通過

See also: 通过

Chinese

		go through; know well; to connect go through; know well; to connect; to communicate; open	to cross; to go over; (experienced action marker) to cross; to go over; (experienced action marker); to pass; to celebrate; to live; to get along; excessively; too-
trad. (通過)		通	過
simp. (通过)		通	过

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): tōngguò

  (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛˋ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): tong¹ go⁴

• Cantonese (Jyutping): tung¹ gwo³
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thûng-ko
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): thong-kè / thong-kèr / thong-kòe

  (Teochew, Peng'im): tong¹ guê³

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: tōngguò → tōngguo (toneless final syllable variant)
    • Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛˋ → ㄊㄨㄥ ˙ㄍㄨㄛ (toneless final syllable variant)
    • Tongyong Pinyin: tongguo̊
    • Wade–Giles: tʻung¹-kuo⁵
    • Yale: tūng-gwo
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tong.guoh
    • Palladius: тунго (tungo)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ⁵¹/ → /tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ g̊u̯ɔ²/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: tong¹ go⁴
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: tunggo
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰoŋ⁵⁵ ko²¹³/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: tung¹ gwo³
    • Yale: tūng gwo
    • Cantonese Pinyin: tung¹ gwo³
    • Guangdong Romanization: tung¹ guo³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔː³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thûng-ko
    • Hakka Romanization System: tung^ˊ go
    • Hagfa Pinyim: tung¹ go⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /tʰuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ko⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei, Philippines)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thong-kè
    • Tâi-lô: thong-kè
    • Phofsit Daibuun: tongkex
    • IPA (Xiamen): /tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ke²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ke¹¹/
    • IPA (Philippines): /tʰɔŋ³³ ke⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Kinmen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thong-kèr
    • Tâi-lô: thong-kèr
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰɔŋ³³ kə⁴¹/
    • IPA (Kinmen): /tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kə¹²/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thong-kòe
    • Tâi-lô: thong-kuè
    • Phofsit Daibuun: tongkoex
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kue²¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kue²¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: tong¹ guê³
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thong kuè
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰoŋ³³⁻²³ kue²¹³/

Preposition

通過

1. via; by; by means of; through

Synonyms

edit

• 經由 / 经由 (jīngyóu)
• 經過 / 经过 (jīngguò)
• 透過 / 透过 (tòuguò) (chiefly Taiwan, Hong Kong)

Verb

通過

1. to pass (a measure, bill, proposal, etc.)

   這樣的贊助在董事會上是很難通過的。 [MSC, trad.]
   这样的赞助在董事会上是很难通过的。 [MSC, simp.]

   Zhèyàng de zànzhù zài dǒngshìhuì shàng shì hěn nán tōngguò de. [Pinyin]

   Sponsorship like this would be difficult to pass at the board of directors.

2. to pass by; to pass through
3. to pass (a test)

   通過測驗／通过测验  ―  tōngguò cèyàn  ―  to pass a test

Synonyms

• (to pass through): 穿過／穿过 (chuānguò), 經過／经过 (jīngguò)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
通	過
つう Grade: 2	か Grade: 5
on'yomi

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) つうか [tsùúká] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
• IPA^(key): [t͡sɨːka̠]

Noun

通(つう)過(か) • (tsūka) 

1. passage through an object
2. passage of a test in school
3. passage of a bill
4. passage through a screening

Synonyms

• (passage through): 通行(つうこう) (tsūkō), 通(とお)る (tōru)
• (passage of a test): 合格(ごうかく) (gōkaku), 通(とお)る (tōru)
• (passage of a bill): 可決(かけつ) (kaketsu), 通(とお)る (tōru)
• (passage through a screening): 通(とお)る (tōru)

Verb

通(つう)過(か)する • (tsūka suru) intransitive suru (stem 通(つう)過(か)し (tsūka shi), past 通(つう)過(か)した (tsūka shita))

1. pass through something

   列車(れっしゃ)が通過(つうか)します。ご注意(ちゅうい)ください。

   Ressha ga tsūka shimasu. Go-chūi kudasai.

   The train is passing by. Please be careful.

2. pass a test
3. pass a bill
4. pass a screening

Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	通過し	つうかし	tsūka shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	通過し	つうかし	tsūka shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	通過する	つうかする	tsūka suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	通過する	つうかする	tsūka suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	通過すれ	つうかすれ	tsūka sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	通過せよ¹ 通過しろ²	つうかせよ¹ つうかしろ²	tsūka seyo¹ tsūka shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	通過される	つうかされる	tsūka sareru
Causative	通過させる 通過さす	つうかさせる つうかさす	tsūka saseru tsūka sasu
Potential	通過できる	つうかできる	tsūka dekiru
Volitional	通過しよう	つうかしよう	tsūka shiyō
Negative	通過しない	つうかしない	tsūka shinai
Negative continuative	通過せず	つうかせず	tsūka sezu
Formal	通過します	つうかします	tsūka shimasu
Perfective	通過した	つうかした	tsūka shita
Conjunctive	通過して	つうかして	tsūka shite
Hypothetical conditional	通過すれば	つうかすれば	tsūka sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Conjugation of "通過する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

References

1. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

• 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

Korean

Hanja in this term
通	過

Noun

通過 • (tonggwa) (hangeul 통과)

1. hanja form^? of 통과 (“passage”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
通	過

Noun

通過

1. chữ Hán form of thông qua (“to pass; to let through; to approve”).