kumma

Bavarian

Alternative forms

• kemma (West Central Bavarian)
• kemman (Southern Bavarian, Tyrol)
• kèmmin (Southern Bavarian, Sappada)
• khemen (Southern Bavarian, Sauris)
• kumman (East Central Bavarian, Vienna)

Etymology

From Old High German kuman, chuman, from Proto-West Germanic *kweman, from Proto-Germanic *kwemaną, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷem-. Cognate with German kommen, Low German kamen, Dutch komen, English come, Danish komme.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkumɐ/
• Hyphenation: kum‧ma

Verb

kumma (past participle kumma) (East Central Bavarian, Vienna, Southern Bavarian, Carinthia)

1. to come

   Heid is neamd kumma. ― Nobody has come today.

   Mia kamadn iwamuagn in da Fruah. ― We would come the day after tomorrow in the morning.

Conjugation

infinitive	kumma
	present tense	past tense	subjunctive
1st person sing.	kumm	-	kamad
2nd person sing.	kummst	-	kamast
3rd person sing.	kummt	-	kamad
1st person plur.	kumma	-	kamadn
2nd person plur.	kummts	-	kamats
3rd person plur.	kumma	-	kamadn
imperative sing.	kumm
imperative plur.	kummts
past participle	kumma

Conjugation of kumma

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kumma, possibly from Proto-Uralic *kumma (“shady”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkumːɑ/, [ˈkumːɑ̝]
• Rhymes: -umːɑ
• Hyphenation^(key): kum‧ma

Adjective

kumma (comparative kummempi, superlative kummin)

1. odd, strange

   Onpa kumma, että...

   How strange that ...

2. (chiefly in the negative, chiefly in comparative) nasty, severe

   Onpa hyvä, että mitään kummempaa ei sattunut!

   How good that nothing more severe happened!

3. on earth, in the world, the dickens (used as non-profane intensifier with an interrogative pronoun)

   Mitä kummaa täällä on tapahtunut?

   What on earth has taken place here?

Usage notes

• The comparative and superlative are seldom used. They are usually substituted with corresponding forms of the synonymous adjective kummallinen.

Declension

Inflection of kumma (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation)
nominative		kumma	kummat
genitive		kumman	kummien
partitive		kummaa	kummia
illative		kummaan	kummiin
		singular	plural
nominative		kumma	kummat
accusative	nom.	kumma	kummat
	gen.	kumman
genitive		kumman	kummien kummain rare
partitive		kummaa	kummia
inessive		kummassa	kummissa
elative		kummasta	kummista
illative		kummaan	kummiin
adessive		kummalla	kummilla
ablative		kummalta	kummilta
allative		kummalle	kummille
essive		kummana	kummina
translative		kummaksi	kummiksi
abessive		kummatta	kummitta
instructive		—	kummin
comitative		—	kummine

