M. Terentius Varro, Rerum Rusticarum, Book II, Ch. 1, §12:
- (zoology, figuratively) Any other group of animals, imagined as a herd or flock; such animals collectively exclusive of humanity: beasts.
- 1st century, L. Iunius Moderatus Columella, De Re Rustica, Book VIII, Ch. iv:
- ...volatile pecus...
- ...flying herd [i.e., birds]...
- 1st century, L. Iunius Moderatus Columella, De Re Rustica, Book VIII, Ch. xvii, Sect. 7:
- Hac ratione stabulis ordinatis aquatile pecus inducemus...
- With our 'stables' arranged on this principle, we will lead in our watery 'herd' [i.e., fish]...
- 1st century, L. Iunius Moderatus Columella, De Re Rustica, Book VIII, Ch. iv:
- (derogatory) A mindless group of people: "cattle", "sheep", rabble, the mob.
- (zoology, Late Latin) Any individual animal, conceived as a member or usual member of a flock or herd.
Usage notes
In Latin, pecora may be used for any domestic animal, especially larger herd animals, but the stronger plow-drawing animals (armenta) and cart-drawing animals (iūmenta) were often distinguished. In Late Latin, the neuter form of pecus was generally used for all the senses of feminine pecus below.
Declension
Third-declension noun (neuter, imparisyllabic non-i-stem).
Derived terms
- pecorālis
- pecorārius
- pecorīnus
- pecorōsus
- pecusculum
Descendants
Noun
pecus f (genitive pecudis); third declension
- A single herd animal, especially a head of cattle, a horse.
- A single animal, a beast, especially smaller livestock or livestock taken generally.
- 1st century bc, M. Terentius Varro, Rerum Rusticarum, Book II, Ch. 1, §12:
- ...est scientia pecoris parandi ac pascendi ut fructus quam possint maximi capiantur ex eo... Ea partes habet novem, discretas ter ternas, ut sit una de minoribus pecudibus cuius genera tria oves, capra, sus, altera de pecore maiore, in quo sunt item ad tres species natura discreti: boves, asini, equi. Tertia pars est in pecuaria quae non parantur ut ex iis capiatur fructus, sed propter eam aut ex ea. Sunt muli, canes, pastores.
- ...there is a knowledge of tending and feeding livestock so that the greatest profit is siezed from it... It has nine parts, three divisions of three items each, such that one is about the lesser domestic animals whose three species are the sheep, goat, and pig and another about the greater livestock, in which there are likewise three kinds divided by their nature: cows, donkeys, and horses. The third part is in animals which are not raised so that profit may be seized from them themselves but because of or from the other groups above. They are mules, dogs, and shepherds.
- 29 bc. Vergil. Georgics, III
- omne adeo genvs in terris hominvmqve ferarvmqve
et genvs æqvorevm pecvdes pictæqve volvcres
in fvrias ignemqve rvvnt- So far does every species on earth of man and beast,
whether the aquatic species, livestock, or painted-winged,
collapse into the frenzies and the fire [of sex].
- So far does every species on earth of man and beast,
- omne adeo genvs in terris hominvmqve ferarvmqve
- 1st century bc, M. Terentius Varro, Rerum Rusticarum, Book II, Ch. 1, §12:
- (derogatory) A mindless or violent person: a brute, an animal.
Usage notes
Like pecus above, this sense usually excluded the stronger plow-drawing animals (armenta) and cart-drawing animals (iumenta). This feminine pecus was also more broadly used for smaller livestock including sheep, goats, and swine, although it was used in the plural pecudes rather than as a collective noun to describe their flocks (greges). By Late Latin, it was generally confused with neuter pecus above, the latter eventually replacing it in all senses.
Declension
Third-declension noun.
Hypernyms
Derived terms
- pecudālis
- pecudifer
Related terms
Noun
pecūs
References
- De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pecu (pecū)”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 454
- Rubattu, Antoninu (2006) Dizionario universale della lingua di Sardegna, "pècora"
- “pecus1”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “pecus2”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “pecus3”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “pecus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- pecus in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
- pecus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
- Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book, London: Macmillan and Co.
- to flee like deer, sheep: pecorum modo fugere (Liv. 40. 27)
- to flee like deer, sheep: pecorum modo fugere (Liv. 40. 27)
- "Pecus; Jumentum; Armentum; Grex" in H.H. Arnold's translation of Ludwig von Döderlein's Hand-Book of Latin Synonymes (1841), pp. 158–9.
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