Possessive forms of kumma (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation)
Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives.
first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative kummani kummani accusative nom. kummani kummani gen. kummani genitive kummani kummieni kummaini rare partitive kummaani kummiani inessive kummassani kummissani elative kummastani kummistani illative kummaani kummiini adessive kummallani kummillani ablative kummaltani kummiltani allative kummalleni kummilleni essive kummanani kumminani translative kummakseni kummikseni abessive kummattani kummittani instructive — — comitative — kummineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative kummasi kummasi accusative nom. kummasi kummasi gen. kummasi genitive kummasi kummiesi kummaisi rare partitive kummaasi kummiasi inessive kummassasi kummissasi elative kummastasi kummistasi illative kummaasi kummiisi adessive kummallasi kummillasi ablative kummaltasi kummiltasi allative kummallesi kummillesi essive kummanasi kumminasi translative kummaksesi kummiksesi abessive kummattasi kummittasi instructive — — comitative — kumminesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative kummamme kummamme accusative nom. kummamme kummamme gen. kummamme genitive kummamme kummiemme kummaimme rare partitive kummaamme kummiamme inessive kummassamme kummissamme elative kummastamme kummistamme illative kummaamme kummiimme adessive kummallamme kummillamme ablative kummaltamme kummiltamme allative kummallemme kummillemme essive kummanamme kumminamme translative kummaksemme kummiksemme abessive kummattamme kummittamme instructive — — comitative — kumminemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative kummanne kummanne accusative nom. kummanne kummanne gen. kummanne genitive kummanne kummienne kummainne rare partitive kummaanne kummianne inessive kummassanne kummissanne elative kummastanne kummistanne illative kummaanne kummiinne adessive kummallanne kummillanne ablative kummaltanne kummiltanne allative kummallenne kummillenne essive kummananne kumminanne translative kummaksenne kummiksenne abessive kummattanne kummittanne instructive — — comitative — kumminenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative kummansa kummansa accusative nom. kummansa kummansa gen. kummansa genitive kummansa kummiensa kummainsa rare partitive kummaansa kummiaan kummiansa inessive kummassaan kummassansa kummissaan kummissansa elative kummastaan kummastansa kummistaan kummistansa illative kummaansa kummiinsa adessive kummallaan kummallansa kummillaan kummillansa ablative kummaltaan kummaltansa kummiltaan kummiltansa allative kummalleen kummallensa kummilleen kummillensa essive kummanaan kummanansa kumminaan kumminansa translative kummakseen kummaksensa kummikseen kummiksensa abessive kummattaan kummattansa kummittaan kummittansa instructive — — comitative — kummineen kumminensa

Synonyms

• (odd, strange): kummallinen, outo, omituinen
• (nasty, severe): ikävä, vakava
• (non-profane intensifier): ihme

Derived terms

• kummajainen
• kummaksua
• kummallinen
• kummasti
• kummastua
• kummeksia
• kummeksua
• kummeta
• kummitella

 

compounds

• eriskummainen

 

See also

• kumpi (similar inflected forms)

Noun

kumma

1. strange or odd thing

Declension

Inflection of kumma (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation)
nominative		kumma	kummat
genitive		kumman	kummien
partitive		kummaa	kummia
illative		kummaan	kummiin
		singular	plural
nominative		kumma	kummat
accusative	nom.	kumma	kummat
	gen.	kumman
genitive		kumman	kummien kummain rare
partitive		kummaa	kummia
inessive		kummassa	kummissa
elative		kummasta	kummista
illative		kummaan	kummiin
adessive		kummalla	kummilla
ablative		kummalta	kummilta
allative		kummalle	kummille
essive		kummana	kummina
translative		kummaksi	kummiksi
abessive		kummatta	kummitta
instructive		—	kummin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of kumma (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative kummani kummani accusative nom. kummani kummani gen. kummani genitive kummani kummieni kummaini rare partitive kummaani kummiani inessive kummassani kummissani elative kummastani kummistani illative kummaani kummiini adessive kummallani kummillani ablative kummaltani kummiltani allative kummalleni kummilleni essive kummanani kumminani translative kummakseni kummikseni abessive kummattani kummittani instructive — — comitative — kummineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative kummasi kummasi accusative nom. kummasi kummasi gen. kummasi genitive kummasi kummiesi kummaisi rare partitive kummaasi kummiasi inessive kummassasi kummissasi elative kummastasi kummistasi illative kummaasi kummiisi adessive kummallasi kummillasi ablative kummaltasi kummiltasi allative kummallesi kummillesi essive kummanasi kumminasi translative kummaksesi kummiksesi abessive kummattasi kummittasi instructive — — comitative — kumminesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative kummamme kummamme accusative nom. kummamme kummamme gen. kummamme genitive kummamme kummiemme kummaimme rare partitive kummaamme kummiamme inessive kummassamme kummissamme elative kummastamme kummistamme illative kummaamme kummiimme adessive kummallamme kummillamme ablative kummaltamme kummiltamme allative kummallemme kummillemme essive kummanamme kumminamme translative kummaksemme kummiksemme abessive kummattamme kummittamme instructive — — comitative — kumminemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative kummanne kummanne accusative nom. kummanne kummanne gen. kummanne genitive kummanne kummienne kummainne rare partitive kummaanne kummianne inessive kummassanne kummissanne elative kummastanne kummistanne illative kummaanne kummiinne adessive kummallanne kummillanne ablative kummaltanne kummiltanne allative kummallenne kummillenne essive kummananne kumminanne translative kummaksenne kummiksenne abessive kummattanne kummittanne instructive — — comitative — kumminenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative kummansa kummansa accusative nom. kummansa kummansa gen. kummansa genitive kummansa kummiensa kummainsa rare partitive kummaansa kummiaan kummiansa inessive kummassaan kummassansa kummissaan kummissansa elative kummastaan kummastansa kummistaan kummistansa illative kummaansa kummiinsa adessive kummallaan kummallansa kummillaan kummillansa ablative kummaltaan kummaltansa kummiltaan kummiltansa allative kummalleen kummallensa kummilleen kummillensa essive kummanaan kummanansa kumminaan kumminansa translative kummakseen kummaksensa kummikseen kummiksensa abessive kummattaan kummattansa kummittaan kummittansa instructive — — comitative — kummineen kumminensa

Further reading

• “kumma”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-02

Ingrian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kumma. Cognates include Finnish kumma and Estonian -kumm.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /ˈkumːɑ/, [ˈkumː]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /ˈkumːɑ/, [ˈkumːɑ]
• Rhymes: -umː, -umːɑ
• Hyphenation: kum‧ma

Noun

kumma

1. miracle, wonder
   • 1937, N. A. Iljin, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (kolmas osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 25:

     „Katso, mi kumma seel ono?“
     Hää hiljaa karhulle saoi.

     „Look, what kind of wonder is there?“
     It quietly asked the bear.

Declension

Declension of kumma (type 3/koira, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	kumma	kummat
genitive	kumman	kummiin
partitive	kummaa	kummia
illative	kummaa	kummii
inessive	kummaas	kummiis
elative	kummast	kummist
allative	kummalle	kummille
adessive	kummaal	kummiil
ablative	kummalt	kummilt
translative	kummaks	kummiks
essive	kummanna, kummaan	kumminna, kummiin
exessive1)	kummant	kummint
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Derived terms

• kummitus

 

References

• V. I. Junus (1936) Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka‎, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 9
• Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 218

Pali

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

• 𑀓𑀼𑀫𑁆𑀫 (Brahmi script)
• कुम्म (Devanagari script)
• কুম্ম (Bengali script)
• කුම‍්ම (Sinhalese script)
• ကုမ္မ or ၵုမ္မ or ၵုမ်မ (Burmese script)
• กุมฺม or กุมมะ (Thai script)
• ᨠᩩᨾ᩠ᨾ (Tai Tham script)
• ກຸມ຺ມ or ກຸມມະ (Lao script)
• កុម្ម (Khmer script)
• 𑄇𑄪𑄟𑄴𑄟 (Chakma script)

Etymology

Inherited from Sanskrit कूर्म (kūrmá).

Noun

kumma m^[1]

1. a tortoise

Declension

Case \ Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	kummo	kummā
Accusative (second)	kummaṃ	kumme
Instrumental (third)	kummena	kummehi or kummebhi
Dative (fourth)	kummassa or kummāya or kummatthaṃ	kummānaṃ
Ablative (fifth)	kummasmā or kummamhā or kummā	kummehi or kummebhi
Genitive (sixth)	kummassa	kummānaṃ
Locative (seventh)	kummasmiṃ or kummamhi or kumme	kummesu
Vocative (calling)	kumma	kummā

Declension table of "kumma" (masculine)

References

1. Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “kūrmá¹”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press